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Changing the way we understand precarious employment: precarization of employment and health

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sophieproject

This study aimed to assess employment precariousness and its association with mental health in Spain by comparing workers with permanent and temporary contracts. The researchers administered a survey measuring employment precariousness and mental health to over 4,000 workers. They found gradients in employment precariousness based on sociodemographic variables. Higher levels of precarious employment were associated with poorer mental health, especially for those with permanent contracts. The researchers hypothesize that permanent workers may have higher expectations and more to lose. They discuss the need for further research evaluating diverse dimensions of precarious employment and their differing impacts based on contract type, to inform surveillance and policies addressing precariousness and mental health.

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Mireia Juli, Alejandra Vives, Gemma Tarafa and Joan Benach Grup de Recerca en Desigualtats en Salut. Employment Conditions Network (GREDS-EMCONET). Universitat Pompeu Fabra. Barcelona Changing the way we understand precarious employment: precarization of employment and health
PE is a fragile and growing employment relationship and a social determinant of health and health inequalities Introduction
No full consensos in its definition: Temporariness Job insecurity Introduction
Others dimensions of work-related precarious experiences are present Multidimensional construct: EPRES Precarious employment is associated with health of working population, especially poor mental health Introduction
Introduction Dimensions of precarious employment in EPRES: 1. Temporariness 2. Wages 3. Disempowerment 4. Vulnerability 5. Rights 6. Capacity to exercise of rights EPRES or Employment Precariousness Scale is a questionnaire based on theory, developed to measure precarious employment in epidemiological research
Introduction
Precariousness urgent need to be understood as part of a continuum: from full-time to informal employment Assess the precarization of employment and its association with health in different contractual arrangements Multidimensional construct Introduction
to show the precarization of the Spanish labour market using two different contractual arrangements. to analyse the impact of precarious employment and different contractual arrangements on poor mental health. Objectives
Study design and subjects: Employment Precariousness Scale (EPRES) was included at second Psychosocial Work Environmental Survey (PWES) done by ISTAS in 2010 Representative sample of the wage-earning population living in Spain (n=5110) We restricted our analyses to permanent and temporary workers The final sample size was 4.430 Methods
Study variables: 1. Mental Health: evaluated by Short Form-36 health questionnaire (SF-36) 2. Employment precariousness: assessed with the EPRES questionnaire 6 subscales: temporariness, disempowerment, vulnerability, wages, rights and capacity to exercise rigths. 3 categories: no precariouseness (<1), low-medium (1-1.99) and high (>=2) 3. Sociodemographic variables: sex, age, country of birth, occupational social class, educational attainment, contractual arrangements, and tenure in the company. 4. Job insecurity: assessed with the question: To what extent you are worried that you are laid off or you do not renew the contract Methods
Statistical Analysis: Descriptive statistics for the distribution of contractual arrangement Prevalence (%) of poor mental health and employment precariousness, their 95% confidence intervals and p-value or p-trend. Created 6 groups of precariousness by criss-crossing the 3 levels of employment precariousness and the 2 categories of contractual arrangement 4 Poisson regression models: Model 1: adjusted by age Model 2: adjusted by age, country of birth, occupational social class, educational attainment Model 3: model 2 + tenure in the company Model 4: model 3 + job insecurity All analyses were stratified by sex Methods
Prevalences of precarious employment (I) Results
Prevalences of poor mental health and precarious employment (II) Results
Adjusted risk ratios (aRR) and confidence intervals (95% IC) for poor mental health by employment precariousness and contractual arrangements Results
Results
First study to assess employment precariousness and its association with mental health comparing workers with different contractual arrangements Gradient of employment precariousness in some sociodemografic variables Association between poor mental health and level of precarious employment : Stronger in both men and women with permanent employment especially when precariousness was present. Why? Discussion
Unable to capture some mechanism of the experience in precarious employment which is different according the contractual arrangement: 1. Heterogeneity within different contractual arrangements 2. Job insecurity: associations decrease but they continued higher in permanent than temporary workers. 3. Permanent workers could have the most to lose: higher expectations Different hypothesis: Discussion
Public health research: Evaluate diverse dimensions that comprise employment precariousness Study the possible differences among workers with different types of contract and its impact on mental health or health inequalities Create a surveillance system to monitor the magnitude, evolution over time and the most affected population Policy: Make adequate policies to take action in the dimensions of precariousness that have more impact on mental health Evaluate the impact of policies, and prioritise the use of public resources Implications
mireia.julia@upf.edu Thank you

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Changing the way we understand precarious employment: precarization of employment and health

