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chapter _3.pptx Programming Language in DSS

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Chapter three Programming Language
Programing language is an artificial language that can be used to control the behavior of a computer. defined by: Syntactic - describes the possible combinations of symbols that form a syntactically correct program. Semantic - is a combination of symbols. computers do exactly what they are told to do. Programming languages can be divided in to two major categories: low-level languages high-level languages
Machine language machine is short for computing machine (i.e., computer) computers native language, sequence of zeroes and ones (binary) different computers understand different sequences hard for humans to understand: 01010001 Assembly language memonics for machine language low level: each instruction is minimal still hard for humans to understand: High-level languages FORTRAN, Pascal, BASIC, C, C++, Java, COBOL, etc. high level: each instruction composed of many low-level instructions.
Interpreting Vs Compiling Program Each type of computer only understands its own machine language (zeroes and ones) Thus we must translate from High-level language to machine language a team of experts programs a translator, called a compiler which translates entirety of a High-level language program to an executable file in computers native machine language. Running : compilation: Your program executable execution: run executable machine executes your program by running each machine language instruction in the executable file.
Interpreting Vs Compiling Program An alternative to compiling your program is to interpret your program each line of your program is translated into machine language and immediately executed. Like translating between natural languages Compiler: human translator translates book in its entirety and then translated book is printed and read. Interpreter: human interpreter translates each spoken statement in sequence as speaker is speaking.
Programming paradigm A programming paradigm is a fundamental style of programming Unstructured Programming Procedural programming . Structured Programming Object Oriented Programming
1. Unstructured Programming consisting only of one large (usually main) program main program' stands for a sequence of commands or statements data is global throughout the whole program disadvantages Complex if the same statement sequence is needed at different locations within the program, the sequence must be copied
2. Procedural programming based upon the concept of procedure call A procedure call is used to invoke the procedure Procedures (routines, subroutines, methods, functions) simply contain a series of computational steps to be carried out to solve a problem
2. Procedural programming We have a single program, which is divided into small pieces called procedures Advantage to re-use the same code at different places in the program without copying it easier way to keep track of program flow Example FORTRAN, ADA
3. Structured Programming is a subset of procedural programming (also known as modular programming) procedures of a common functionality are grouped together into separate modules Each module can have its own data allows each module to manage an internal state which is modified by calls to procedures of this module top-down design model map out the overall program structure into separate subsections Example PASCAL, C
3.Structured Programming Advantage Reuse Easier to understand and modify
4. Object Oriented Programming Is a method of implementation in which programs are organized as cooperative collections of objects Data and operations are grouped together Each object is capable of receiving messages, processing data, and sending messages to other objects Modeling of the domain as objects so that the implementation naturally reflects the problem at hand.
Problem solving Techniques Computer solves varieties of problems that can be expressed in a finite number of steps In computer programming two facts : Defining the problem and logical procedures to follow in solving it. Introducing the means by which programmers communicate those procedures to the computer system so that it can be executed.
Problem solving Techniques There are system analysis and design tools, particularly flowchart and structure chart, that can be used to define the problem in terms of the steps to its solution. The programmer uses programming language to communicate the logic of the solution to the computer. An algorithm is defined as a step-by-step sequence of instructions that must terminate and describe how the data is to be processed to produce the desired outputs. Simply, algorithm is a sequence of instructions
System Development Life Cycle(SDLC) is a conceptual model used in project management that describes the stages involved in a computer system development project from an initial feasibility study through maintenance of the completed application.
System Development Life Cycle(SDLC) The phases of SDLC are : Feasibility study Requirements analysis Designing solution Testing designed solution Testing Implementation
System Development Life Cycle Feasibility study : The first step is to identify a need for the new system. a. Organizational Feasibility How well the proposed system supports the strategic objectives of the organization. b. Economic Feasibility Cost savings Increased revenue Decreased investment Increased profits
System Development Life Cycle c. Technical Feasibility Hardware, software, and network capability, reliability, and availability d. Operational Feasibility End user acceptance Management support Customer, supplier, and government requirements
System Development Life Cycle Requirements analysis : is the process of analyzing the information needs of the end users, the organizational environment, and any system presently being used, developing the functional requirements of a system that can meet the needs of the users.
System Development Life Cycle Designing solution: After the requirements have been determined, the necessary specifications for the hardware, software, people, and data resources, and the information products that will satisfy the functional requirements of the proposed system can be determined. The design will serve as a blueprint for the system and helps detect problems before these errors or problems are built into the final system.
System Development Life Cycle Implementation The real code is written here. Systems implementation is the construction of the new system and its delivery into production or day-to-day operation.
System Development Life Cycle Testing Unit Testing Integrating Testing System Testing Maintenance What happens during the rest of the software's life: changes, correction, additions, and moves to a different computing platform and more. This, the least exciting and perhaps most important step of all, goes on seemingly forever.

