China's Censorship 2.0 (Green Dam update)
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Talk at University of Hong Kong, "The Age of Digital Convergence" - http://jmsc.hku.hk/adcc June 12, 2009
China's Censorship 2.0 (Green Dam update)
- 1. China?s Censorship 2.0: inside the ¡°great ?rewall¡± Rebecca MacKinnon Journalism & Media Studies Centre, University of Hong Kong rmack@hku.hk Friday, June 12, 2009 1
- 2. 2 (or 3) kinds of censorship Friday, June 12, 2009 2
- 3. 2 (or 3) kinds of censorship ? ¡°Outside the great ?rewall¡± ? Filtering of websites outside of China Friday, June 12, 2009 2
- 4. 2 (or 3) kinds of censorship ? ¡°Outside the great ?rewall¡± ? Filtering of websites outside of China ? ¡°Inside the great ?rewall¡± ? Deletion of content on domestic commercial websites ? Takedown of domestically hosted websites ? Shut-down of data centers Friday, June 12, 2009 2
- 5. 2 (or 3) kinds of censorship ? ¡°Outside the great ?rewall¡± ? Filtering of websites outside of China ? ¡°Inside the great ?rewall¡± ? Deletion of content on domestic commercial websites ? Takedown of domestically hosted websites ? Shut-down of data centers ? New 3rd category: PC-level (¡°Green Dam¡±) Friday, June 12, 2009 2
- 6. The ¡°Great Firewall¡± in action Friday, June 12, 2009 3
- 7. Filtering research: Open Net Initiative Friday, June 12, 2009 4
- 8. Human Rights Watch: search engine censorship research http://www.hrw.org/reports/2006/china0806/index.htm Friday, June 12, 2009 5
- 9. Human Rights Watch: search engine censorship research http://www.hrw.org/reports/2006/china0806/index.htm Friday, June 12, 2009 5
- 10. Human Rights Watch: search engine censorship research http://www.hrw.org/reports/2006/china0806/index.htm Friday, June 12, 2009 5
- 11. Nart Villeneuve: University of Toronto See: http://www.nartv.org/writing/ Friday, June 12, 2009 6
- 12. Censorship by Chinese blog-hosting companies Blog post about ¡°Tiananmen Mothers¡± Friday, June 12, 2009 7
- 13. Your post ¡°Tiananmen mothers organization publishes a website¡± has been successfully submitted! Because it contains sensitive words, please wait for the community editors to approve it. Please don?t re-post. Thank you. Friday, June 12, 2009 8
- 14. 15 blog hosts tested, 108 valid tests Company A 60 B 44 C 34 D 31 NOTE: Company names have been replaced with E 27 letters due to concerns that companies who censor F 26 less will be subject to repercussions. Blog services G 24 H* 22 PUBLISHED PAPER: ¡°China?s Censorship 2.0: How I 20 Companies censor bloggers.¡± First Monday. Vol. 14, No. 2 - 2 February 2009 J 19 URL: http://?rstmonday.org/htbin/cgiwrap/bin/ojs/index.php/fm/article/view/2378/2089 K 17 L 13 M 9 N** 3 O*** 1 0 27 54 81 108 Number of blog posts tested Friday, June 12, 2009 9
- 15. Main ?ndings ? Censorship across 15 BSP?s varied even more than expected ? A great deal of politically sensitive content survives in the Chinese blogosphere despite censorship ? Censorship methods vary greatly from company to company, implying companies have at least some choice Friday, June 12, 2009 10
- 16. Bao Tong essay blasting 1-party system (with his name removed): censored by only 2 of 15 Friday, June 12, 2009 11
- 17. Xinhua: Hu Jintao pep talk to Olympic athletes censored by Mop.com and Blogbus Friday, June 12, 2009 12
- 18. Xinhua: Hu Jintao pep talk to Olympic athletes censored by Mop.com and Blogbus Mop: ¡°Sorry, your article has been sent to the recycling station, please revise it then publish again.¡± Friday, June 12, 2009 12
