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Chapter1b

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MaeEstherMaguadMaralit

The document discusses the basic organization of a microcomputer system and the assembly programming process. It describes the typical components of a microcomputer like the CPU, memory, and I/O devices. It then explains the fetch-execute cycle and basic instruction set architecture. The rest of the document outlines the assembly programming environment, data types, instructions, directives, and developing simple assembly programs.

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I. INTRODUCTION Microcomputer Systems: Basic Computer Organization
The Basic Organization of a Microcomputer CPU CU INPUT REGISTER MEMORY FILE OUTPUT ALU
Von Neumann’s Simple Computer CPU CU INPUT PC MAR MEMORY IR MBR OUTPUT A ALU
The Fetch-Decode-Execute Cycle 1. Get the instruction from the memory using the address contained in PC. 2. Put the instruction into IR. 3. Increment the value in PC. 4. Decode the value in IR. 5. Execute the operation specified in the instruction. 6. Repeat step number 1.
Quiz CPU MEMORY address CU inst 1 001 INPUT inst 2 002 PC = ? inst 3 003 OUTPUT IR = inst 1 ... 004 ALU
I. INTRODUCTION Assembly Programming Process
Outline 1. Assembly Programming Environment 2. Number Systems Conversion 3. Developing Assembly Programs
Assembly Programming Environment  Assembler – a computer program for translating assembly language (a mnemonic representation of machine language) into object code. – TASM, MASM, NASM
Assembly Programming Environment  Linker – a program that combines libraries (modules) together to form an executable file – TLINK, MLINK, ALINK, LD
Assembly Programming Environment  Disassembler – a computer program which translates machine language into assembly language, performing the inverse operation to that of an assembler.
High-level PL to Executable Programs HIGH-LEVEL LANGUAGE (Program Code File) OBJECT CODE + LIBRARIES COMPILER LINKER MACHINE LANGUAGE MACHINE LANGUAGE (Object Code File) (Executable File)
Assembly to Executable Programs ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE (Program Code File) OBJECT CODE + LIBRARIES ASSEMBLER LINKER MACHINE LANGUAGE MACHINE LANGUAGE (Object Code File) (Executable File)
Assembly Programming Environment 32-bit Assembly Programming  x86 machine instructions Linux  Use Linux services and system calls
Executing Assembly Programs nasm –f elf <file>.asm  produces <file>.o ld -o <file> <file>.o  produces <file>.exe ./<file>  run <file>
Review  Number Systems Conversion
Binary to Decimal Binary 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 Decimal Hex Decimal Binary
Binary to Decimal 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1 Binary 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 Decimal Hex Decimal Binary
Binary to Decimal 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1 Binary 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 Decimal 3 8 Hex Decimal Binary
Decimal to Binary 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1 Binary 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 Decimal Hex Decimal Binary
Decimal to Binary 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1 Binary 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 Decimal 2 4 Hex Decimal Binary
Binary to Decimal 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1 Binary Decimal 5 7 Hex Decimal Binary
Binary to Decimal 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1 Binary 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 Decimal 5 7 Hex Decimal Binary
Decimal to Binary 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1 Binary 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 Decimal Hex Decimal Binary
Decimal to Binary 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1 Binary 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 Decimal 1 3 Hex 1 Decimal Binary
Decimal to Binary 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1 Binary Decimal 1 5 Hex 0 Decimal Binary
Decimal to Binary 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1 Binary 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 Decimal 1 5 Hex 0 Decimal Binary
Binary to Hexadecimal Binary 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 Hexadecimal Hex Decimal Binary
