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“WHO DO YOU SAY
THAT I AM”?
Images we have of Jesus: Do they “still”
matter?

WHO IS JESUS?
 Jesus = First/Only Name (see Mark 1:9)
 Hebrew: Yeshua (= "Joshua")

 Greek: ( )
 Latin: Iesus
 English: Jesus (cf. Joshua)
 Note: "Christ" is a title, not his last
name!

 Meaning: “God saves”
 Cf. Matt 1:21-25; Luke 1:31; 2:21
 Emmanuel = “God is with us”

CHRISTOLOGICAL TITLES (ESP. IN MARK)
 Messiah / Christ
 Son of God

 Son of Man

 Rabbi / Teacher

 Lord / LORD
 Prophet

 King of the Jews / King of Israel

 Lamb of God / Good Shepherd / etc.

 See Catholic-
Resources.org/Bible/Christological_Titles.htm

MESSIAH / CHRIST
Heb. “Mashiah” = Gk. “Christos” = “Anointed”

SON OF GOD
Divine Title?

My Beloved Son

The Holy One of God

Son of the Blessed One

SON OF MAN
“Bar Nasha” = Human One or Heavenly Judge?

RABBI / TEACHER
Common Title in Mark; Portrayal in Matthew

LORD / LORD
Kyrios = Lord/Sir/Master
LORD = YHWH = “I Am”

PROPHET
Gk. pro-phemi = “to speak on behalf of (God)”

KING OF THE JEWS
I N R I = Iesus Nazarenos Rex Iudeorum

NARRAIVE CHRISTOLOGY
 How is Jesus portrayed in Gospel stories?
 Beginnings
 Actions
 Teaching
 Miracles

 Interactions
 Endings

 What does each Evangelist emphasize?
 Mark? Matthew? Luke? John?

SUMMARY: WHO IS JESUS?
 Names vs. Titles vs. Actions?
 Naming people: by origin / occupation / family

 Identifying roles: Christological titles

 Portraying character: narrative emphases

 Various Christological Titles & Portraits:

 Some Emphasize Humanity?
 Some Emphasize Divinity?
 Some in the Gospel acc. to Mark?
 Others in Matthew, Luke, or John?
 Some in later NT books?
 Others not until post-NT writings?

Revelation 4:6-8
In front of the throne was something that resembled a
sea of glass like crystal. 6 In the center and around the
throne, there were four living creatures covered with
eyes in front and in back.7The first creature resembled
a lion, the second was like a calf, the third had a face
like that of a human being, and the fourth looked like
an eagle 7 in flight.8The four living creatures, each of
them with six wings, 8 were covered with eyes inside
and out. Day and night they do not stop exclaiming:
"Holy, holy, holy is the Lord God almighty, who was,
and who is, and who is to come."

Ezekiel 1:10
Their faces were like this: each of
the four had the face of a man,
but on the right side was the
face of a lion, and on the left
side the face of an ox, and finally
each had the face of an eagle.

MARK – LION
MATTHEW – MAN
LUKE – OX
JOHN – EAGLE

GOSPEL – comes from an Anglo-
Saxon expression na “Godspell” which
means “tidings” or “good news”

Greek – “Euangelion” = Good news
eu + angelos = good message

Hebrew – “Bisar”

The Gospels are not
“bibliographies”
because there are
events in the life of
Christ that are not
written.

The Gospels are
biographies with
religious message
and addressed to a
particular
community.

a. During the time
of Jesus
- The primary
source of gospel
material is Jesus
himself (words
and deeds of
Jesus).

b. Time of the
Witnesses
- The time of the
disciples and
Early Church
(thru oral
tradition)

c. Time of the
Early
Christian
Communities
and the
Evangelists

Why are the
Gospels written?
- To continue the
memory about the
life of Christ.

Synoptic Gospels
– portraying the same
theme about Jesus’ life
and ministry.
“synoptic – from the
greek word “syn”
(with or together
with) at “opsis” (view).

Preliminary Episode

Preaching in Galilee

Jerusalem

Passion, Death &
Resurrection

Triple Tradition
MARK – 660 Verses

• 65 % of 660 verses of Mark
are found in Luke
• 80 % of Lukes verses are
found in Matthew

This means na mayroon
silang literary dependence

The answer is
“Markan priority. ”
Mark was first to
written and used
by Matthew and
Luke

There are sources
not found in
Mark. They can
be found
probably in the
Q –Source
Quelle Source

Similarities in the
Synoptic Gospels
a.Agreement in wording
b. Agreement in order
c. Agreement in
parenthetical
materials
(Ex. – Mk.13:14-16 ; Mt.
24:15-18 ; Lk. 21:23-24)

“Two –Source
Hypothesis”
- There was a
possibility that used
two copies Matthew
at Luke two copies in
writing their gospels.
- (Mark and Q –
Source)

The Gospel of
Mark was
probably
written after
the fall of
Jerusalem in
the year 70 CE.

