Chapter 30 ap
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This document provides an overview of the independence movements in India, Africa, and Latin America between 1900-1949. In India, nationalism grew in response to British rule, with Gandhi leading nonviolent protests. This eventually led to independence and partition in 1947. In Africa, European colonialism brought economic and social changes while Christianity and Islam spread, but nationalist movements also emerged seeking independence. In Latin America, the Mexican Revolution overthrew the Diaz regime leading to land reforms, while Argentina and Brazil experienced periods of authoritarian rule seeking to industrialize and address economic problems exacerbated by the Depression.
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This document summarizes independence movements in sub-Saharan Africa, India, and Latin America. It describes how European colonialism led to the rise of nationalism in these regions in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Key events that contributed to independence movements included the Scramble for Africa, the impact of World Wars I and II, the establishment of apartheid in South Africa, and the spread of liberal and nationalist ideas. Most African countries gained independence through negotiations in the 1950s-60s, while armed struggles were sometimes necessary where white settlers were present. India achieved independence from Britain in 1947 after non-violent protests, though the partition into India and Pakistan led to conflict. Latin American countries like Mexico and Brazil transitionedLecture- nationalist movements in africa
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Nationalist movements in Africa were inspired by ideals of self-determination and independence. They were led by figures like Nkrumah of Ghana, Kenyatta of Kenya, and Lumumba of the Congo who adopted philosophies like pan-Africanism and negritude. These leaders and their organizations worked to end colonial rule and promote African unity, though they also faced opposition from colonial powers and influence from the Cold War.Lecture 11 - Nationalist Movements in Asia
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亠亰亠仆舒亳 亠仆亳 2 '舒' 从仍舒舒 仂仄舒 亳亰 仂 舒亟仂于仂亶 仂仆亠亶, 从仂仂舒 仂仆仂亳 从 仂磲 亞亰仆仂于 亳 亰舒仆亠亠仆舒 于 舒仆 从仆亳亞 亠仆亳仆亞舒亟从仂亶 仂弍仍舒亳. 弌舒亟仂于舒 仂仆 - 仄舒仍亠仆从亳亶 仗亳亶 亰于亠从, 仂弍亳舒ﾑ亳亶 于 亠仆亳仆亞舒亟从仂亶 仂弍仍舒亳 亳 仗亳亶 亠仆磡 仗仂 舒仗亠仍, 仗亳舒ﾑ亳亶 亠仄亠仆舒仄亳, 磪仂亟舒仄亳 亳 仆舒亠从仂仄仄亳. 亟仂从仄亠仆亠 舒从亢亠 仗仂仄亳仆舒ﾑ 亳仆亠亠仆亠 舒从 仂 舒亟仂于仂亶 仂仆亠亠, 于从仍ﾑ舒 亠 舒 亟亠仍亳从舒亠舒 于 亠于仆亠仄 亳仄亠.A & p holes' senses ppt
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- 1. Striving for Independence: India, Africa, and Latin America, 1900-49
- 2. The Indian Independence movement, 1905-1947 The Land and the People Classes and Languages growth created pressures, less land Peasants (majority) over taxed, Maharajahs (ruling princes) protected English = common language of western educated Religion Hindu center with Muslim sides British Rule and Indian Nationalism Viceroy & Indian Civil Service Indian National Congress founded in 1885 1905 British divide Bengal Province in two, putting Hindu at disadvantage in east 1906 All-India Muslim League Muhammad Ali Jinnah 1911 Brits moved capital Calcutta to Delhi (Mughal capital) = wake-up call Indian Steel Industry symbolic hope for independence WWI left promises of self-rule, upon return, outbreaks of violence 1919 Rowlatt Act = denial of habeas corpus, no public protests allowed 1919 Amritsar Massacre Brits open fire on peaceful protestors killing 1,200
- 3. The Indian Independence movement, 1905-1947continued 1905-1947 Mahatma Gandhi and Militant Nonviolence Mahatma = Great Soul, western educated lawyer, cut his teeth in South Africa Ahimsa (nonviolence) + Satyagraha (search for the truth) = nonviolent civil disobedience Wore homespun, brought independence ideas to the peasant (majority) Salt March to protest British tax on salt When jailed = protested via fasting. Every arrest made him more popular. India moves toward independence Jawaharlal Nehru Indian National Congress, working toward creating industrial India Viceroy of India declares war (WWII) without consulting Indians WWII a dividing time amongst Indians, who to support, who to protest Partition and Independence (post WWII) Muhammad Ali Jinnah demands separate state of Pakistan (E&W) for Muslims 1947 two states established, mass relocation causes riots and deaths Kashmir Hindu maharajah, Muslim people still a hotspot today
- 4. Sub-Saharan Africa, 1900-45 Colonial Africa: Economic and Social Changes African Farmers few profit from high price cocoa & palm oil African Health modern technology brought, migrant workers spread disease Religious and Political changes Christianity & Islam schools Christian (West & South), Islam (East & South) Islam fit more with traditional African polygamy Senegal Blaise Diagne elected to French National Assembly advocate for African rights African National Congress founded by western educated Africans to defend interests Africa in WWII Haile Selassie (Ethiopia) takes on Italians, Like India, Africans return from WWII changed, looking for independence
- 5. Mexico, Argentina, and Brazil, 1900-49 Background to Revolution: Mexico in 1910 1% owned 85% of land (haciendas), US & Brits owned rails & industry Indians (non-Spanish speaking), Mestizos worked the haciendas Porfirio Diaz = Liberty (for rich), Order (corrupt political machine), Progress (Foreign) Mexico City great, everywhere else, bad Revolution and civil war in Mexico Francisco Madero minor uprisings cause government to collapse, Diaz gone General Huerta overthrows Madero, Prez Wilson sends US troops to Veracruz Carranza (landowner) and Obregon (teacher) overthrow Huerta Zapata Indian farmer raids haciendas in south Pancho Villa Raids haciendas in north Constitution of 1917 lofty ideas o Universal suffrage, one term president, o Restrictions on foreign land ownership o Minimum wage and maximum hours o Public education (free from catholic church)
- 6. Mexico, Argentina, and Brazil, 1900-49continued 1900-49 President Obregon succeeded by Calles who founded National Revolutionary Party (PNR) PNR collection point for working out ideas of revolution President Cardenas redistributed land, removed generals from government positions, nationalized oil industry Art flourishes murals and painting: Clemente Orozco, Diego Rivera, and Frida Kahlo Transformation of Argentina Most of Argentina pampas = flat fertile land Oligarquia ruled by small group of wealthy land owners that lived in Buenos Aires British allowed to run domestic industries, US & Britain supply manufactured goods Brazil & Argentina to 1929 Before WWI = coffee, cacao, and rubber Rio de Janeiro the city of choice Collapse of rubber (lost to SE Asia) and WWI, middle class elect Hipolito Irigoyen US replaces Europeans as supplier of manufactured goods Post WWI Trade with Europe resumes, middle class push for reforms, take over industry South America still lags behind US & European technologically
- 7. Mexico, Argentina, and Brazil, 1900-49continued 1900-49 The Depression and the Vargas Regime in Brazil Argentina & Brazil go towards authoritarian regimes to solve economic problems Getulio Vargas (a bad loser) coup, puts Brazil on industrial path The environment Favelas (slums) occupy hillsides Vargass legacy when failing to win reelection, another coup = Caudillo Argentina after 1930 Gen Uriburu overthrows Irigoyen (1930), Col Peron overthrows Uriburu (1943) Eva Peron champions the descamisados (shirtless ones urban workers) Spends heavily on social programs, when wife dies (1952), loses election.