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Child abuse in Hadhramout University [Research Presentation]

M
Mohamed Badheeb

This document summarizes a study on child abuse among university students in Hadhramout, Yemen. The study aimed to determine the prevalence, forms, and outcomes of child abuse. It found that 91% of students reported exposure to some form of child abuse. Emotional and physical abuse were most common. Parents were the most common perpetrators of physical abuse, while non-familial individuals were most common for emotional and sexual abuse. Child abuse was associated with familial factors like domestic violence. Abuse exposure was linked to long-term negative outcomes on education, mental health, and behavior. The study recommends increased community education, punishment of offenders, rehabilitation services, and prevention of outcomes through treatment.

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The Prevalence and Forms of Child Abuse Among Hadhramout University Students in Al-Mukalla District Prepared By : Group ( 4 ) Year ( 3 ) Presented by: Mohamed A. Badheeb
Introduction Child abuse is any action by another person adult or child, that causes significant harm to a child. Child abuse includes all forms of physical and emotional ill-treatment, sexual abuse, neglect, and exploitation which may be harmful to the childs health, development or dignity. Child abuse is a big global problem. Recently, the World Health Organization (WHO) estimated that about 40 millions children aged 0-14 years around the world suffer from abuse and neglect that require health and social care
Introduction (CONT`D) Children in the Arab Peninsula are subjected to all forms of child abuse and neglect. However, the problem is ignored or may even be tolerated and accepted. So, abused children continue to suffer and most abusers go free, unpunished and untreated.
Rational The deficiency of research in this issue. The exacerbated trend of child abuse occurrence without focusing in the consequences to the child health. And the harm to the children is reflected on the community future.
Aim of the Study To determine the prevalence, forms and outcomes of child abuse among Hadhramout University students.
Research Objectives
Research Objectives 1. To estimate the prevalence rate of child abuse among Hadhramout University students. 2. To determine the frequency of different forms of child abuse exposure among Hadhramout University students. 3. To determine common offenders (perpetrators) of different forms of child abuse among Hadhramout University students. 4. To find out the association between child abuse and students' socio- demographic and familial conditions factors. 5. To identify the outcomes associated with child abuse among Hadhramout University students.
Methodology
Methodology Study Design: A cross-sectional analytical study Study area: The study was carried out among the colleges of Hadhramout University. Study population: The study population included students of Hadhramout University aged (18- 24) years and who were available in the academic year 2015-2016 during the study period with the total population size of (6390) students.
Methodology (COND) Study sample Size A total of 434 students were included in this study. Sampling Method A two stages random sampling method was used for the selection of the participants. Data Collection and tools Data was collected by using standardized, pre-tested self-administered questionnaire. The questionnaire developed by the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) and translated into many languages. ISPCAN
Results
