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Chapter15

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The document discusses developments in science, philosophy, and culture during the Enlightenment era. In science, figures like Copernicus, Galileo, Kepler, Newton, Harvey, and Jenner advanced understandings of astronomy, physics, medicine, and biology through empirical methods and discoveries like heliocentrism and the circulation of blood. Philosophically, Enlightenment thinkers including Locke, Voltaire, and Montesquieu promoted rationalism, religious freedom, and separation of church and state. Spiritual awakenings occurred through preachers and movements in Germany, England, and America. The Baroque and Neoclassical artistic periods flourished along with composers like Monteverdi, Handel, Bach, Mozart

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Age of Reason Chapter 15
Topics ?Science ?Enlightenment ?Spiritual Awakenings ?Art & Music ?Literature
Science ? Middle Ages ? Truth = church and ancient philosophies ? Ptolemy ¨C Earth is center of universe (geocentric theory) 140 AD ? Renaissance and Reformation encouraged ???¡¯s ? Scientific Revolution = Rapid advancement in science achievement and knowledge
Astronomy ? Copernicus (1473-1543) ? SUN in center of Universe (not challenged since140 AD) ? Called a heretic ? Kepler (1571-1630) ? Elliptical orbits ? Galileo (1564-1642) ? Physics; thermometer ? Telescope ? Newton (1642-1727) ? Law of gravity
Medicine ? Versalius ? Father of anatomy ? Paracelcus ? Use chemicals to treat illnesses ? Harvey ? Study heart and circulation ? Jenner ? Small pox vaccine
Enlightenment Thinkers Voltaire John Locke Baron de Montesquieu
Chemistry ? Boyle ? Gas pressure; Boyle¡¯s Law ? Priestly ? Discovered oxygen ? Carbon dioxide = soda drinks ? ? Lavosier ? Law of conservation of matter
Other Science ? Leeuwenhoek ? Microscope ? First time see bacteria and microbes ? Mercator ? Make round Earth on flat map
Intellectual Attitudes ? Looked to reason to solve all life¡¯s problems ? Rationalism = source of truth/knowledge is reason ? Descartes ? Francis Bacon ? Frenchman ? Englishman ? Doubt ? Experimentatio everything n/observation ? Mathematics/lo ? All knowledge gic should be ? ¡°I think, questioned therefore I am¡±
What is REAL?
John Locke Influenced ?¡°men have natural US politics unalienable rights¡± ?¡°Government must have consent of the people¡±
Montesquieu Influenced ? Freedom = separation of 3 powers US politics
Voltaire ? Critic of abuses in society ? Against religious organization; RCC ? freedom of religion ? freedom of expression ? separation of church and state
Rousseau ? Favored emotion over reason ? Father of Romanticism ? Back to Nature ? Believed in basic goodness of man ? The Social Contract ? Government built on general will of people
Deism ? God = clockmaker ? Winds the world now sits back and watches it work ? Little use for a personal God
Spiritual Awakening