Date of Composition
 65-69 AD- before the Fall of Jerusalem at
pagkasira ng templo. (Mk 13: 9-13)
 Taliwas sa pagkakasulat ng Ebanghelyo nina San
Lukas at San Mateo .
 64-70 CE- Kristiano ay itinataboy at
pinahihirapan .
 65-67 CE – mga dalubhasa ang nagsabi na
naisulat ito bago Jewish War.

1. Probably Mark is the same
with John-Mark that can be
found in Acts 12:12.
2. Col.4:10 Cousin of Barnabas
3. Acts 12 & 13 – Mark was
probably with Paul in his
journey
4. 1 Peter 5:13 – Mark is
considered a spiritual son.

There is still so much
doubts regarding the
authorship of Mark
but it is quite certain
that it was written for
the gentile
Christians.

Proofs:

1. The audience of this Gospel do not know
the Hebrew at Aramaic language. The
following are always being explained.
Ex. Mk. 3:17 : “Boanerges” – “Sons of
Thunder”
Mk. 5:41 : “Talitha Koumi – “Little girl,
rise up!”
Mk. 7:34 : “Ephatha” – “Be open!”
Mk. 15:22 : “Golgotha” – “... Place of
Skull”
Mk. 15:34 : “Eloi, eloi...” – “My God, my
God...”

2. Many said that Mark
was writing the
suffering and
persecuted Christians.
(Mk. 13:9-13)

Important Themes
in Mark
a. –“Kingdom of
God”

b. Messianic Secret

Canonical ending
of Mark is
Mk. 16:9-20
-this is the longer
ending
“Shorter Ending”-
Mk 16:8

Outline of the Gospel of Mark
I. Introduction (1:1-13)
1. The Mystery of the Messiah (1:14 – 8:26)
2. Jesus and the People (1:14-3:6)
3. Jesus and His Own (3:7-6:6)
4. Jesus and His Disciples (6:7-8:26)
 Turning Point: Confession of Peter (8:27-
30)

II. The Mystery of the Son of Man (8:31-16:8)
1. The Way of the Son of Man (8:31-16:8)
2. The Judgement of Jerusalem (11:1-13:37
3. The Passion and Resurrection (14:1 -16:8)
 Appendix: Apparitions of the Risen Christ
(16:9-20)

1. Jesus is portrayed
as the suffering
Messiah
2. Jesus as the
Powerful Son of
God (deeds and
words)

The Gospel of
Matthew was
written when
Jerusalem had
already fallen and
the Temple was
destroyed in 70’s.
(80-90 AD)

Matthew was
probably
written in
Antioch of
Syria and
Luke in Rome

Gospel of Matthew
There is no statement in the gospel that
identifies its author. The author is
probably a Palestinian Jew who is well
acquainted with the geography of
Palestine
Proofs:
1. Geography is consistently accurate
(Mt. 4:23-25; 21:1)
2. Familiar with Jewish customs and
history ( Mt. 1:18-19; 26:2, 35;27:2)
3. Shows familiarity with the Hebrew
Bible ( Mt. 1:2, 16; 1:22, 23; 2:6;2:15;
2:17-18)
4. Many Old Testament quotations
There are 41 OT quotations in Matthew.

Another is knowledgable
about money (Mt. 10:3)
a. 2 drachma coins ( used
in paying the temple tax)
b. Stater ( a coin worth
twice the temple tax or 4
drachmas in Mt. 17:27)
c. Talent ( Mt. 18:24; 25:14-
30)

Mark 2:14 and Luke 5:27
Levi and Matthew
are but one and the same
person. Levi is the
former name of Matthew
prior to the call of Jesus.

Matthew has the
theme of
universality
Mt. 28:19
“Go therefore and
make disciples of all
nations”

Matthew emphasizes
the important role
of Peter :Mt. 16:18

“You are Peter and
on this rock, I will
build my Church.”