Binary to Hexadecimal 8 4 2 1 8 4 2 1 Binary 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 Hexadecimal Hex Decimal Binary
Binary to Hexadecimal 8 4 2 1 8 4 2 1 Binary 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 Hexadecimal 2 6 Hex Decimal Binary
Binary to Hexadecimal 8 4 2 1 8 4 2 1 Binary 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 Hexadecimal Hex Decimal Binary
Binary to Hexadecimal 8 4 2 1 8 4 2 1 Binary 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 Hexadecimal 3 B Hex Decimal Binary
Hexadecimal to Binary 8 4 2 1 8 4 2 1 Binary Hexadecimal F 4 Hex Decimal Binary
Hexadecimal to Binary 8 4 2 1 8 4 2 1 Binary 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 Hexadecimal F 4 Hex Decimal Binary
Hexadecimal to Binary Binary 8 4 2 1 8 4 2 1 8 4 2 1 Hex Hexadecimal 1 3 1 Decimal Binary
Hexadecimal to Binary Binary 8 4 2 1 8 4 2 1 8 4 2 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 Hex Hexadecimal 1 3 1 Decimal Binary
I. INTRODUCTION Developing Assembly Language Programs
Objectives At the end of this section, we should be able to:  Discuss the parts of an assembly program  Develop a simple assembly program implementing basic input/output and other sequential statements
The 32-bit Registers  General Purpose Registers – EAX – Accumulator – EBX – Base – ECX – Counter – EDX – Data
The 32-bit Registers  Segment Registers (16 bits) – CS – Code Segment – DS, ES, FS, GS – Data Segment – SS – Stack Segment  Index Registers – ESI – Source Index – EDI – Destination Index
The 32-bit Registers  Pointer Registers – EBP – Base Pointer – ESP – Stack Pointer  EIP – Instruction Pointer (a.k.a. PC)  eFlags – Flag Registers
Parts of an Assembly Program Section .data Section .text  initialized variables  instructions  program code Section .bss  unintialized variables
Parts of an Assembly Program Data Segment Code Segment
Segments and Segment Registers CS CODE DS DATA BSS USER PROGRAM SS STACK SEGMENT REGISTERS
Data and Data Types High-level Programming Languages  numeric – signed integer – unsigned integer – float or real  non-numeric – characters and strings – boolean – sets
Data and Data Types Computers  only know numbers (bits)  data types are human abstractions  data types depend on size of data and human interpretation
Instructions and Directives Instructions  tell processor what to do  assembled into machine code by assembler  executed at runtime by the processor  from the Intel x86 instruction set
Instructions and Directives Directives  tell assembler what to do  commands that are recognized and acted upon by the assembler  not part of the instruction set  used to declare code and data areas, define constants and memory for storage  different assemblers have different directives
Assembler Directives EQU directive  defines constants – label equ value – count equ 100 Data definition directive  defines memory for data storage  defines size of data
Assembler Directives Initialized Data  db – define byte  dw – define word  dd – define double – label directive initial value – int db 0 – num dw 100
Assembler Directives Character constants  single quote delimited  ‘A’ – char db ‘!’
Assembler Directives String constants  single quote delimited or sequence of characters separated by commas  each character is one byte each  ‘hello’  ‘h’, ’e’, ’l’, ’l’, ’o’ – prompt1 db ‘Please enter number: ’ – prompt2 db ‘Please enter number: ’,10
Assembler Directives Declarations
Assembler Directives Uninitialized Data  resb – reserve byte  resw – reserve word  resd – reserve double word – label directive value – num resb 1 ; reserves 1 byte – nums resb 10 ; reserves 10 bytes
Assembler Directives Uninitialized variables
Assembly Instructions Basic Format instruction operand1, operand2 Operand  Register  Immediate  Memory
Instruction Operands Register  eax, ax, ah, al  ebx, bx, bh, bl  ecx, cx, ch, cl  edx, dx, dh, dl
Instruction Operands Immediate  character constants – character symbols enclosed in quotes – character ASCII code  integer constants – begin with a number – ends with base modifier (B, O or H)  ‘A’ = 65 = 41H = 01000001B
Instruction Operands Memory  when using the value of a variable, enclose the variable name in square brackets  [num] - value of num  num - address of num
Instruction Operands  If the operands are registers or memory locations, they must be of the same type.  Two memory operands are not allowed in the instruction.

