More Related Content
Similar to CHAPTER 6 ecology and biodiversity ggg.pptx (20)
Recently uploaded (20)
CHAPTER 6 ecology and biodiversity ggg.pptx
- 1. CHAPTER 6 ECOLOGY AND BIODIVERSITY
- 2. environmental influences on living things definition of environment environmental components units of living things in their environment
- 3. definition of environment A living environment is the place where an organism lives and interacts with other components. It includes everything that affects an organism's life, such as physical conditions, climate and the presence of other living things. For example, the environment of a human being includes their home, school, and surrounding places.
- 4. environmental components 1.biotic components The biotic environment includes all living things in an ecosystem, such as humans, animals, plants and microorganisms. Interactions between living things in the biotic environment can take the form of symbiotic relationships, such as mutualism, parasitism, and competition. For example, birds use trees as nesting sites (mutualism), while parasites such as ticks absorb blood from the bodies of their host animals.
- 5. a. individual An individual is a single living unit (organism), such as a cat and a tree.
- 6. population a collection of similar individuals occupying a certain area or region at a certain time is called a population, for example a deer population and a bamboo population.
- 7. community a community is a collection of populations of living things in a certain place or area and time. within a community, the constituent populations interact with each other. for example, a rice field community consists of a rice population, a snail population, a frog population, a grasshopper population and so on.
- 8. ecosystem A unit consisting of a community of living things and their abiotic environment, such as a forest ecosystem or a river ecosystem.
- 10. interactions in ecosystems 1.interactions between biotic and abiotic components The interaction between biotic and abiotic components in nature is a very important phenomenon in ecology, as it affects the balance of the ecosystem and the survival of various organisms.
- 11. 2. interactions between biotic components Interactions between biotic components are interactions that occur between populations of organisms that make up the ecosystem. Some types of interactions between biotic components are mutualism, commensalism, allelopathy, predation, competition, and parasitism.
- 12. Neutralism is a relationship between two living things that do not affect each other. An example is a caterpillar and a cat. Neutralism
- 13. Predation Predation is an interaction where there is a predator and a prey. An example is a lion and a deer.
- 14. Herbivory Herbivory is an interaction between animals and plants where animals eat plants. An example is goats eating grass.
- 15. Mutualism Mutualism is an interaction between two living things that is mutually beneficial and an important part of their survival. An example is the interaction between bees and flowers. Bees get nectar to make honey, while flowers benefit from being helped with the pollination process.
- 16. Commensalism Commensalism is an interaction that benefits one organism but does not affect the other. An example is the symbiosis between an orchid and its host plant. The orchid benefits by getting a place to live, but the host is not harmed because the orchid does not absorb food from the host.
- 17. Parasitism Parasitism is a relationship that benefits only one organism and harms the other. An example is fleas and cats. Fleas are harmful parasites because they absorb blood and this is detrimental to cats.
- 19. A food web is a collection of overlapping but interconnected food chains in an ecosystem so as to form a kind of net. Food Web
- 20. food chain is the process of eating and eating between living things in a certain order for the survival of each in an ecosystem. food chain
- 21. energy in a food chain has a first process in which energy is initially produced by rice, which as a plant is an autotroph. Organisms or autotrophs are living things that can produce their own food. This is done through photosynthesis, which converts carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O) into sugar (C6H12O6) and oxygen (O2). Other organisms cannot make their own energy or are heterotrophs. This includes animals, and they must source their energy by eating other living things. This happens when mice eat rice, and it also happens when snakes eat mice. By the animals, these food sources are digested, and then the results are metabolized with the help of oxygen (O2) into energy. So, what is the flow of energy in a food chain occurs by this process.
- 23. food pyramid A food pyramid is a picture that explains the relationship between the components of living things in an ecosystem. Different from food chains, food pyramids are known to describe the interactions of each biotic component.
- 24. Biogeochemical Biogeochemical cycles are cycles of elements that flow from abiotic components to biotic components, then back again to abiotic components. This cycle is named biogeochemistry because it involves organisms and chemical reactions within the abiotic environment.
- 25. Water Cycle The process of water renewal takes place in the water cycle. The hydrological cycle or water cycle is the endless cycle of water from the atmosphere to the earth and back again to the atmosphere. This process goes on forever. Water circulation occurs through several processes, namely: Evaporation, condensation, precipitation, infiltration, runoff, and consumption.