Structure of the Gospel
1-2 - Prologue
3-4 - Narrative
5 -7 - Discourse
8-9 - Narrative
10:1-11:1 – Mission Discourse
11:2 – chap.12 – Narrative
13: 1-53 – Parable Discourse
13:54 – chap.17 – Narrative
18:1 – 19:1 - Community Discourse
24: 1 – 26:1 - Eschatological Discourse
26:2-28 - Epilogue

Ending of each part :
Mt. 7:25 ; 11:1 ; 13:53 ; 19:1 ;
26:6

These five parts immitated the
five books of Moses. These
five parts, each begins with a
narrative part followed by a
discourse. In the end is same
expression... “and when Jesus
had finished...”

Key Theological
Themes
1. Jesus is a long
awaited Messiah
2. Ecclesia – the
Church is the
new Israel

The real vision of the Church is
contained in the community
discourse. (Mt. 18:1-35). It speaks
about what a Christian
community should be.
a. Invites humility from their leaders
b. Avoid scandalizing the weak
c. Seek out the little ones like a good
shepherd
d. Fairness in handling disputes
e. Marked by prayerfulness
f. Marked by reconciliation

Matthew
portrayed
Jesus as the
Teacher of
Israel

Scholars dated
the Gospel of
Luke that had
been written
about 80 AD

Luke’s gospel has the
most attractive and
fascinating
presentation of the
Personality of Jesus
Luke and Acts
represent 28 % of the
New Testament at
least in quantitative
point of view.

In terms of Authorship:
- He is not an eyewitness because he
only received information from other
sources.
- The author had materials or precious
accounts which others have previously
compiled but he also made
contributions.
- The author was educated based on the
style of the preface.
- The author shows familiarity with
medical vocabularies (Lk. 4:38; 5:12)
- The author is very much concerned
about the Gentiles.

Structure
1: 1-4 - Preface
1:5 - 2:52 - Infancy Narrative
3:1 – 4:13 - Preparation for
Ministry
4:14 – 9:50 - Galilean
Ministry
9:51 – 19:27 - Movement -
Galilee to Jerusalem
19:28 – 21:38 – Jerusalem
22:1 – 24:53 – Passion, Death,
Resurrection and Ascension

Key Theological Themes:
1. Universalism
2. Individual people
3. Concern for the outcast
4. Author’s interest in
women
5. Interest in children
6. Gospel of the Poor
7. Stress on Prayer
8. Emphasis on Holy Spirit
9. Emphasis on Joy

Luke portrayed Jesus
as the Supreme
Model to Follow
- We must have a
strong relationship
to God
- Obedience to God
- Genuine love for
others

On the first part of the
Gospel of John (John
1:1-18) we can already
see the difference with
the Synoptic Gospels.

It has no“infancy narrative” that can
be found in Mark and Matthew.

It begins with the “prologue” or
introduction that proclaims about
the Word of God which is Jesus
himself .

It gives emphasis on the Divinity of
Jesus, the Word made flesh.

From above , he came down. It is
also called “High Christology”.

If we will compare it
with the other
Gospels, there are
differences in terms of
the narration.

Synoptic Gospels

-malinaw na halos pare-
pareho ang daloy ng mga
pangyayari

-Pagkatapos ng mga unang pahayag, si Jesus
ay makikitang mangangaral sa Galilea,
pagkatapos ay maglalakbay papuntang
Jerusalem
-Ang ministeryo ni Jesus ay nakasentro sa
Galilea

-Jesus is going to and fro in Jerusalem
-It is not Galilea where the center of Jesus’
“public ministry” but in Jerusalem.

John portrayed Jesus as:
•Word made Flesh
•Bread of Life
•Good Shepherd
•Light of the World

Who is the author of the Gospel of
John?
If we will read chapter 21:20-25, it will mention a
“Beloved Disciple” o “alagad na minamahal ni Jesus”.

And in the conclusion, it says that this disciple “is
confirming all the things that happened at he was the
one who wrote it and know that his proclamation was
true.”

It is seems that “beloved disciple’ is the one being
mentioned by the author.

Sa chapter 19:35, ang “beloved disciple”
ay nasa paanan ng krus at nasaksihan
niya ang pagsaksak ng sibat sa tagiliran ni
Jesus…
“he saw it and has born witness...”

-Saksi siya sa kaganapang nangyari
sa Golgotha.