Table (1): Personal, Socio-demographic and Familial Characteristics of Hadhramout University Students (N= 410) Percentage (%) Frequency Variables 60 40 246 164 Sex of the student Male Female 6.3 61 32.7 26 250 134 Age group (in years) 18-<20 20-<22 22-24 20 12.4 4.2 18.5 44.9 82 51 17 76 184 College name Arts Girls Nursing Medicine Engineering 64.9 35.1 266 144 Living place before 18 year-old Urban Rural 36.6 57.1 6.3 150 234 26 Educational level of father University and above Less than university Illiterate 8.3 62.9 28.8 34 258 118 Educational level of mother University and above Less than university Illiterate
(COND) Table (1): Personal, Socio-demographic and Familial Characteristics of Hadhramout University Students (N= 410) Percentage (%) Frequency Variables 46.1 48.8 5.1 189 200 21 Fathers occupation Government worker Private worker Non worker 10.0 3.4 86.6 41 14 355 Mothers occupation Government worker Private worker Housewife 22.2 35.9 42.0 91 147 172 Family income in Y/R* <50000 50000-80000 > 80000 8.8 62.2 29.0 36 255 119 Crowding index One person/room 2-3 persons/room More than three 83.4 5.1 11.5 342 21 47 Parental relation Married Divorced One dead
Table (1): Personal, Socio-demographic and Familial Characteristics of Hadhramout University Students (N= 410) (COND) Percentage (%) Frequency Variables 14.1 85.9 58 352 Smoking, chewing Qat, used drugs and/ or alcohol among adults in home Yes No 45.9 54.1 188 222 Adults in home arguing on each other Yes No 21.0 79.0 86 324 Adults in home hit, kick, slap or punch each other inside home Yes No 10.7 89.3 44 366 Adults in home use guns, knives to hurt or scare someone else inside home Yes No 100 410 Total
Table (2): Prevalence and Frequency of Exposure to Different Forms of Child Abuse Reported by University Students (N= 410) Type of abuse Frequency Total population 91.0 17.3 41.0 32.7 9.0 373 71 168 134 37 Exposure to child abuse Exposure at over all Exposed to 1 or more: One form Two forms Three forms Not exposed Type of abuse 83.9 80.8 70.4 20.6 19.2 14.8 344 278 242 71 66 51 Emotional abuse: 1-Exposed 2-History of being Screamed or called with bad names Made victim feel ashamed or embarrassed Rejected: wished that he/she was never born Threatened to be abandoned Threatened to be killed
Table (2): Prevalence and Frequency of Exposure to Different Forms of Child Abuse Reported by University Students (N= 410) (COND) Type of abuse 74.9 67.4 72.3 59.0 60.6 16.6 12.4 3.9 307 207 222 181 186 51 38 12 Physical abuse 1-Exposed 2-History of being: Pushed or kicked Pulled hair or pinched ear Slapped face Hit with object (stick, rope, belt) Shacked or tried to drown you Burned or scalded (Put chili in any part of body) Stabbed with a knife 38.5 81.0 20.3 26.6 20.9 1.3 20.3 158 128 32 42 33 2 32 Sexual abuse 1-Exposed 2- History of being Spoken in a sexual way by abuser Forced to look at sexual picture Forced to view victims private parts Forced to touch abusers private parts Photographed the victim, in the nude Forced for contact sexual assault
Table (3): Reported Offenders of Different Forms of Child Abuse among Exposed Hadhramout University Students Extra familial person )%( n Teachers )%( n Relatives )%( n Siblings )%( n Parents %) ) n Offenders Type of abuse Emotional abuse: history of being (N=344) 154(44.8) 62(18) 64(18.6) 71(20.6) 94(27.3) Screamed or called with bad names 126(36.6) 65(18.9) 63(18.3) 26(7.6) 48(14) Made abuser feel ashamed 35(10.2) 5(1.5) 14(4.1) 17(4.9) 20(5.8) Rejected: wished that he/she was never born 43(12.5) 1(.3) 7(2.0) 6(1.7) 19(5.5) Threatened to be abandoned Physical abuse: history of being (N= 307) 88(28.7) 18(5.9) 33(10.8) 80(26.1) 64(20.8) Pushed or kicked 59(19.2) 46(15) 44(14.3) 61(20) 112(36.5) Pulled hair or pinched ear 60(19.5) 15(4.9) 29(9.4) 47(15.3) 67(21.8) Slapped face 26(8.5) 40(13.0) 25(8.1) 27(8.8) 123(40.1) Hit with object (stick, rope, belt) 30(9.8) 3(1) 9(2.9) 12(3.9) 2(0.7) Shacked or tried to drown you 13(4.2) 1(0.3) 9(2.9) 4(1.3) 19(6.2) Burned or scalded (Put chili in any part of body) 9(2.9) 0(0) 1(0.3) 2(0.7) 0(0) Stabbed with a knife