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chapter _3.pptx Programming Language in DSS

  • 2. Programing language is an artificial language that can be used to control the behavior of a computer. defined by: Syntactic - describes the possible combinations of symbols that form a syntactically correct program. Semantic - is a combination of symbols. computers do exactly what they are told to do. Programming languages can be divided in to two major categories: low-level languages high-level languages
  • 3. Machine language machine is short for computing machine (i.e., computer) computers native language, sequence of zeroes and ones (binary) different computers understand different sequences hard for humans to understand: 01010001 Assembly language memonics for machine language low level: each instruction is minimal still hard for humans to understand: High-level languages FORTRAN, Pascal, BASIC, C, C++, Java, COBOL, etc. high level: each instruction composed of many low-level instructions.
  • 4. Interpreting Vs Compiling Program Each type of computer only understands its own machine language (zeroes and ones) Thus we must translate from High-level language to machine language a team of experts programs a translator, called a compiler which translates entirety of a High-level language program to an executable file in computers native machine language. Running : compilation: Your program executable execution: run executable machine executes your program by running each machine language instruction in the executable file.
  • 5. Interpreting Vs Compiling Program An alternative to compiling your program is to interpret your program each line of your program is translated into machine language and immediately executed. Like translating between natural languages Compiler: human translator translates book in its entirety and then translated book is printed and read. Interpreter: human interpreter translates each spoken statement in sequence as speaker is speaking.
  • 6. Programming paradigm A programming paradigm is a fundamental style of programming Unstructured Programming Procedural programming . Structured Programming Object Oriented Programming
  • 7. 1. Unstructured Programming consisting only of one large (usually main) program main program' stands for a sequence of commands or statements data is global throughout the whole program disadvantages Complex if the same statement sequence is needed at different locations within the program, the sequence must be copied
  • 8. 2. Procedural programming based upon the concept of procedure call A procedure call is used to invoke the procedure Procedures (routines, subroutines, methods, functions) simply contain a series of computational steps to be carried out to solve a problem
  • 9. 2. Procedural programming We have a single program, which is divided into small pieces called procedures Advantage to re-use the same code at different places in the program without copying it easier way to keep track of program flow Example FORTRAN, ADA
  • 10. 3. Structured Programming is a subset of procedural programming (also known as modular programming) procedures of a common functionality are grouped together into separate modules Each module can have its own data allows each module to manage an internal state which is modified by calls to procedures of this module top-down design model map out the overall program structure into separate subsections Example PASCAL, C
  • 11. 3.Structured Programming Advantage Reuse Easier to understand and modify
  • 12. 4. Object Oriented Programming Is a method of implementation in which programs are organized as cooperative collections of objects Data and operations are grouped together Each object is capable of receiving messages, processing data, and sending messages to other objects Modeling of the domain as objects so that the implementation naturally reflects the problem at hand.
  • 13. Problem solving Techniques Computer solves varieties of problems that can be expressed in a finite number of steps In computer programming two facts : Defining the problem and logical procedures to follow in solving it. Introducing the means by which programmers communicate those procedures to the computer system so that it can be executed.
  • 14. Problem solving Techniques There are system analysis and design tools, particularly flowchart and structure chart, that can be used to define the problem in terms of the steps to its solution. The programmer uses programming language to communicate the logic of the solution to the computer. An algorithm is defined as a step-by-step sequence of instructions that must terminate and describe how the data is to be processed to produce the desired outputs. Simply, algorithm is a sequence of instructions
  • 15. System Development Life Cycle(SDLC) is a conceptual model used in project management that describes the stages involved in a computer system development project from an initial feasibility study through maintenance of the completed application.
  • 16. System Development Life Cycle(SDLC) The phases of SDLC are : Feasibility study Requirements analysis Designing solution Testing designed solution Testing Implementation
  • 17. System Development Life Cycle Feasibility study : The first step is to identify a need for the new system. a. Organizational Feasibility How well the proposed system supports the strategic objectives of the organization. b. Economic Feasibility Cost savings Increased revenue Decreased investment Increased profits
  • 18. System Development Life Cycle c. Technical Feasibility Hardware, software, and network capability, reliability, and availability d. Operational Feasibility End user acceptance Management support Customer, supplier, and government requirements
  • 19. System Development Life Cycle Requirements analysis : is the process of analyzing the information needs of the end users, the organizational environment, and any system presently being used, developing the functional requirements of a system that can meet the needs of the users.
  • 20. System Development Life Cycle Designing solution: After the requirements have been determined, the necessary specifications for the hardware, software, people, and data resources, and the information products that will satisfy the functional requirements of the proposed system can be determined. The design will serve as a blueprint for the system and helps detect problems before these errors or problems are built into the final system.
  • 21. System Development Life Cycle Implementation The real code is written here. Systems implementation is the construction of the new system and its delivery into production or day-to-day operation.
  • 22. System Development Life Cycle Testing Unit Testing Integrating Testing System Testing Maintenance What happens during the rest of the software's life: changes, correction, additions, and moves to a different computing platform and more. This, the least exciting and perhaps most important step of all, goes on seemingly forever.