-The beloved disciple is the witness
and the author of the fourth gospel

Themes in the Gospel of John
1. “Father” bilang pananaw sa Diyos (Concept of
God)


2. “Son”


3. “Spirit”

Themes in the Gospel of
John

4.Church

Themes in the
Gospel of John
5. Discipleship

Ang salitang “disciple” ay 78x na lumitaw kay
John samantalang ang salitang “apostle” ay
isang beses lang (13:16). Ang disipulo ay ang
taong naniniwala kay Jesus, the one who
believes. At ang taong naniniwala ay
magbubunga ng buhay kasama ni Jesus

We beseech you, O Lord,
to help orient all our actions,
by your inspirations,
carry them on
by your gracious assistance,
so that every prayer
and work of ours
may always begin from you and
through you be happily ended.
AMEN

UPUAN by Gloc-9
Kayo po na naka upo,
Subukan nyo namang tumayo
At baka matanaw, at baka matanaw na nyo
Ang tunay na kalagayan ko

Ganito kasi yan eh...

• Verse 1:
Tao po, nandyan po ba kayo sa loob ng
Malaking bahay at malawak na bakuran
Mataas na pader pinapaligiran
At nakapilang mga mamahaling sasakyan
Mga bantay na laging bulong ng bulong
Wala namang kasal pero marami ang naka barong
Lumakas man ang ulan ay walang butas ang bubong
Mga plato't kutsara na hindi kilala ang tutong
At ang kanin ay simputi ng gatas na nasa kahon
At kahit na hindi pasko sa lamesa ay may hamon
Ang sarap sigurong manirahan sa bahay na ganyan
Sabi pa nila ay dito mo rin matatagpuan
Ang tao na nagmamay-ari ng isang upuan
Na pag may pagkakatao'y pinag-aagawan
Kaya naman hindi niya pinakakawalan
Kung makikita ko lamang siya ay aking sisigawan

Chorus:

Kayo po na nakaupo,
Subukan nyo namang tumayo,
At baka matanaw,
at baka matanaw na nyo
Ang tunay na kalagayan ko

• Verse 2:
Mawalang galang na po sa taong nakaupo,
Alam niyo bang pantakal ng bigas namin ay di puno
Ang ding-ding ng bahay namin ay pinagtagpi-tagping yero
Sa gabi ay sobrang init na tumutunaw ng yelo
Na di kayang bilhin upang ilagay sa inumin
Pinakulong tubig sa lumang takuring uling-uling
Gamit lang panggatong na inanod lamang sa istero
Na nagsisilbing kusina sa umaga'y aming banyo
Ang aking inay na may kayamanan isang kaldero
Na nagagamit lang pag ang aking ama ay sumweldo
Pero kulang na kulang parin, Ulam na tuyo't asin
Ang singkwenta pesos sa maghapo'y pagkakasyahin
Di ko alam kung talagang maraming harang, O mataas lang ang bakod
O nagbubulag-bulagan lamang po kayo, Kahit sa dami ng pera niyo
Walang doktor na makapagpapalinaw ng mata niyo
Kaya...

• Wag kang masyadong halata
Bato-bato sa langit
Ang matamaa'y wag magalit
O bato-bato bato sa langit
Ang matamaan ay
Wag masyadong halata (ooh)
Wag kang masyadong halata
Hehey, (Wag kang masyadong halata)
(Wag kang masyadong halata)

1.What is the main theme of
the song?
2.What does it tells about
the Philippines, particularly
its political, social and
economic setting?

The song describes in detail the
present situation of the poor
and the less fortunate who
cannot afford a decent living
while the leaders of the nation
are basking in a bountiful and
oh, so good life. It cries for
attention, for decency from the
ones in power, for change, and
perhaps good governance for
those aspiring candidates for
elections.

PALESTINE BEFORE JESUS
• Jesus lived in a territory,
Palestine, with a long-standing
history of power struggle.
• Palestine is currently part of
modern day Israel.

Map of 1st Century Palestine:

PALESTINE BEFORE JESUS
• Jesus' own people group, the Jews, were
subject to enslavement and captivity of
various empires.
• Other than 80 years of self-rule that ended a
half-century before Jesus' birth, the Jews had
not ruled themselves for three-quarters of a
millennium.
• By the time of Jesus' birth, Roman rule had
become entrenched in Palestine.