Extra familial person )%( n Teachers )%( n Relatives )%( n Siblings )%( n Parents %) ) n Offenders Type of abuse Sexual abuse: history of being (N=158) 111(70.3) 6(3.8) 17(10.8) 3(1.9) 3(1.9) Spoken in a sexual way by abuser 27(17.1) 0(0) 4(2.5) 1(.6) 0(0) Forced to look at sexual picture 33(20.9) 0(0) 8(5.1) 1(.6) 0(0) Forced to view abusers private parts 24(15.2) 1(0.6) 10(6.3) 2(1.3) 0(0) Forced to touch abuser's private parts 2(1.3) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) Photographed the abuser in the nude 20(12.7) 1(0.6) 12(7.6) 2(1.3) 0(0) Forced for contact sexual assault Table (3): Reported Offenders of Different Forms of Child Abuse among Exposed Hadhramout University Students (COND)
Table (4): Association between child abuse and Students' Socio-demographic and Familial Conditions P value* Test value X2 value Exposure to abuse Socio-Demographics Characteristics and Familial conditions NO n= 37 ( 9.0%) Yes n=373 (91.0%) Sex 0.260 1.268 19 ( 7.7 ) 227 ( 92.3 ) Male 18 ( 11.0) 146( 89.0 ) Female Crowding index 0.509 0.436 28 (9.6) 263 (90.4) 1-3 persons 9 (7.9) 110 (92.4) >3 persons Family income 0.855 0.033 22 (9.2) 216 (90.8) <80000 15 (8.7) 157 (91.3) >80000 Place of living before 18 years old 0.717 0.132 23 (8.6) 243 (91.4) Urban 14 (9.9) 130 (90.3) Rural
Table (4): Association between child abuse and Students' Socio-demographic and Familial Conditions (COND) P value* Test value X2 value Exposure to abuse Socio-Demographics Characteristics and Familial conditions NO n= 37 ( 9.0%) Yes n=373 (91.0%) Father's educational level 0.341 0.907 36 (9.4) 348 (90.6) Educated 1 (3.8) 25 (96.2) Non educated Mother's educational level 0.313 1.017 29 (9.9) 263 (90.1) Educated 8 (6.8) 110 (93.2) Non educated Father's occupation 0.876 0.024 35 (9.0) 355 (91.0) Worker 2 (10.0) 18 (90.0) Not working Mother's occupation 0.597 0.280 4 (7.1) 52 (92.9) Worker 33 (9.3) 321 (90.7) Not working
Contd Table (4): Association between child abuse and Students' Socio- demographic and Familial Conditions (COND) P value* Test value X2 value Exposure to abuse Socio-Demographics Characteristics and Familial conditions NO n= 37 ( 9.0%) Yes n=373 (91.0%) Parents' relation 0.692 0.157 30 (9.1) 300 (90.9) Live together 5 (7.6) 61 (92.4) Do not live together or one dead Adults in home smoking , chewing Qat , used drugs and/ or alcohol 0.079 2.559 2 (3.4) 56 (96.6) Yes 35 (9,9) 317 (90.1) No Adults in home arguing on each other 0.000 17.132 5 (2.7) 183 (97.3) Yes 32 (14.4 19 (85.6) No Adults in home hit , kick or hurt each other 0.004 8.192 1 (1.2 ) 85 (98.8) Yes 36 (11.1) 288 (88.9) No Adults in home use guns, knives to hurt or scare someone else inside home 0.098 2.737 1 (2.3) 43 (97.7) Yes 36 (9.8) 330 (90.2) No
Table (5): Association between exposure to different form of child abuse and the resulting outcomes Outcomes Emotional Physical Sexual 1- Poor educational performance Yes Yes Yes 2- Become violent: Yes Yes Yes 3- Anxiousness & nightmares Yes Yes No 4- Pain of unknown origin Yes Yes Yes 5- Fear of other sex Yes Yes No 6- Suicidal thoughts or attempts Yes Yes Yes 7- Wishing revenge Yes No Yes 8- Use drugs such as painkillers or antidepressant Yes No No 9- Resorted to smoking No No No 10 - Thought to go to psychiatrist Yes Yes Yes
Conclusion and Recommendations
Conclusion Child abuse is a significant public health problem. Both emotional and physical abuse are the most prevailing types. Extra familial persons are the masters of offenders in both emotional and sexual abuse, while the majority of perpetrators in physical abuse are the parents. Child abuse associated with students familial conditions such as existence of parents or adults in home arguing on each other, and parents or adults in home who hit one another. Child abuse has long-term negative impacts as low educational performance, increasing anxiousness, becoming more suicidal prone, having symptomatic pain of unknown cause, fear of other sex, acquiring violent behavior and wishing revenge of abusers.
