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Chapter 1 presentation 140

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Melissa Jenkins
Melissa Jenkins

The document discusses the history and major fields of influence on psychology, including philosophy, physiology, and medicine. It then summarizes two major early schools of psychology - psychodynamic theory based on Freud's work focusing on unconscious conflicts and behaviorism which rejected studying mental processes and focused only on measurable behavior. Finally, it lists several major modern perspectives in psychology including biological, humanistic, positive, cognitive, cross-cultural, and evolutionary approaches.

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Chapter 1 presentation 140
Chapter 1 presentation 140
Chapter 1 presentation 140
Ebbinghaus: Psychology has a short history, but a long past.
Three fields that influenced psychology: ? Philosophy-writings about sleep, dreams, senses and memory.
? Physiology-study of anatomy and brain function.
? Medicine-relationship between disease and mental processes.
? Two major schools of psychology by early 20th century: ? 1)Psychodynamic, based on the work of Sigmund Freud.
Chapter 1 presentation 140
Psychodynamic theory (continued) Human behavior motivated by unconscious conflicts The past is critical to development
Second major school of psych: Behaviorism-the study of behavior that can be measured and verified. Rejected the study of mental processes
Modern definition of psychology: ? The science of behavior and mental processes.
Other major perspectives in psychology: 1) Biological: the physical origins of human and animal behavior, the study of the nervous system, the brain.
2)Humanistic: how people grow psychologically ? the influence of interpersonal relationships, ? the importance of self-direction in trying to reach ones potential
3) Positive psychology: focus on positive emotions and psychological states, instead of the traditional focus on problems and disorders.
4) Cognitive: how people develop language, solve problems, and think
5) Cross-cultural: the influence of culture on behavior and mental processes. Some of your personal traits might be cultural traits instead!
6) Evolutionary: based on the principle of natural selection (survival of the fittest). Behavior is subject to natural selection.
Chapter 1 presentation 140
Dr. Bishops definition of critical thinking: Be open to the possibility that what you believe or what someone else believes is CRAP.
Be aware of what you bring to the table, we all have biases and weak spots
What conclusions can reasonably be drawn from the evidence?
Is there another explanation that makes more sense for a research finding or some other phenomena?
Steps in the scientific method: 1) Start with a testable hypothesis, a tentative statement that describes the relationship between two or more variables.
2) Design the study and collect the data Two basic categories of research methods: a) Descriptive methods-observing and describing
Common descriptive methods: Surveys Naturalistic observation Correlational studies
b) Experimental method: changing one variable causes change in a second variable. Much harder to do, but can prove cause and effect!
3) Analyze the data and draw conclusions Findings have to be statistically significant Significant isnt necessarily meaningful!
4) Report the findings: Other scientists need to be able to replicate the findings Findings are reported at conferences and professional journals
Experimental Method Why is it needed to prove cause and effect?
Hypothesis: Drug X causes memory loss in some people. Independent variable (IV): what gets manipulated Dependent variable (DV): what gets measured
? Control group: Subjects who go through the experiment but are not exposed to the actual variable of interest.
Random assignment: you cant control for everything! All subjects have an equal chance of being in the experimental group or the control group. Helps to even out outliers
Without random assignment and a control group, its not an experiment! Cant use the word cause!
Hypothesis: Cigarette smoking causes cancer in humans. Can you do an experiment?
No experiment, can only look at pre- existing smokers No random assignment! Surveys, hospital records, govt records, etc.
? Correlational study: very common in psychology ? We have to study pre-existing groups ? How strongly two variables are related
? Positivecorrelation: two factors increase or decrease together ? Ex: Anger and heart rate, loneliness and depression ? Negative correlation: two factors move in opposite directions ? Ex: alcohol use and grade point avg.

More Related Content

Chapter 1 presentation 140

  • 4. Ebbinghaus: Psychology has a short history, but a long past.
  • 5. Three fields that influenced psychology: ? Philosophy-writings about sleep, dreams, senses and memory.
  • 6. ? Physiology-study of anatomy and brain function.
  • 7. ? Medicine-relationship between disease and mental processes.
  • 8. ? Two major schools of psychology by early 20th century: ? 1)Psychodynamic, based on the work of Sigmund Freud.
  • 10. Psychodynamic theory (continued) Human behavior motivated by unconscious conflicts The past is critical to development
  • 11. Second major school of psych: Behaviorism-the study of behavior that can be measured and verified. Rejected the study of mental processes
  • 12. Modern definition of psychology: ? The science of behavior and mental processes.
  • 13. Other major perspectives in psychology: 1) Biological: the physical origins of human and animal behavior, the study of the nervous system, the brain.
  • 14. 2)Humanistic: how people grow psychologically ? the influence of interpersonal relationships, ? the importance of self-direction in trying to reach ones potential
  • 15. 3) Positive psychology: focus on positive emotions and psychological states, instead of the traditional focus on problems and disorders.
  • 16. 4) Cognitive: how people develop language, solve problems, and think
  • 17. 5) Cross-cultural: the influence of culture on behavior and mental processes. Some of your personal traits might be cultural traits instead!
  • 18. 6) Evolutionary: based on the principle of natural selection (survival of the fittest). Behavior is subject to natural selection.
  • 20. Dr. Bishops definition of critical thinking: Be open to the possibility that what you believe or what someone else believes is CRAP.
  • 21. Be aware of what you bring to the table, we all have biases and weak spots
  • 22. What conclusions can reasonably be drawn from the evidence?
  • 23. Is there another explanation that makes more sense for a research finding or some other phenomena?
  • 24. Steps in the scientific method: 1) Start with a testable hypothesis, a tentative statement that describes the relationship between two or more variables.
  • 25. 2) Design the study and collect the data Two basic categories of research methods: a) Descriptive methods-observing and describing
  • 26. Common descriptive methods: Surveys Naturalistic observation Correlational studies
  • 27. b) Experimental method: changing one variable causes change in a second variable. Much harder to do, but can prove cause and effect!
  • 28. 3) Analyze the data and draw conclusions Findings have to be statistically significant Significant isnt necessarily meaningful!
  • 29. 4) Report the findings: Other scientists need to be able to replicate the findings Findings are reported at conferences and professional journals
  • 30. Experimental Method Why is it needed to prove cause and effect?
  • 31. Hypothesis: Drug X causes memory loss in some people. Independent variable (IV): what gets manipulated Dependent variable (DV): what gets measured
  • 32. ? Control group: Subjects who go through the experiment but are not exposed to the actual variable of interest.
  • 33. Random assignment: you cant control for everything! All subjects have an equal chance of being in the experimental group or the control group. Helps to even out outliers
  • 34. Without random assignment and a control group, its not an experiment! Cant use the word cause!
  • 35. Hypothesis: Cigarette smoking causes cancer in humans. Can you do an experiment?
  • 36. No experiment, can only look at pre- existing smokers No random assignment! Surveys, hospital records, govt records, etc.
  • 37. ? Correlational study: very common in psychology ? We have to study pre-existing groups ? How strongly two variables are related
  • 38. ? Positivecorrelation: two factors increase or decrease together ? Ex: Anger and heart rate, loneliness and depression ? Negative correlation: two factors move in opposite directions ? Ex: alcohol use and grade point avg.

Editor's Notes

  • #29: Rocky Road example