Dates
Event / Stage Misc. Details
(BC)
750-612 Assyrian Empire
Babylonian
612-539
Empire
539-331 Persian Empire
331-143 Greek Empire Alexander the Great
331-198 BC Ptolemaic Rule:
Alexander's generals divided the
empire with general Ptolemy 1 taking
Palestine & Egypt and general Selecus
taking Syria, Babylon and a large
part of Asia Minor (see map)
198-143 BC Selucid Rule: Syria's
Selucid's captured Palestine (see map)

Dates
(BC)
Jewish Jewish revolt for independence lead
143-63 (Maccabean) by Hasmonean family, later called
Rule the Maccabees (see map)
Under Julius Caesar, Romans general
63 Roman Empire Pompey occupies Palestine in 63 BC
(see map)
Neighboring Parthian's invade
40 Palestine installing a local Jewish
king, Antigonus
Herod the Great Herod gets Mark Anthony &
as King (under Octavian's (future Augustus Caesar)
37-4
Roman support to have Roman Senate make
authority) Herod king of Jews in Palestine

Dates
(BC)
37 BC: Herod recaptures Palestine by force
with Roman support
20 BC: To win loyalty of the Jews, Herod
begins reconstruction of the Jewish Temple
6 BC: Jesus is born and Herod tries to find
and kill Jesus. Jesus' family escapes to Egypt
until Herod dies
4 BC: Herod dies
* Herod Pillip (4 BC-34 AD) - ruler of
territories east of Galiliee
Three sons of Herod * Herod Antipas (4 BC-39 AD) - ruler of
4 BC-39 divide up rule of Galilee and Perea: He beheaded Jesus' cousin
AD Palestine (under (John the Baptist) and participated in
Roman Authority) condemning Jesus to death
* Archelaus (4 BC-6 AD) - ruler of Samaria,
Judea and Idumea

A. Socio-Political
and
Cultural Context

POLITICAL SETTING
For thousands of years, the Jewish people were
primarily subject to foreign rule.

In the first century, Romans ruled the
Mediterranean area known as Palestine (modern
day Israel.

In the hierarchy of power, the Jewish self-
government reported to the authority of the local
Roman government (King Herod), which reported to
Rome (Emperor Caesar).

ECONOMIC SETTING
The economy of first century Israel was
supported by three key segments:
agriculture of olives, figs, grains, dates,
and vineyards;
trade fostered by Israel’s key location on
the Mediterranean Sea; and
large government building projects
sponsored by King Herod.

1st century olive press for making olive oil

Cultural Setting / Daily
Life
Jesus spent most of his life in and
around the farming village area of
Nazareth. Similar to many farming
villages throughout the world, life
was patterned after traditions, roles
and rituals passed down from many
generations beforehand.

• Population: The village area of Nazareth was populated
mostly by Jews, but also with some diversity of Syrians,
Greeks, and Romans. The major city of Palestine was
Jerusalem, which was more cosmopolitan and
contained far greater ethnic diversity.

• Language: The common language in the Roman Empire
was Greek. However, at the time it was common for
Jews to also use Hebrew, Aramaic, and Latin. Jesus’
everyday language was Aramaic.

• Village Life: The hub of a village was the marketplace
and shops. And for a Jewish village, the synagogue was
a central meeting place, and the seat of the local
Jewish government.

• Housing: Houses were all purpose 1-2 room
squares, with dirt floors, flat roofs, low and
narrow doorways, and front wooden doors. Often
people would sleep on flat roofs during hot
nights. The houses were arranged around a
central shared courtyard where neighbors
performed daily chores (cooking, laundry, etc.) in
each other’s company. Water was carried in from
a public well and stored in a courtyard cistern.
Lighting was provided by earthenware oil lamps.
People slept on mats, and owned limited
personal goods.

• Food: The woman’s daily job included preparing food
for her family – for example, they would grind grain,
bake bread, milk the animals, and make cheese.
Typically a family ate two meals: Breakfast – light or
small amounts of food taken to work; and Dinner – A
large meal with cheese, wine, vegetables and fruits,
and eggs. As for meat, fish was most common,
followed by chicken or fowl. Red meat (beef and lamb)
was served only on special occasions, and pork and
crustaceans were absolutely forbidden. Most foods
were boiled or stewed in a big pot and seasoned with
salt, onions, garlic, cumin, coriander, mint, dill, and
mustard. Food was sweetened with wild honey or
syrups from dates or grapes. Food was generally served
in a common bowl and eaten by dipping in with the
fingers.