Recommendations Applying this study in different community levels. Community education upon this problem. Punishments for the offenders. Establishment of rehabilitation centers for the victims of child abuse. Proper psychological treatment to prevent any outcomes. Elevate children awareness.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Thanks for Listening

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Child abuse in Hadhramout University [Research Presentation]

  • 1. The Prevalence and Forms of Child Abuse Among Hadhramout University Students in Al-Mukalla District Prepared By : Group ( 4 ) Year ( 3 ) Presented by: Mohamed A. Badheeb
  • 2. Introduction Child abuse is any action by another person adult or child, that causes significant harm to a child. Child abuse includes all forms of physical and emotional ill-treatment, sexual abuse, neglect, and exploitation which may be harmful to the childs health, development or dignity. Child abuse is a big global problem. Recently, the World Health Organization (WHO) estimated that about 40 millions children aged 0-14 years around the world suffer from abuse and neglect that require health and social care
  • 3. Introduction (CONT`D) Children in the Arab Peninsula are subjected to all forms of child abuse and neglect. However, the problem is ignored or may even be tolerated and accepted. So, abused children continue to suffer and most abusers go free, unpunished and untreated.
  • 4. Rational The deficiency of research in this issue. The exacerbated trend of child abuse occurrence without focusing in the consequences to the child health. And the harm to the children is reflected on the community future.
  • 5. Aim of the Study To determine the prevalence, forms and outcomes of child abuse among Hadhramout University students.
  • 7. Research Objectives 1. To estimate the prevalence rate of child abuse among Hadhramout University students. 2. To determine the frequency of different forms of child abuse exposure among Hadhramout University students. 3. To determine common offenders (perpetrators) of different forms of child abuse among Hadhramout University students. 4. To find out the association between child abuse and students' socio- demographic and familial conditions factors. 5. To identify the outcomes associated with child abuse among Hadhramout University students.
  • 9. Methodology Study Design: A cross-sectional analytical study Study area: The study was carried out among the colleges of Hadhramout University. Study population: The study population included students of Hadhramout University aged (18- 24) years and who were available in the academic year 2015-2016 during the study period with the total population size of (6390) students.
  • 10. Methodology (COND) Study sample Size A total of 434 students were included in this study. Sampling Method A two stages random sampling method was used for the selection of the participants. Data Collection and tools Data was collected by using standardized, pre-tested self-administered questionnaire. The questionnaire developed by the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) and translated into many languages. ISPCAN
  • 12. Table (1): Personal, Socio-demographic and Familial Characteristics of Hadhramout University Students (N= 410) Percentage (%) Frequency Variables 60 40 246 164 Sex of the student Male Female 6.3 61 32.7 26 250 134 Age group (in years) 18-<20 20-<22 22-24 20 12.4 4.2 18.5 44.9 82 51 17 76 184 College name Arts Girls Nursing Medicine Engineering 64.9 35.1 266 144 Living place before 18 year-old Urban Rural 36.6 57.1 6.3 150 234 26 Educational level of father University and above Less than university Illiterate 8.3 62.9 28.8 34 258 118 Educational level of mother University and above Less than university Illiterate
