Classical conditional theory dr. babita
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Pavlov discovered classical conditioning through his experiments with dogs. He found that dogs would salivate (unconditioned response) when presented with food (unconditioned stimulus). Over repeated trials of pairing a neutral stimulus like a bell with the food, the dogs learned to salivate to the bell alone (conditioned response), showing they had formed an association between the two stimuli. The key concepts in classical conditioning are the unconditioned stimulus (US) which naturally elicits a response, the conditioned stimulus (CS) which initially does not elicit a response, and the process of pairing the CS and US over time so that the CS comes to elicit the same response as the US. The timing and type of stimuli,
Classical conditional theory dr. babita
- 1. Presented By, Babita Mishra B. Ed 1st Year Roll No. - 18 Submitted To, Shilpi Maam
- 3. Conditioning 3 aprocess by which people or animalsare trained to behave in aparticularway when particular thingshappen.
- 4. ClassicalConditioning 4 Proposed by: Dr. Ivan Pavlov (1849-1936), a famous Russian physiologist. He had won Nobel Prize for thisdiscovery. Other names of CC: Respondent Conditioning/ Pavlovian Conditioning. Definition: learning that takes place when a conditioned stimulus is paired with an unconditioned stimulus.
- 5. How Pavlov Discovered CC? 5 Actually Pavlov wasstudying the digestive system of dog. During his studies he noticed that his dogs,started secreting saliva assoon asthey sawthe empty plate in which food was served. Ideally, plate is not astimuli that is sufficient to activate hunger drive and secrete saliva.So he designed the experiment to seeif other neutral stimuli can also do the samejob.
- 6. TheExperiment 6 Setup: Dog is kept hungry on experimental table fitted with mechanically controlled devices observer is hidden from dog but he can see the dog through mirrors . Procedure: 1.Bell sound Foodisproduced. 2.Dog SeesfoodSalivates. 3.Step1 is repeated several times. 4.Bell Sound DogSalivates.
- 8. Conceptof US,UR,CS,CR 8 Unconditioned Stimulus (US):produces response without prior learning (eg.Food) Unconditioned Response(UR):the response to US. This is not due to learning. (eg., salivation onseeing food). Conditioned Stimulus (CS):it is that stimulus whichwas previously neutral. It produces response afterlearning/ ClassicalConditioning hasoccurred. (eg., sound of bell). Conditioned Response(CR):the response to CS.This is due to learning. (eg., salivation on hearingbell).
- 9. Beforeconditioning US UR (Food) (Salivation onseeingfood) Duringconditioning CS+US UR (Food+Bell) (Salivation onseeingfood) After Conditioning CS CR (Bell) (Salivation onhearingbell sound.) 9
- 10. Determinants of ClassicalConditioning 10 1. Time Relations betweenStimuli: a) Simultaneous Conditioning b) Delayed Conditioning c) Trace Conditioning d) Backward Conditioning a),b),c) are also called as forwardconditioning. 2. Type of Unconditioned Stimuli: a) Appetitive b) Aversive. 3. Intensity of ConditionedStimuli
- 11. Time Relations betweenStimuli: 11 a) Simultaneous conditioning: CSand USare presented and terminated together. b) Delayed conditioning: CSis presented, leave it for a while present USand terminate CS& UStogether. This is most effectiveway. c) Traceconditioning: CSbegins and ends before USispresented. d) Backward conditioning: CSis presented after USisterminated.
- 12. NOTE 12 Delayed conditioning is found tobe most effective way of producing astrong conditionedresponse. According to Ross& Ross(1971), whicheversequence is used, the time between the stimulimay be critical. Theoptimal interval between the onset of CSandthe onset of USis very short, Typically between one- half and one second.Asthis interval increases, CSusually weakens. When this gapis more than several seconds, no learning is achieved. Except in learning aversionsto certain tastes.
- 13. Typeof Unconditioned Stimuli: 13 TheUSused in studies of CCare basically of two types: i. Appetitive USautomatically elicits approach responses, such as eating, drinking, caressing, etc. These responses give satisfaction and pleasure. ii. Aversive US such as noise, bitter taste, electric shock, painful injections, etc. are painful, harmful, and elicit avoidance and escaperesponses. Appetitive classical conditioning is slower and requires greater number of acquisition trials, but aversive classical conditioning is established in one, two or three trials depending on the intensity of the aversiveUS.
- 14. Intensity of ConditionedStimuli 14 Thisinfluences the course of bothappetitive and aversive classicalconditioning. More intense CSare more effectivein accelerating the acquisition ofCR. Themore intense the CS,the fewer arethe number of acquisition trials needed for conditioning.
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