• Clothing: The undergarment was called a “tunic”.
The outer garment was called a “mantle” – it was
loose fitting with fringes, bound by blue ribbon.
Men wore a belt – a four-inch wide leather belt
or cloth “girdle”. If one was wearing only an
undergarment, then he was said to be “naked” or
“stripped”. If one was wearing only an
undergarment (tunic) and belt, they were said to
be wearing a “loincloth”. The phrase “to gird your
loins” meant that the tunic was pulled up
between the legs and tucked into the belt. People
also wore sandals on their feet, and a white cloth
over their head, hanging to their shoulders. This
cloth protected them from the sun.

RELIGIOUS SETTING
• Jewish leaders fought for the
purity of their belief in one God
in the face of conflicting foreign
religions. Yet at the same time,
they fragmented into sects
divided over variations of the
Jewish law.

Causes of social unrest in the 1st
century Palestine
1. The occupation of foreign military troops: Romans
2. Class conflicts:
a. Jerusalem-urban priest,
b. Rural-country side priest
3. Banditry- a protest or instrument against the state
and its leader which uphold unjust system.
4. Religious Fanaticism- led to terrorism and the
concept of a holy war

5. Revolutionary prophets and messianic
pretenders- who encouraged revolution
against their present condition; messianic
pretended- revolutionaries.
6. Misconduct of Roman officials- the unjust
ruling of the Romans
7. Strike between various revolutionary
groups- individualism and lack of unity
among revolutionary groups

8. Heavy taxation- it was a mandate to collect
tribute from the locals for their conquerors,
which was not free from corruption of the
collector that made it really difficult for the
local folks.
– Three types of taxes: (collected by the publicanii, for
the temple and priest)
9. Rivalry and hostility between Jews and
Samaritans- division of what used to be a
unified nation and people

Jewish Group at the Time of
Jesus
1. Pharisees
2. Sadducees
3. Essences
4. Herodians
5. Zealots
6. High Priest, Chief Priest, Priest, Levites
7. Scribes
8. Elders or Presbyters
9. Disciples of John the Baptist

PHARISEES
• A group of influential Jews who advocated and
adhered to strict observance of the Sabbath
rest, purity rituals, tithing, and food restrictions
based on the Hebrew Scriptures and on later
traditions.

• "Pharisees" probably means "separated ones"
in Hebrew, referring to their strict observance
of laws and traditions (Luke 18:10-12).

SADDUCEES
• Another prominent group of Jews and probably
smaller "elite" group, but even more influential
than the Pharisees; they followed the laws of
the Hebrew Bible (the Torah), but rejected
newer traditions.

• "Sadducees" comes from the
Hebrew tsaddiqim ("righteous ones"), which
may refer to the way they wished to live their
lives.

ESSENES
• A smaller group or "sect" that lived a
communal "monastic" lifestyle at
Qumram (near the Dead Sea).

• Originally a group of priests, founded
and/or led by a "Teacher of
Righteousness" during the early
Maccabean/Hasmonean era.

HERODIANS
• Probably a faction that supported the policies
and government of the Herodian family,
especially during the time of Herod Antipas,
ruler over Galilee and Perea during the lifetimes
of John the Baptist and of Jesus.

• Mentioned only twice in Mark and once in
Matthew, but never in Luke, John, or the rest of
the NT.

ZEALOTS
• A revolutionary group that opposed
the Roman occupation of Israel.

• "Zealots" were probably not an
organized group at first, but any Jews
"zealous" for God's law (Num 25:13;
1 Kings 19:10; Acts 22:3; Gal 1:14).

High Priest, Chief Priests,
Priests, and Levites
• Members of the tribe of Levi who were
responsible for the temple and its
sacrifices, and thus were the religious and
social leaders of the Jewish people.

• Priests and Levites in ancient Israel had to
be men from the tribe of Levi; any Jews
from the eleven other tribes could not be
priests.

SCRIBES
• Men specially trained in writing, and thus
influential as interpreters and teachers of
the Law, and agents of the rulers.

• "Scribes" did not form their own party, but
could belong to other groups (e.g. "the
scribes of the Pharisees" in Mark 2:16;
Acts 23:9).

ELDERS OR PRESBYTERS
• The "older men" of a community who
formed the ruling elite and were often
members of official "councils".

• The Greek word "presbyter" simply
refers to older men, but was mainly
used for men respected by others as
leaders and role models.

DISCIPLES OF JOHN THE BAPTIST
• During his lifetime and for several centuries
thereafter, certain groups of people considered
themselves followers of John the Baptist; some
of them became Christians, but others
maintained that John was earlier and more
important than Jesus.

• John the Baptist was recognized as a great
preacher and prophet, calling the people to
repentence (Mark 1; Matt 3; Luke 3; John 1)

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