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Chapter 13: The Spread of Chinese Civilization: Japan, Korea, and VietnamVivian LinColin LuJasmine NguyenBasheerRydhanHeng LiBethany LuuChristine NguyenJoey Thai

NOTESJapan: The Imperial AgeJapan borrowed from China peaked in:Taika period (645-710)Nara period (710-784)Heian period (794-857)TaikaReforms (646): or “The Great Reform”

Aimed at fixing administration along Chinese lines.Japan: The Imperial AgeAffected both aristocrats and peasantsAristocrats:

Turned to Buddhist monks for help

Combined Buddhist gods with kamiJapan: The Imperial AgeThe spread of Buddhism

Crisis at Nara and the Shift of Heian (Kyoto)Taika reforms were disrupted by aristocratic families and Buddhist monastic orders

Crisis at Nara and the Shift of Heian (Kyoto)A cent. after introduction of Taika reforms: Buddhist monks grew powerful Aristocracy feared power760s: their influence threatened the throneA Buddhist prelate got into empress Koken’s inner circle

schemed to marry her and become emperor before his plans were foiledNOTESCrisis at Nara and the Shift of Heian (Kyoto)Emperor fled and established a new capital city at Heian (Kyoto)Buddhist monasteries were not allowed to be built inside city -> built around city -> reemerged as royal advisors

Crisisat Nara and the Shift of Heian (Kyoto)Emperor abandoned Taika reformsNO limited power on aristocrats -> restored aristocrat families, who took over gov. positionsNO rank by birth -> little mobility NO peasant conscript army -> local leaders organize forces

NOTESUltracivilized: Court Life in the Heian EraCourt culture – refined Cent. during Heian era – lived in a world of luxury and aesthetic* delightsSocial status = everythingAffairs such as dating and marrying were a very important thing!*Aesthetic = the nature of beauty, art, and taste

Ultracivilized: Court Life in the Heian EraImperial household and aristocratic lived in palaces with gardensWood buildingsSliding panelsMatted floors

Ultracivilized: Court Life in the Heian EraChinese characters simplified -> outpouring of poetic and literary worksPoetry was used to express feelings such as happiness, pleasure, love, etc.Verse poems – most valued art at court

Ultracivilized: Court Life in the Heian EraThe Tale of GenjiThe Tale of Genji:written by Lady MutasakiThe first novel in any languageAccording to the novel:Women were seen as equally dignified as men.Usually taught to play musical instruments and write poetryALSO had power struggles like everywhere else.

NOTES: The Era of Warrior DominancePower of provincial lords increase – power of imperial and court declinePowerful families… depend on alliances + take positions in bureaucracy + competing for power -> open feudVSMinamotoTaira

Era of Warrior DominanceAt first:Around 1180sControlled emperor

Links to rural notables who sided with them

Power-grabbing effortsThe Declining Influence of ChinaPower of imperial house weakened -> relied less on Chinese culture and customNo more political influenceBuddhism changed into a Japanese religionDeclining Tang dynasty -> no reliable modelTang Dynasty

NOTESThe Declining Influence of ChinaGempei Wars: raged in main island of Honshu1185: Manamoto established bakufuBakufu: military government or “tent”Capital at Kamakura

The Breakdown of Bakufu Dominance and the Age of the WarlordsYorimoto, leader of Mina., weaken KamakuraFear of betrayal in family Shoguns: military leaders of bakufuYorimoto’s obsessive fear -> no heir-> Hojo dominated Kamakura regimeHojo: closely allied warrior familyKyotoKamakura

The Breakdown of Bakufu Dominance and the Age of the WarlordsEarly 14th cent: Ashikaga Takuajiled revolt and overthrew Kamakura regimeEstablished Ashikaga Shogunate(1336-1573)Emperor refused to acknowledge their power-> tried reviving imperial power -> exiled

Korea: Between China and Japan

Korea: Between China and JapanInfluenced for the longest timeHeavily influenced –able to make a “different” culture.

