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Chapter 1
Assuming the Role of the
Systems Analyst
Systems Analysis and Design
Kendall and Kendall
Fifth Edition

Kendall & Kendall Copyright © 2002 by Prentice Hall, Inc. 1-2
Major Topics
Information systems
Phases of analysis and design
System maintenance
CASE tools
Alternate methodologies

Information
Information is an organizational
resource which must be managed as
carefully as other resources
Costs are associated with information
processing
Information processing must be
managed to take full advantage of its
potential

Categories
Information systems fall into one of the
following eight categories:
Transaction processing systems (TPS)
Office automation systems (OAS)
Knowledge work systems (KWS)
Management information systems (MIS)
Decision support systems (DSS)
Expert systems (ES)
Group decision support systems (GDSS)
 Executive support systems (EES)

New Technologies
New technologies are being integrated
into traditional systems
Ecommerce uses the Web to perform business
activities
Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) has the
goal of integrating many different information
systems within the corporation
Wireless and handheld devices, including
mobile commerce (mcommerce)
Open source software

Advantages of Using the Web
Increasing awareness of the availability
of the service, product, industry,
person, or group
24-hour access for users
Standard interface design
Creating a global system

Nature of Analysis and Design
Systems analysis and design is a
systematic approach to identifying
problems, opportunities, and objectives;
analyzing the information flows in
organizations; and designing
computerized information systems to
solve a problem

Systems Analyst
Systems analysts act as
Outside consultants to businesses
Supporting experts within a business
As change agents
Analysts are problem solvers, and
require communication skills
Analysts must be ethical with users and
customers

Systems Development Life
Cycle
The systems development life cycle is a
systematic approach to solving
business problems
It is divided into seven phases
Each phase has unique activities

Phase 1
Identifying
Problems
Opportunities
Objectives
Personnel involved
Analyst
User management
Systems management

Phase 2
Determining information requirements
Interview management, operations
personnel
Gather systems/operating documents
Use questionnaires
Observe the system and personnel
involved
Learn the who, what, where, when, and
how, and the why for each of these

Phase 2
Analyst
User management
User operations workers

Phase 3
Analyzing system needs
Create data flow diagrams
Document procedural logic for data flow
diagram processes
Complete the data dictionary
Make semistructured decisions
Prepare and present the system proposal
Recommend the optimal solution to
management

Phase 3
Analyst
User management

Phase 4
Designing the recommended system
Design the user interface
Design output
Design input
Design system controls
Design files and/or database
Produce program specifications
Produce decision trees or tables

Phase 4
Analyst
System designer
User management

Phase 5
Developing and documenting software
Design computer programs using structure
charts, Nassi-Schneiderman charts, and
pseudocode
Walkthrough program design
Write computer programs
Document software with help files,
procedure manuals, and Web sites with
Frequently Asked Questions

Phase 5
Analyst
System designer
Programmers

Phase 6
Testing and maintaining the system
Test and debug computer programs
Test the computer system
Enhance system

Phase 6
Analyst
System designer
Programmers

Phase 7
Implementing and evaluating the
system
Plan conversion
Train users
Purchase and install new equipment
Convert files
Install system
Review and evaluate system

Phase 7
Analyst
System designer
Programmers
User management

Rapid Application
Development
Rapid Application development (RAD)
is an object-oriented approach to
systems development

System Maintenance
System maintenance is
Removing undetected errors, and
Enhancing existing software
Time spent on maintenance typically
ranges from 48-60 percent of total time

System Enhancements
Systems are enhanced for the following
reasons:
Adding additional features to the system
Business and governmental requirements
change over time
Technology, hardware, and software are
rapidly changing

CASE Tools
CASE tools are automated,
microcomputer-based software packages
for systems analysis and design
Four reasons for using CASE tools are:
To increase analyst productivity
Facilitate communication among analysts and
users
Providing continuity between life cycle phases
To assess the impact of maintenance

CASE Tool Categories
CASE tools may be divided into several
categories
Upper CASE (also called front-end CASE)
tools, used to perform analysis and design
Lower CASE (also called back-end CASE).
These tools generate computer language
source code from CASE design
Integrated CASE, performing both upper
and lower CASE functions

Upper CASE
Upper CASE tools
Create and modify the system design
Store data in a project repository
The repository is a collection of records,
elements, diagrams, screens, reports, and
other project information
These CASE tools model organizational
requirements and define system
boundaries

Lower CASE
Lower CASE tools generate computer
source code from the CASE design
Source code may usually be generated
in several languages

Advantages of Generating
Code
Time to develop new systems decreases
The time to maintain generated code is
less than to maintain traditional systems
Computer programs may be generated in
more than one language
CASE design may be purchased from
third-party vendors and tailored to
organizational needs
Generated code is free from program
coding errors

Reverse Engineering
Reverse engineering is generating the
CASE design from computer program
code
Source code is examined, analyzed,
and converted into repository entities

Reverse Engineering
Produces
Reverse engineering produces
(depending on the tool set used)
Data structures and elements, describing
the files, records, and field
Screen designs, if the program is online
Report layouts for batch programs
A structure chart showing the hierarchy of
the modules in the program
Database design and relationships

Advantages of Reverse
Engineering
It has the following advantages:
Reduced system maintenance time
Program documentation is produced for
loosely documented programs
Structured programs may be generated
from unstructured, older programs
Future system maintenance is easier to
implement
Unused portions of programs may be
eliminated

Object-Oriented Analysis and
Design
Object-oriented (O-O) analysis and
design is used to build object-oriented
programs
This includes not only data but the
instructions about operations that
manipulate the data

Types of Object-Oriented
Analysis and Design
There are three types of object-oriented
analysis and design:
Object-oriented analysis (OOA)
Object-oriented design (OOD)
The Unified Modeling Language (UML), a
standardized object-oriented modeling
language

Nature of Analysis and Design
Structured analysis and design provides
a systematic approach to developing
systems and is cyclic in nature
Analysis and design errors detected in
the later phases of the systems
development life cycle cost more to fix
than if detected in earlier phases

Alternate Methodologies
Alternate methodologies are available
for analyzing systems
These include
Prototyping
ETHICS
Project champions
Soft Systems Methodology
Multi-view

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