- 19. Conclusions ? Network-level ?ltering (¡°the great ?rewall¡±) is only one part of Chinese Internet censorship. ? Domestic host-level censorship is not centralized. ? Domestic host-level censorship is outsourced by government to the private sector. ? Censorship is inconsistent - it?s usually possible to post your content somewhere, for at least a while. Friday, June 12, 2009 13
- 20. Common Western view of Chinese censorship: ¡°Great Firewall¡± is only part of the picture Friday, June 12, 2009 14
- 21. ¡°Iron curtain 2.0¡± (h/t Lokman Tsui) Photo courtesy ¡°PC ?sh¡± on Wikipedia at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Point_Alpha_Ostseite.jpg (GNU Free Documentation License) Friday, June 12, 2009 15
- 22. ¡°Net nanny¡± Photo courtesy ¡°merwing¡± at http://?ickr.com/photos/merwing/2569326878/ (Creative Commons BY-NC-ND license) Friday, June 12, 2009 16
- 23. Chinese web management: Hydro-electric engineering metaphor Photos: LEFT: ¡°noelinthebahamas¡± on Flickr at http://?ickr.com/photos/noelinthebahamas/2417798169/ (Creative Commons BY-NC-ND) RIGHT: ¡°yunmeng¡± on Flickr at http://?ickr.com/photos/yunmeng/323886547/ (Creative Commons BY-NC-SA) Friday, June 12, 2009 17
- 24. ¡°Green Dam¡± software mandate: likely failure? Friday, June 12, 2009 18
- 25. ¡°Green Dam¡± software mandate: likely failure? Friday, June 12, 2009 18
- 26. Anti-censorship Protest video: ¡°song of the grass mud horse¡± ¡°cao ni ma¡± ¡°grass mud horse¡± (alpaca sheep) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O3tPA_Z_MT0 Friday, June 12, 2009 19
- 27. Anti-censorship Protest video: ¡°song of the grass mud horse¡± ¡°cao ni ma¡± ¡°grass mud horse¡± (alpaca sheep) * Same sounds, different tones = ¡°F***your mother¡± http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O3tPA_Z_MT0 Friday, June 12, 2009 19
- 28. Friday, June 12, 2009 20
- 29. Friday, June 12, 2009 20
- 30. Anti-censorhip meme: ¡°River crab wears three watches¡± Friday, June 12, 2009 21
- 31. Anti-censorhip meme: ¡°River crab wears three watches¡± ¡°He xie¡± ¡°Harmonious¡± ¡°Harmonious Society¡± Slogan of President Hu Jintao Friday, June 12, 2009 21
- 32. Anti-censorhip meme: ¡°River crab wears three watches¡± ¡°He xie¡± ¡°Harmonious¡± ¡°Harmonious Society¡± Slogan of President Hu Jintao ¡°san ge dai biao¡± ¡°Three Represents¡± Slogan of fmr. Pres. Jiang Zemin Friday, June 12, 2009 21
- 33. Anti-censorhip meme: ¡°River crab wears three watches¡± ¡°He xie¡± ¡°Harmonious¡± ¡°Rivercrab¡± ¡°Harmonious Society¡± Slogan of President Hu Jintao ¡°san ge dai biao¡± ¡°Three Represents¡± Slogan of fmr. Pres. Jiang Zemin Friday, June 12, 2009 21
- 34. Anti-censorhip meme: ¡°River crab wears three watches¡± ¡°He xie¡± ¡°Harmonious¡± ¡°Rivercrab¡± ¡°Harmonious Society¡± Slogan of President Hu Jintao ¡°san ge dai biao¡± ¡°dai san ge biao¡± ¡°Three Represents¡± ¡°Wears three watches¡± Slogan of fmr. Pres. Jiang Zemin Friday, June 12, 2009 21
- 35. freedom vs. control Both photos in public domain via Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:T_Jefferson_by_Charles_Willson_Peale_1791_2.jpg http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Alexander_Hamilton_portrait_by_John_Trumbull_1806.jpg Friday, June 12, 2009 22
- 36. freedom vs. control Both photos in public domain via Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:T_Jefferson_by_Charles_Willson_Peale_1791_2.jpg http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Alexander_Hamilton_portrait_by_John_Trumbull_1806.jpg Friday, June 12, 2009 22
- 37. Battle on the Chinese Internet Friday, June 12, 2009 23