  • 13. (COND) Table (1): Personal, Socio-demographic and Familial Characteristics of Hadhramout University Students (N= 410) Percentage (%) Frequency Variables 46.1 48.8 5.1 189 200 21 Fathers occupation Government worker Private worker Non worker 10.0 3.4 86.6 41 14 355 Mothers occupation Government worker Private worker Housewife 22.2 35.9 42.0 91 147 172 Family income in Y/R* <50000 50000-80000 > 80000 8.8 62.2 29.0 36 255 119 Crowding index One person/room 2-3 persons/room More than three 83.4 5.1 11.5 342 21 47 Parental relation Married Divorced One dead
  • 14. Table (1): Personal, Socio-demographic and Familial Characteristics of Hadhramout University Students (N= 410) (COND) Percentage (%) Frequency Variables 14.1 85.9 58 352 Smoking, chewing Qat, used drugs and/ or alcohol among adults in home Yes No 45.9 54.1 188 222 Adults in home arguing on each other Yes No 21.0 79.0 86 324 Adults in home hit, kick, slap or punch each other inside home Yes No 10.7 89.3 44 366 Adults in home use guns, knives to hurt or scare someone else inside home Yes No 100 410 Total
  • 15. Table (2): Prevalence and Frequency of Exposure to Different Forms of Child Abuse Reported by University Students (N= 410) Type of abuse Frequency Total population 91.0 17.3 41.0 32.7 9.0 373 71 168 134 37 Exposure to child abuse Exposure at over all Exposed to 1 or more: One form Two forms Three forms Not exposed Type of abuse 83.9 80.8 70.4 20.6 19.2 14.8 344 278 242 71 66 51 Emotional abuse: 1-Exposed 2-History of being Screamed or called with bad names Made victim feel ashamed or embarrassed Rejected: wished that he/she was never born Threatened to be abandoned Threatened to be killed
  • 16. Table (2): Prevalence and Frequency of Exposure to Different Forms of Child Abuse Reported by University Students (N= 410) (COND) Type of abuse 74.9 67.4 72.3 59.0 60.6 16.6 12.4 3.9 307 207 222 181 186 51 38 12 Physical abuse 1-Exposed 2-History of being: Pushed or kicked Pulled hair or pinched ear Slapped face Hit with object (stick, rope, belt) Shacked or tried to drown you Burned or scalded (Put chili in any part of body) Stabbed with a knife 38.5 81.0 20.3 26.6 20.9 1.3 20.3 158 128 32 42 33 2 32 Sexual abuse 1-Exposed 2- History of being Spoken in a sexual way by abuser Forced to look at sexual picture Forced to view victims private parts Forced to touch abusers private parts Photographed the victim, in the nude Forced for contact sexual assault
  • 17. Table (3): Reported Offenders of Different Forms of Child Abuse among Exposed Hadhramout University Students Extra familial person )%( n Teachers )%( n Relatives )%( n Siblings )%( n Parents %) ) n Offenders Type of abuse Emotional abuse: history of being (N=344) 154(44.8) 62(18) 64(18.6) 71(20.6) 94(27.3) Screamed or called with bad names 126(36.6) 65(18.9) 63(18.3) 26(7.6) 48(14) Made abuser feel ashamed 35(10.2) 5(1.5) 14(4.1) 17(4.9) 20(5.8) Rejected: wished that he/she was never born 43(12.5) 1(.3) 7(2.0) 6(1.7) 19(5.5) Threatened to be abandoned Physical abuse: history of being (N= 307) 88(28.7) 18(5.9) 33(10.8) 80(26.1) 64(20.8) Pushed or kicked 59(19.2) 46(15) 44(14.3) 61(20) 112(36.5) Pulled hair or pinched ear 60(19.5) 15(4.9) 29(9.4) 47(15.3) 67(21.8) Slapped face 26(8.5) 40(13.0) 25(8.1) 27(8.8) 123(40.1) Hit with object (stick, rope, belt) 30(9.8) 3(1) 9(2.9) 12(3.9) 2(0.7) Shacked or tried to drown you 13(4.2) 1(0.3) 9(2.9) 4(1.3) 19(6.2) Burned or scalded (Put chili in any part of body) 9(2.9) 0(0) 1(0.3) 2(0.7) 0(0) Stabbed with a knife
  • 18. Extra familial person )%( n Teachers )%( n Relatives )%( n Siblings )%( n Parents %) ) n Offenders Type of abuse Sexual abuse: history of being (N=158) 111(70.3) 6(3.8) 17(10.8) 3(1.9) 3(1.9) Spoken in a sexual way by abuser 27(17.1) 0(0) 4(2.5) 1(.6) 0(0) Forced to look at sexual picture 33(20.9) 0(0) 8(5.1) 1(.6) 0(0) Forced to view abusers private parts 24(15.2) 1(0.6) 10(6.3) 2(1.3) 0(0) Forced to touch abuser's private parts 2(1.3) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) Photographed the abuser in the nude 20(12.7) 1(0.6) 12(7.6) 2(1.3) 0(0) Forced for contact sexual assault Table (3): Reported Offenders of Different Forms of Child Abuse among Exposed Hadhramout University Students (COND)