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Chapter1b

  • 2. The Basic Organization of a Microcomputer CPU CU INPUT REGISTER MEMORY FILE OUTPUT ALU
  • 3. Von Neumann’s Simple Computer CPU CU INPUT PC MAR MEMORY IR MBR OUTPUT A ALU
  • 4. The Fetch-Decode-Execute Cycle 1. Get the instruction from the memory using the address contained in PC. 2. Put the instruction into IR. 3. Increment the value in PC. 4. Decode the value in IR. 5. Execute the operation specified in the instruction. 6. Repeat step number 1.
  • 5. Quiz CPU MEMORY address CU inst 1 001 INPUT inst 2 002 PC = ? inst 3 003 OUTPUT IR = inst 1 ... 004 ALU
  • 7. Outline 1. Assembly Programming Environment 2. Number Systems Conversion 3. Developing Assembly Programs
  • 8. Assembly Programming Environment  Assembler – a computer program for translating assembly language (a mnemonic representation of machine language) into object code. – TASM, MASM, NASM
  • 9. Assembly Programming Environment  Linker – a program that combines libraries (modules) together to form an executable file – TLINK, MLINK, ALINK, LD
  • 10. Assembly Programming Environment  Disassembler – a computer program which translates machine language into assembly language, performing the inverse operation to that of an assembler.
  • 11. High-level PL to Executable Programs HIGH-LEVEL LANGUAGE (Program Code File) OBJECT CODE + LIBRARIES COMPILER LINKER MACHINE LANGUAGE MACHINE LANGUAGE (Object Code File) (Executable File)
  • 12. Assembly to Executable Programs ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE (Program Code File) OBJECT CODE + LIBRARIES ASSEMBLER LINKER MACHINE LANGUAGE MACHINE LANGUAGE (Object Code File) (Executable File)
  • 13. Assembly Programming Environment 32-bit Assembly Programming  x86 machine instructions Linux  Use Linux services and system calls
  • 14. Executing Assembly Programs nasm –f elf <file>.asm  produces <file>.o ld -o <file> <file>.o  produces <file>.exe ./<file>  run <file>
  • 15. Review  Number Systems Conversion
  • 16. Binary to Decimal Binary 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 Decimal Hex Decimal Binary
  • 17. Binary to Decimal 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1 Binary 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 Decimal Hex Decimal Binary
  • 18. Binary to Decimal 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1 Binary 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 Decimal 3 8 Hex Decimal Binary
  • 19. Decimal to Binary 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1 Binary 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 Decimal Hex Decimal Binary
  • 20. Decimal to Binary 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1 Binary 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 Decimal 2 4 Hex Decimal Binary
  • 21. Binary to Decimal 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1 Binary Decimal 5 7 Hex Decimal Binary
  • 22. Binary to Decimal 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1 Binary 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 Decimal 5 7 Hex Decimal Binary
  • 23. Decimal to Binary 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1 Binary 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 Decimal Hex Decimal Binary
  • 24. Decimal to Binary 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1 Binary 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 Decimal 1 3 Hex 1 Decimal Binary
  • 25. Decimal to Binary 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1 Binary Decimal 1 5 Hex 0 Decimal Binary
  • 26. Decimal to Binary 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1 Binary 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 Decimal 1 5 Hex 0 Decimal Binary
  • 27. Binary to Hexadecimal Binary 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 Hexadecimal Hex Decimal Binary
  • 28. Binary to Hexadecimal 8 4 2 1 8 4 2 1 Binary 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 Hexadecimal Hex Decimal Binary
  • 29. Binary to Hexadecimal 8 4 2 1 8 4 2 1 Binary 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 Hexadecimal 2 6 Hex Decimal Binary
  • 30. Binary to Hexadecimal 8 4 2 1 8 4 2 1 Binary 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 Hexadecimal Hex Decimal Binary