Germany ? Lutheran church = decaying ? Philip Spener ? Spiritual renewal through Bible study and prayer meetings ? Started Pietist movement ? Piety = religious devotion and spirituality ? Francke ? Train pietist pastors & missionaries ? Open schools, orphanages, Bible printing shops ? Zinzendorf ? Leaders of Moravians (Bohemia) ? John Wesley became Christian through them
England ? John Wesley ? Traveled and preached throughout England ? Spread spiritual revival throughout country ? Improved moral condition of English people ? Started Sunday School, increase in Christian literature and music; founded Methodist Church ? George Whitefield ? Anglican preacher ? Helped spread Spiritual Awakening to America
America ? Puritan descendants no religious zeal ? 1st Great Awakening ? Travelling preachers; local pastors continue work ? Jonathan Edwards ? Local preacher in Massachusetts ? Emphasized need for personal conversion ? ¡°Sinners in Hands of Angry God¡± = warned unrepentant people that only God can save them from hell ? Converted thousands of people ? Many new churches, schools to train pastors
Art Music and Literature
Mannerism Baroque ? 16th century (1500s) ? 17th century (1600s) ? Theatrical, deformed ? Political & religious tension ? too ornamental (gaudy) ? Distortion/exaggeration ? Grand, dynamic, heroic, active, swirling, sensual ? Unreal & unnatural colors ? Bernini, Rubens, ? El Greco Rembrandt ? Pg. 397 ? Pgs. 398-9
Rembrandt ? Chiarascuro = contrast of light and dark in painting ? Gold tones and warm browns ? Figures are in deep though ? Bible messages in art
The Storm on the Sea of Galile e
Baroque vs. Rococo ? In your face, gaudy ? Refined elegance, delicate, French
Baroque vs. Rococo ? In your face, gaudy ? Refined elegance, delicate, French
Neoclassical Art ? 18th century (1700s) ? Influenced by Rationalism and Enlightenment ? Orderly, formal, calm, balanced ? Imitated classical ideas of Greece & Rome
Music ? Broke with past traditional music 1. Polyphonic vs. homophonic ? Many melodies to one main melody 1. More secular music 2. New types of music compositions ? Opera, ballet, oratorio 1. Instruments more important (orchestra) 2. Voice accompanied by instruments 3. Italians ? standard music markings
Monteverdi ? Wrote and popularized operas ? Song, text, scenery, dances all combined ? Many opera houses built
Handel ? German immigrant ? Wrote oratorio ? Composition telling a sacred story, no drama of operas ? ¡°Messiah¡± ? Wrote it in 24 days ? King George rose to his feet while listening to it
J. S. Bach ? Born into Lutheran family ? Wrote over 200 songs for church ? Wrote music for organ ? Expert at making people feel emotions through his songs ? Use melody to suggest action or events ? ¡°Jesu Joy of Man¡¯s Desiring¡±
Classical Age in Music ? Elaborate ? elegant but restrained ? Sonata, concerto, symphony ? Piano became popular instrument
Wolfgang Amadeus ? Mozart Musical genius child ? Play at age 3 ? Compose at age 5 ? 6 years old on European tour ? Helped popularize piano ? Wrote over 22 operas ? Magic Flute ? Marriage of Figaro ? Wrote over 600 songs
Authors of Enlightenment Era