  • 19. Table (4): Association between child abuse and Students' Socio-demographic and Familial Conditions P value* Test value X2 value Exposure to abuse Socio-Demographics Characteristics and Familial conditions NO n= 37 ( 9.0%) Yes n=373 (91.0%) Sex 0.260 1.268 19 ( 7.7 ) 227 ( 92.3 ) Male 18 ( 11.0) 146( 89.0 ) Female Crowding index 0.509 0.436 28 (9.6) 263 (90.4) 1-3 persons 9 (7.9) 110 (92.4) >3 persons Family income 0.855 0.033 22 (9.2) 216 (90.8) <80000 15 (8.7) 157 (91.3) >80000 Place of living before 18 years old 0.717 0.132 23 (8.6) 243 (91.4) Urban 14 (9.9) 130 (90.3) Rural
  • 20. Table (4): Association between child abuse and Students' Socio-demographic and Familial Conditions (COND) P value* Test value X2 value Exposure to abuse Socio-Demographics Characteristics and Familial conditions NO n= 37 ( 9.0%) Yes n=373 (91.0%) Father's educational level 0.341 0.907 36 (9.4) 348 (90.6) Educated 1 (3.8) 25 (96.2) Non educated Mother's educational level 0.313 1.017 29 (9.9) 263 (90.1) Educated 8 (6.8) 110 (93.2) Non educated Father's occupation 0.876 0.024 35 (9.0) 355 (91.0) Worker 2 (10.0) 18 (90.0) Not working Mother's occupation 0.597 0.280 4 (7.1) 52 (92.9) Worker 33 (9.3) 321 (90.7) Not working
  • 21. Contd Table (4): Association between child abuse and Students' Socio- demographic and Familial Conditions (COND) P value* Test value X2 value Exposure to abuse Socio-Demographics Characteristics and Familial conditions NO n= 37 ( 9.0%) Yes n=373 (91.0%) Parents' relation 0.692 0.157 30 (9.1) 300 (90.9) Live together 5 (7.6) 61 (92.4) Do not live together or one dead Adults in home smoking , chewing Qat , used drugs and/ or alcohol 0.079 2.559 2 (3.4) 56 (96.6) Yes 35 (9,9) 317 (90.1) No Adults in home arguing on each other 0.000 17.132 5 (2.7) 183 (97.3) Yes 32 (14.4 19 (85.6) No Adults in home hit , kick or hurt each other 0.004 8.192 1 (1.2 ) 85 (98.8) Yes 36 (11.1) 288 (88.9) No Adults in home use guns, knives to hurt or scare someone else inside home 0.098 2.737 1 (2.3) 43 (97.7) Yes 36 (9.8) 330 (90.2) No
  • 22. Table (5): Association between exposure to different form of child abuse and the resulting outcomes Outcomes Emotional Physical Sexual 1- Poor educational performance Yes Yes Yes 2- Become violent: Yes Yes Yes 3- Anxiousness & nightmares Yes Yes No 4- Pain of unknown origin Yes Yes Yes 5- Fear of other sex Yes Yes No 6- Suicidal thoughts or attempts Yes Yes Yes 7- Wishing revenge Yes No Yes 8- Use drugs such as painkillers or antidepressant Yes No No 9- Resorted to smoking No No No 10 - Thought to go to psychiatrist Yes Yes Yes
  • 24. Conclusion Child abuse is a significant public health problem. Both emotional and physical abuse are the most prevailing types. Extra familial persons are the masters of offenders in both emotional and sexual abuse, while the majority of perpetrators in physical abuse are the parents. Child abuse associated with students familial conditions such as existence of parents or adults in home arguing on each other, and parents or adults in home who hit one another. Child abuse has long-term negative impacts as low educational performance, increasing anxiousness, becoming more suicidal prone, having symptomatic pain of unknown cause, fear of other sex, acquiring violent behavior and wishing revenge of abusers.
  • 25. Recommendations Applying this study in different community levels. Community education upon this problem. Punishments for the offenders. Establishment of rehabilitation centers for the victims of child abuse. Proper psychological treatment to prevent any outcomes. Elevate children awareness.