Korea: Between China and JapanDescended from hunting and herding people of the E Siberia and Manchuria.4th cent: acquired farming and metal working techniques from the ChineseKorea: Between China and Japan109 BCE: Choson, earliest Korean kingdom, was conquered by Han emperor WudiParts of Korea were colonized by China and became a channel for Chinese influences to affect the Korean culture

Korea: Between China and JapanThe tribal peoples of the peninsula – mainly the Koguryo in N – resisted Chinese ruleKoguryo established a N independent stateAt war with its S rivals – Silla and PaekcheKorea: Between China and JapanSinification: the extensive adoption of Chinese cultureBuddhism – key link between Korea and the N China- Han dynasty successorsKorean rulers patronized Buddhist artist and financed the monasteries and pagodas

NOTESKorea: Between China and JapanAdapted Chinese writing Korean language was not suited for charactersKoguryo’s ruler forced a unified law code based after the Han’sEstablished universities Build a Chinese-style bureaucracyChinaFollowers (copiers)

Tang Alliances and the Conquest of Korea 3 Korean kingdoms fought and weakened each other -> Korea vulnerable to outside attacksSillaPaekcheKoguryo

NOTESTang Alliances and the Conquest of Korea The Tang dynasty attacked Koguryo however the Koguryo fought backSillaTangPaekcheSillaTangKoguryo

Tang Alliances and the Conquest of Korea The Tang conquerors fought the Silla over spoilsSilla strong enough to resistRevolts in Paekche and KoguryoTang makes deal with SillaTribute paymentsSilla = vassal of Tang 668 – Tang withdraws armiesSilla became the independent rulers of united Korea

Sinification: The Tributary LinkUnder Silla rulers and KoryodynastyChinese influences peaked Korean culture flourishedSilla tried to become a miniature Tang empireThey regularly sent the Tang embassies and tribute

Sinification: The Tributary LinkTribute SystemNeighboring places offered tribute to ChinaKorea was most committed to the Tribute SystemEmissaries offered tribute in forms of splendid gifts and acknowledgement of the Son of Heaven

Sinification: The Tributary LinkEffects of the tribute systemGuaranteed peace with ChinaAccess to Chinese learning, art, and manufactured goodsMerchants and trading depended on ChinaScholars studied at china and bought scrolls for KoreaIntercultural exchange

Between China and Southeast Asia: The Making of Vietnam220 BCE: record of “southern barbarians”Kingdom called Nam Viet“People in the south”

NOTESBetween China and Southeast Asia: The Making of VietnamQin raids -> Vietnamese traded with China

NOTESBetween China and Southeast Asia: The Making of VietnamDefeated feudal lordsTook control of Red River valleyBlended with Mon-Kmer- and Tai-speaking peoples: crucial part of distinct ethnic group

Kmers = today’s CambodiansBetween China and Southeast Asia: The Making of VietnamViets had their own cultureOwn spoken languageStrong village autonomyNuclear familyWomen had more freedom and influence

Between China and Southeast Asia: The Making of VietnamViets had their own cultureDifferent clothing styleCockfightsChewed betel nut

Conquest and SinificationHan empire accepted and satisfied with Viet tributes111 BCE: Han conquers Nam VietViets saw they could learn from ChinaNo resistance

NOTESConquest and Sinification: EducationViets attended Chinese schoolsStudied Confucian classicsWrote ChineseExams for administrative posts

NOTESConquest and Sinification: AgricultureChinese introduced cropping techniques and irrigation tehcniquesBetter agriculture -> more food -> support bigger population+=

NOTESConquest and Sinification: MilitaryLearned from Chinese military organizationAdvantage over Indianized* people (W and S)*Indianized people = people who adopted Indian way of kinship and warfare

Roots of ResistanceViets did not like Chinese ruleChinese looked down on Vietnamese customsSporadic aristocratic revoltsWriting showed self-doubt and resistance to Chinese dominance

Roots of ResistanceLess rights and independence for womenConfined to homeControlled by men

Roots of ResistanceWomen participated in revolts39 CE: famous uprising by Trung SistersDaughters of deposed local leader

NOTES: Winning Independence and Continuing Chinese Influences939 CE: Nam Viet won political independence from ChinaGeographic advantagesRebelled during fall of Tang

NOTESWinning Independence and Continuing Chinese InfluencesLe dynasty (980 - 1009 CE)First Vietnamese dynastyBureaucracy Copy of Chinese administrative systemCivil service examsLearning Confucian classics in schoolDeference from lower people

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