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Editor's Notes

• #4: Environmental Health Definition (WHO) 1993: Environmental health comprises of those aspects of human health, including quality of life, that are determined by physical, chemical, biological, social, and psychosocial factors in the environment. It also refers to the theory and practice of assessing, correcting, controlling, and preventing those factors in the environment that can potentially affect adversely the health of present and future generations. Environmental Health (Short) Definition (WHO): Those aspects of the human health and disease that are determined by factors in the environment. It also refers to the theory and practice of assessing and controlling factors in the environment that can potentially affect health Environmental health services (WHO): those services which implement environmental health policies through monitoring and control activities. They also carry out that role by promoting the improvement of environmental parameters and by encouraging the use of environmentally friendly and healthy technologies and behaviors. They also have a leading role in developing and suggesting new policy areas.
• #5: Pollution: is the introduction of contaminants into an environment that causes instability, disorder, harm or discomfort to the ecosystem i.e. physical systems or living organisms. Pollution can take the form of chemical substances, or energy, such as noise, heat, or light energy. Pollutants, the elements of pollution, can be foreign substances or energies, or naturally occurring; when naturally occurring, they are considered contaminants when they exceed natural levels. Pollution is often classed as point source or nonpoint source pollution. Contamination: Introduction into water, air, and soil of microorganisms, chemicals, toxic substances, wastes, or wastewater in a concentration that makes the medium unfit for its next intended use. Also applies to surfaces of objects, buildings, and various household and agricultural use products. Pollution & Contamination: “Pollution" is generally something big, like a whole environment, or an entire river, or something else really large. "Contamination" can refer to small quantities of something - contaminated food, medicine, drinking water supply; it can also mean a small amount of foreign or harmful material, such as bacterial contamination, or a toxin, especially when it's not readily visible or noticeable.
• #8: Hazard: Is “a factor or exposure that may adversely affect health”. It is a qualitative term expressing the potential of an environmental agent to harm the health of certain individuals if the exposure level is high enough . Risk: Is “the probability that an event will occur, the probability of unfavorable outcome e.g that an individual will become ill or die within a stated period of time or age. It is the quantitative probability that a health effect will occur after an individual has been exposed to a specified amount of a hazard.
• #10: EH:
• #12: Point Source: (well or spring): Outlet, no distribution system. Communal Faucet: or Stand Posts: (piped distribution network and communal faucets) Waterworks System: Individual House Connections .
• #16: Fossil fuels: contain high percentages of carbon and include coal, petroleum, and natural gas. They range from volatile materials with low carbon:hydrogen ratios like methane, to liquid petroleum to nonvolatile materials composed of almost pure carbon, like anthracite coal.
• #17: Particulate matter: is a complex mixture of extremely small particles and liquid droplets. Particle pollution is made up of a number of components, including acids (such as nitrates and sulfates), organic chemicals, metals, and soil or dust particles. The sources are modern farming, burning oil and coal, dust storms and volcanic eruptions. Once inhaled, the small size of particles can affect the heart and lungs and cause serious health effects.
• #20: Pollution control :Prevention: Pollution prevention describes activities that reduce the amount of pollution generated by a process. In contrast to most pollution control strategies, which seek to manage a pollutant after it is formed, the pollution prevention approach seeks to increase the efficiency of a process, thereby reducing the amount of pollution generated at its source. Some professionals also use the term pollution prevention to include recycling or reuse. Reduce: reducing the amount of waste produced by a person or a society. Waste minimization involves efforts to minimize resource and energy use during manufacture. Reuse is to use an item more than once. Reuse help save time, money, energy, and resources. Recycling is processing waste into new products to prevent waste of potentially useful materials, reduce the consumption of fresh raw materials, reduce energy usage ….reduce air, water and soil pollution by reducing the need for "conventional" waste disposal. Mitigation: The implementation of measures designed to reduce the undesirable effects of a proposed action on the environment. Fully or partially prevent an impact/reduce a risk by: changing means or technique, changing the site of a project and specifying operating practices to decrease waste. Compost: is organic matter that has been decomposed and recycled as a fertilizer and soil amendment. Composting simply requires making a heap of wetted organic matter (leaves, food waste) and waiting for the materials to break down into humus after a period of weeks or months. Worms and fungi further break up the material. Aerobic bacteria manage the chemical process by converting the inputs into heat, carbon dioxide and ammonium cpds. The ammonium cpds are further converted by bacteria into plant-nourishing nitrites and nitrates through the process of nitrification.