  • 1. Mireia Juli, Alejandra Vives, Gemma Tarafa and Joan Benach Grup de Recerca en Desigualtats en Salut. Employment Conditions Network (GREDS-EMCONET). Universitat Pompeu Fabra. Barcelona Changing the way we understand precarious employment: precarization of employment and health
  • 2. PE is a fragile and growing employment relationship and a social determinant of health and health inequalities Introduction
  • 3. No full consensos in its definition: Temporariness Job insecurity Introduction
  • 4. Others dimensions of work-related precarious experiences are present Multidimensional construct: EPRES Precarious employment is associated with health of working population, especially poor mental health Introduction
  • 5. Introduction Dimensions of precarious employment in EPRES: 1. Temporariness 2. Wages 3. Disempowerment 4. Vulnerability 5. Rights 6. Capacity to exercise of rights EPRES or Employment Precariousness Scale is a questionnaire based on theory, developed to measure precarious employment in epidemiological research
  • 7. Precariousness urgent need to be understood as part of a continuum: from full-time to informal employment Assess the precarization of employment and its association with health in different contractual arrangements Multidimensional construct Introduction
  • 8. to show the precarization of the Spanish labour market using two different contractual arrangements. to analyse the impact of precarious employment and different contractual arrangements on poor mental health. Objectives
  • 9. Study design and subjects: Employment Precariousness Scale (EPRES) was included at second Psychosocial Work Environmental Survey (PWES) done by ISTAS in 2010 Representative sample of the wage-earning population living in Spain (n=5110) We restricted our analyses to permanent and temporary workers The final sample size was 4.430 Methods
  • 10. Study variables: 1. Mental Health: evaluated by Short Form-36 health questionnaire (SF-36) 2. Employment precariousness: assessed with the EPRES questionnaire 6 subscales: temporariness, disempowerment, vulnerability, wages, rights and capacity to exercise rigths. 3 categories: no precariouseness (<1), low-medium (1-1.99) and high (>=2) 3. Sociodemographic variables: sex, age, country of birth, occupational social class, educational attainment, contractual arrangements, and tenure in the company. 4. Job insecurity: assessed with the question: To what extent you are worried that you are laid off or you do not renew the contract Methods
  • 11. Statistical Analysis: Descriptive statistics for the distribution of contractual arrangement Prevalence (%) of poor mental health and employment precariousness, their 95% confidence intervals and p-value or p-trend. Created 6 groups of precariousness by criss-crossing the 3 levels of employment precariousness and the 2 categories of contractual arrangement 4 Poisson regression models: Model 1: adjusted by age Model 2: adjusted by age, country of birth, occupational social class, educational attainment Model 3: model 2 + tenure in the company Model 4: model 3 + job insecurity All analyses were stratified by sex Methods
  • 12. Prevalences of precarious employment (I) Results
  • 13. Prevalences of poor mental health and precarious employment (II) Results
  • 14. Adjusted risk ratios (aRR) and confidence intervals (95% IC) for poor mental health by employment precariousness and contractual arrangements Results
  • 16. First study to assess employment precariousness and its association with mental health comparing workers with different contractual arrangements Gradient of employment precariousness in some sociodemografic variables Association between poor mental health and level of precarious employment : Stronger in both men and women with permanent employment especially when precariousness was present. Why? Discussion
  • 17. Unable to capture some mechanism of the experience in precarious employment which is different according the contractual arrangement: 1. Heterogeneity within different contractual arrangements 2. Job insecurity: associations decrease but they continued higher in permanent than temporary workers. 3. Permanent workers could have the most to lose: higher expectations Different hypothesis: Discussion
  • 18. Public health research: Evaluate diverse dimensions that comprise employment precariousness Study the possible differences among workers with different types of contract and its impact on mental health or health inequalities Create a surveillance system to monitor the magnitude, evolution over time and the most affected population Policy: Make adequate policies to take action in the dimensions of precariousness that have more impact on mental health Evaluate the impact of policies, and prioritise the use of public resources Implications

Editor's Notes

  • #8: Precarious employment could have different effects on mental health across different contractual arrangements due to the differences in their employment and working conditions and characteristics. However, this hypothesis has not been empirically tested, and no studies have assessed the mental health effects of precarious employment in different contractual arrangements.
  • #15: Those with no precariousness and permanent contract were used as a reference group. For the same contractual arrangement, those workers with higher level of precarious employment had poorer mental health (for both men and women). For the same level of precarious employment (when is present), those workers with permanent contracts showed stronger positive association with poor mental health in all categories, men showed higher aRR of poor mental health than women