  • 31. Binary to Hexadecimal 8 4 2 1 8 4 2 1 Binary 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 Hexadecimal 3 B Hex Decimal Binary
  • 32. Hexadecimal to Binary 8 4 2 1 8 4 2 1 Binary Hexadecimal F 4 Hex Decimal Binary
  • 33. Hexadecimal to Binary 8 4 2 1 8 4 2 1 Binary 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 Hexadecimal F 4 Hex Decimal Binary
  • 34. Hexadecimal to Binary Binary 8 4 2 1 8 4 2 1 8 4 2 1 Hex Hexadecimal 1 3 1 Decimal Binary
  • 35. Hexadecimal to Binary Binary 8 4 2 1 8 4 2 1 8 4 2 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 Hex Hexadecimal 1 3 1 Decimal Binary
  • 37. Objectives At the end of this section, we should be able to:  Discuss the parts of an assembly program  Develop a simple assembly program implementing basic input/output and other sequential statements
  • 38. The 32-bit Registers  General Purpose Registers – EAX – Accumulator – EBX – Base – ECX – Counter – EDX – Data
  • 39. The 32-bit Registers  Segment Registers (16 bits) – CS – Code Segment – DS, ES, FS, GS – Data Segment – SS – Stack Segment  Index Registers – ESI – Source Index – EDI – Destination Index
  • 40. The 32-bit Registers  Pointer Registers – EBP – Base Pointer – ESP – Stack Pointer  EIP – Instruction Pointer (a.k.a. PC)  eFlags – Flag Registers
  • 41. Parts of an Assembly Program Section .data Section .text  initialized variables  instructions  program code Section .bss  unintialized variables
  • 42. Parts of an Assembly Program Data Segment Code Segment
  • 43. Segments and Segment Registers CS CODE DS DATA BSS USER PROGRAM SS STACK SEGMENT REGISTERS
  • 44. Data and Data Types High-level Programming Languages  numeric – signed integer – unsigned integer – float or real  non-numeric – characters and strings – boolean – sets
  • 45. Data and Data Types Computers  only know numbers (bits)  data types are human abstractions  data types depend on size of data and human interpretation
  • 46. Instructions and Directives Instructions  tell processor what to do  assembled into machine code by assembler  executed at runtime by the processor  from the Intel x86 instruction set
  • 47. Instructions and Directives Directives  tell assembler what to do  commands that are recognized and acted upon by the assembler  not part of the instruction set  used to declare code and data areas, define constants and memory for storage  different assemblers have different directives
  • 48. Assembler Directives EQU directive  defines constants – label equ value – count equ 100 Data definition directive  defines memory for data storage  defines size of data
  • 49. Assembler Directives Initialized Data  db – define byte  dw – define word  dd – define double – label directive initial value – int db 0 – num dw 100
  • 50. Assembler Directives Character constants  single quote delimited  ‘A’ – char db ‘!’
  • 51. Assembler Directives String constants  single quote delimited or sequence of characters separated by commas  each character is one byte each  ‘hello’  ‘h’, ’e’, ’l’, ’l’, ’o’ – prompt1 db ‘Please enter number: ’ – prompt2 db ‘Please enter number: ’,10
  • 52. Assembler Directives Declarations
  • 53. Assembler Directives Uninitialized Data  resb – reserve byte  resw – reserve word  resd – reserve double word – label directive value – num resb 1 ; reserves 1 byte – nums resb 10 ; reserves 10 bytes
  • 54. Assembler Directives Uninitialized variables
  • 55. Assembly Instructions Basic Format instruction operand1, operand2 Operand  Register  Immediate  Memory
  • 56. Instruction Operands Register  eax, ax, ah, al  ebx, bx, bh, bl  ecx, cx, ch, cl  edx, dx, dh, dl
  • 57. Instruction Operands Immediate  character constants – character symbols enclosed in quotes – character ASCII code  integer constants – begin with a number – ends with base modifier (B, O or H)  ‘A’ = 65 = 41H = 01000001B
  • 58. Instruction Operands Memory  when using the value of a variable, enclose the variable name in square brackets  [num] - value of num  num - address of num
  • 59. Instruction Operands  If the operands are registers or memory locations, they must be of the same type.  Two memory operands are not allowed in the instruction.