- 26. Carbon and oxygen cycles Carbon and oxygen cycles are involved in the processes of respiration and photosynthesis. Carbon dioxide in nature comes from photosynthesis, living things that breathe, and living things that die and become fossils. Fossils store a lot of carbon. This is why burning fossil fuels produces a lot of carbon in the air.
- 27. nitrogen cycle The nitrogen cycle is a series of processes that convert nitrogen gas into organic matter and back into nitrogen in nature. It is a continuous cycle that is maintained by nitrogen decomposers and bacteria. The nitrogen cycle can be broken down into four types of reactions and microorganisms play a role in all of these.
- 28. Biodiversit y Biodiversity is a term used for the diversity of natural resources, including the number and frequency of ecosystems, species, and genes in a place. Basically, diversity describes the various conditions of an object that occur due to differences in terms of size, shape, texture and amount.
- 29. distribution of flora in Indonesia The distribution of flora in Indonesia can be classified into three regions, namely the flora of Western Indonesia, Central Indonesia, and Eastern Indonesia.
- 30. Distribution of Fauna in Indonesia Distribution of Fauna in Indonesia. The distribution pattern of fauna in Indonesia can be divided into three regional groups, namely the Asiatic type Indonesian fauna region, the transitional type (Asia-Australis), and the Australist type.
- 31. threats to biodiversity in Indonesia Climate change, pollution, habitat loss, overexploitation of species and invasive species have been identified as the top five threats to biodiversity, globally.
- 32. Climate change Climate change is altering ecosystems, the services they provide and the threatened species they support, threatening their health and survival. For example: melting ice cuts polar bears' access to important food sources and warming waters contribute to the loss of coral reefs. Climate change can also exacerbate droughts, drying up the habitat of species such as the Sonoyta mud turtle. This is just the (melting) tip of the iceberg when it comes to the adverse and irreversible impacts that climate change may bring.
- 33. Over-exploitation of species Humans have a long history of hunting species to the point of extinction. In the 17th and 18th centuries, the dodo and Steller's sea cow were hunted to extinction and many know the story of how the passenger pigeon went from being the most abundant bird in North America to disappearing forever in 1914 due to large-scale fishing. However, many don't realize that the iconic southern sea otter almost suffered the same fate, and now occupies only 13 percent of its historic habitat. Nearly one-fifth of all species listed under the Endangered Species Act are at risk of overexploitation.
- 34. Pollution Air pollution, water pollution, soil pollution, etc. are all happening everywhere around the world and nature is paying the price. A startling statistic that underscores the far-reaching impact of pollution is that more than 430 species at the time of listing under the Endangered Species Act were described as significantly impacted by pollution. Marine plastic pollution alone has increased tenfold since 1980, impacting at least 267 species, including sea turtles, seabirds and many marine mammals.
- 35. Habitat loss According to the UN Environment Program, more than 1,621,629 square miles of forest habitat has been lost since the 1990s. Overall habitat loss is estimated at two soccer fields per minute. Eighty percent of species listed under the Endangered Species Act are affected by habitat loss.
- 36. Invasive Species Invasive species have been a factor in the decline of more than 40 percent of species listed under the Endangered Species Act and can cause an average loss of $20 billion per year in the US. Many other factors contribute to the biodiversity crisis, leaving nearly one-fifth of the Earth's surface threatened by alien species invasions. Invasive species are expected to increase by 40 percent by 2050.
- 37. importance of biodiversity conservation In maintaining biodiversity and safeguarding human survival, biodiversity conservation is very important. The purpose of this conservation is to protect various species of living things and their habitats from extinction and threat of extinction.
- 38. Preserving the Forest As an effort to preserve forests, we can plant a million trees, do not clear land by burning forests, do not cut trees illegally, and report to the authorities if we know of illegal logging practices.
- 39. In situ conservation is implemented by stakeholders to protect natural populations and communities. Meanwhile, ex situ conservation is the process of conserving flora and fauna outside of their natural habitat and ecosystem. This is done by taking flora and fauna and keeping them in a certain place that is kept safe and ecologically suitable.
- 40. Examples of In Situ Preservation - Wildlife Sanctuary, which is a nature reserve forest area that has a diversity of animals to be protected. - Nature Reserve, which is a nature reserve area that has a beautiful and natural panorama to protect the natural flora and fauna of its ecosystem. - Protection Forest, which is a forest area specifically for conservation of life systems or ecosystems.
- 41. Ex Situ Preservation - Safari Park, which is an environmentally friendly and fauna- oriented tourism site in its natural environment. - Zoos, which are fauna-oriented tourist attractions and are maintained in an artificial environment.
- 42. Thank You