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Chapter15

  • 1. Age of Reason Chapter 15
  • 3. Science ? Middle Ages ? Truth = church and ancient philosophies ? Ptolemy ¨C Earth is center of universe (geocentric theory) 140 AD ? Renaissance and Reformation encouraged ???¡¯s ? Scientific Revolution = Rapid advancement in science achievement and knowledge
  • 4. Astronomy ? Copernicus (1473-1543) ? SUN in center of Universe (not challenged since140 AD) ? Called a heretic ? Kepler (1571-1630) ? Elliptical orbits ? Galileo (1564-1642) ? Physics; thermometer ? Telescope ? Newton (1642-1727) ? Law of gravity
  • 5. Medicine ? Versalius ? Father of anatomy ? Paracelcus ? Use chemicals to treat illnesses ? Harvey ? Study heart and circulation ? Jenner ? Small pox vaccine
  • 6. Enlightenment Thinkers Voltaire John Locke Baron de Montesquieu
  • 7. Chemistry ? Boyle ? Gas pressure; Boyle¡¯s Law ? Priestly ? Discovered oxygen ? Carbon dioxide = soda drinks ? ? Lavosier ? Law of conservation of matter
  • 8. Other Science ? Leeuwenhoek ? Microscope ? First time see bacteria and microbes ? Mercator ? Make round Earth on flat map
  • 9. Intellectual Attitudes ? Looked to reason to solve all life¡¯s problems ? Rationalism = source of truth/knowledge is reason ? Descartes ? Francis Bacon ? Frenchman ? Englishman ? Doubt ? Experimentatio everything n/observation ? Mathematics/lo ? All knowledge gic should be ? ¡°I think, questioned therefore I am¡±
  • 11. John Locke Influenced ?¡°men have natural US politics unalienable rights¡± ?¡°Government must have consent of the people¡±
  • 12. Montesquieu Influenced ? Freedom = separation of 3 powers US politics
  • 13. Voltaire ? Critic of abuses in society ? Against religious organization; RCC ? freedom of religion ? freedom of expression ? separation of church and state
  • 14. Rousseau ? Favored emotion over reason ? Father of Romanticism ? Back to Nature ? Believed in basic goodness of man ? The Social Contract ? Government built on general will of people
  • 15. Deism ? God = clockmaker ? Winds the world now sits back and watches it work ? Little use for a personal God
  • 17. Germany ? Lutheran church = decaying ? Philip Spener ? Spiritual renewal through Bible study and prayer meetings ? Started Pietist movement ? Piety = religious devotion and spirituality ? Francke ? Train pietist pastors & missionaries ? Open schools, orphanages, Bible printing shops ? Zinzendorf ? Leaders of Moravians (Bohemia) ? John Wesley became Christian through them
  • 18. England ? John Wesley ? Traveled and preached throughout England ? Spread spiritual revival throughout country ? Improved moral condition of English people ? Started Sunday School, increase in Christian literature and music; founded Methodist Church ? George Whitefield ? Anglican preacher ? Helped spread Spiritual Awakening to America
  • 19. America ? Puritan descendants no religious zeal ? 1st Great Awakening ? Travelling preachers; local pastors continue work ? Jonathan Edwards ? Local preacher in Massachusetts ? Emphasized need for personal conversion ? ¡°Sinners in Hands of Angry God¡± = warned unrepentant people that only God can save them from hell ? Converted thousands of people ? Many new churches, schools to train pastors
  • 20. Art Music and Literature
  • 21. Mannerism Baroque ? 16th century (1500s) ? 17th century (1600s) ? Theatrical, deformed ? Political & religious tension ? too ornamental (gaudy) ? Distortion/exaggeration ? Grand, dynamic, heroic, active, swirling, sensual ? Unreal & unnatural colors ? Bernini, Rubens, ? El Greco Rembrandt ? Pg. 397 ? Pgs. 398-9
  • 22. Rembrandt ? Chiarascuro = contrast of light and dark in painting ? Gold tones and warm browns ? Figures are in deep though ? Bible messages in art
  • 24. Baroque vs. Rococo ? In your face, gaudy ? Refined elegance, delicate, French
  • 25. Baroque vs. Rococo ? In your face, gaudy ? Refined elegance, delicate, French
  • 26. Neoclassical Art ? 18th century (1700s) ? Influenced by Rationalism and Enlightenment ? Orderly, formal, calm, balanced ? Imitated classical ideas of Greece & Rome
  • 27. Music ? Broke with past traditional music 1. Polyphonic vs. homophonic ? Many melodies to one main melody 1. More secular music 2. New types of music compositions ? Opera, ballet, oratorio 1. Instruments more important (orchestra) 2. Voice accompanied by instruments 3. Italians ? standard music markings
  • 28. Monteverdi ? Wrote and popularized operas ? Song, text, scenery, dances all combined ? Many opera houses built
  • 29. Handel ? German immigrant ? Wrote oratorio ? Composition telling a sacred story, no drama of operas ? ¡°Messiah¡± ? Wrote it in 24 days ? King George rose to his feet while listening to it
  • 30. J. S. Bach ? Born into Lutheran family ? Wrote over 200 songs for church ? Wrote music for organ ? Expert at making people feel emotions through his songs ? Use melody to suggest action or events ? ¡°Jesu Joy of Man¡¯s Desiring¡±
  • 31. Classical Age in Music ? Elaborate ? elegant but restrained ? Sonata, concerto, symphony ? Piano became popular instrument
  • 32. Wolfgang Amadeus ? Mozart Musical genius child ? Play at age 3 ? Compose at age 5 ? 6 years old on European tour ? Helped popularize piano ? Wrote over 22 operas ? Magic Flute ? Marriage of Figaro ? Wrote over 600 songs

Editor's Notes

  • #6: Blood constantly circulating in body
  • #31: Did not travel