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CLIMATE CHANGE.pptx
- 2. Constraining Factor Potential Implications for Adaptation Potential Implications for Mitigation Adverse externalities of population growth and urbanization Increase exposure of human populations to climate variability and change as well as demands for, and pressures on, natural resources and ecosystem services. Driveeconomicgrowth,energydemandandenergyconsumption, resulting in increases in greenhousegas emissions. Deficits of knowledge, edu- cation and human capital Reducenational,institutionalandindividualperceptionsof therisksposedbyclimatechangeas wellasthecostsand benefitsofdifferentadaptationoptions Reduce national, institutional and individual risk perception, willingness to change behavioural patterns and practices and to adopt social and technological innovations to reduce emissions Divergences in social and cultural attitudes, values and behaviours Reduce societal consensus regarding climate riskand therefore demandforspecificadaptation policiesandmeasures Influence emission patterns, societal perceptions of the utility of mitigation policies and technologies, and willing- ness to pursue sustainable behaviours and technologies Challenges in governance and institutional arrangements Reduce the ability to coordinate adaptation policies and measures and to deliver capacity to actors to plan and implement adaptation . Undermine policies, incentives and cooperation regarding the development of mitigation policies andtheimplementationof efficient,carbon-neutralandrenewableenergytechnologies Lack of access to national and international climate finance Reduces the scale of investment in adaptation policies and measures and therefore their effectiveness. Reduces the capacity of developed and, particularly, developing nations to pursue policies and technologiesthat reduceemissi- ons
- 3. Inadequate technology Reducestherangeofavailable adaptation options aswellas their effectiveness in reducing or avoiding risk from increasing rates or magnitudes of climate change. Slowstherateatwhichsocietycanreducethecarbonintensityof energy services and transition toward low-carbon and carbon-neutral technologies. Insufficient quality and/or quantity of natural resources Reduce the coping range of actors, vulnerability to non-climatic factors and potential competition for resources that enhances vulnerability. Reduce the long-term sustainability of different energy technologies. Adaptation and development deficits Increase vulnerability to current climate variability as well as future climate change . Reduce mitigative capacity and undermine international cooperative efforts on climate owing to a contentious legacy of cooperation on development Inequality Places the impacts of climate change and the burden of adaptation disproportionately on the most vulnerable and/or transfers them to future generations. Constrains the ability for developing nations with low income levels, or different communities or sectors within nations, to contribute to greenhouse gas mitigation.
- 4. INTERNATIONAL EFFORTS TO TACKLE CLIMATE CHANGE Intergovernmental panel on climate change (IPCC) IPCC was jointly established by United Nations environmental programme (UNEP) and the world Meteorological organization in November 1988. IPCC is a consortium of over 100 Nations and has produced five major reports (assessment report) dealing with the various aspects of the climate change in 1990, 1995, 2001, 2007and 2014. IPCC provides the international community with technological guidance to deal with the problems of climate change.
- 5. United nations framework convention on climate change (UNFCCC) United Nations Framework convention on climate change (UNFCCC) was formally adopted on may 9, 1992 at UN Headquarters in New York. The United Nations Conference on Environmental and Development (UNCED, Earth summit), held at Rio de janeiro, Brazil in June 1992, established the principles for reducing greenhouse gas emission and adopted the text of Framework Convention for Climate Change. UNFCCC came into force in march 1994.objective was achieving stabilization of greenhouse gas concentration in the atm. At a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system. CoP2 led to the establishment of Environmental Fund to support projects in developing countries to prepare inventory of sources and sinks of greenhouse gases.
- 6. KYOTO PROTOCOL Kyoto protocol of the UNFCCC was adopted in Kyoto, Japan on 11 December 1997 and entered into force on 16 February 2005. the 37 most industrialized countries (currently 192 parties) of the 146 nations ratifying the Kyoto protocol have agreed to reduce their GHG emissions below 1990 levels during an initial commitment period of 2008 through 2012. The Kyoto Protocol implemented the objective of the UNFCCC to fight global warming by reducing greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere to "a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system. The Kyoto Protocol applies to the six greenhouse gases listed in Annex A: Carbon dioxide (CO2), Methane (CH4), Nitrous oxide (N2O), Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) Perfluorocarbons (PFCs) and Sulphur hexafluoride (SF6). The Protocol is based on the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities: it acknowledges that individual countries have different capabilities in combating climate change, owing to economic development, and ergo puts the obligation to reduce current emissions on developed countries on the basis that they are historically responsible for the current levels of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. The industrialized countries are allowed to achieve some emissions reductions by investing in energy and tree planting projects (reforestation and afforestation) in developing countries through the Clean Development Mechanism.
- 7. Montreal protocol on substances that deplete the ozone layer The Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer (a protocol to the Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer) is an international treaty designed to protect the ozone layer by phasing out the production of numerous substances that are responsible for ozone depletion. It was agreed on 26 August 1987, and entered into force on 26 January 1989, followed by a first meeting in Helsinki, May 1989. The Montreal protocol, a landmark international agreement to agreement to protect the stratospheric ozone by agreeing to limit the production and use of ozone-depleting substances, phasing out of ozone-depleting substances and helping the developing countries to implement use of alternatives to CFCs. Additional requirements have been added to the Montreal protocol through amendments adopted in London 1990, Copenhagen (1992), Montreal (1997) and Beijing (1999). To date 189 countries have signed the Montreal protocol for their commitment to environmental sustainability. In accordance with these agreements, the developed countries have phased out production and use of CFC, halons, etc. by January 1996. And will phase put Methyl Bromide by January 2005, and HCFCs by January 2030. Developing countries have agreed to freeze most CFC consumption as of July 1996 based on 1995-97 averages, to reduce this consumption by 50% January 2005 and to fully eliminate these CFCs by 1 January 2010.
- 8. Global environmental change research programmes The International Council for Scientific Union (ICSU) is the common scientific sponsor of the four international global change programmes. These are the international Geosphere-Biosphere Programme (IGBP), International Human Dimensions Programme on Global Environment change (IHDP), World Climate Research Programme (WCRP), and DIVERSITAS.
- 9. ADAPTATION AND MITIGATION Climate change has the characteristics of a collective action problem at the global scale, because most GHGs accumulate over time and mix globally, and emissions by any agent (e.g., individual, community, company, country) affect other agents. Effective mitigation will not be achieved if individual agents advance their own interests independently. Cooperative responses, including international cooperation, are therefore required to effectively mitigate GHG emissions and address other climate change issues. The effectiveness of adaptation can be enhanced through complementary actions across levels, including international cooperation. The evidence suggests that outcomes seen as equitable can lead to more effective cooperation. Near-term reductions in energy demand are an important element of cost-effective mitigation strategies, provide more flexibility for reducing carbon intensity in the energy supply sector, hedge against related supply-side risks, avoid lock-in to carbon-intensive infrastructures, and are associated with important co-benefits. The most cost-effective mitigation options in forestry are afforestation, sustainable forest management and reducing deforestation, with large differences in their relative importance across regions; and in agriculture, cropland management, grazing land management and restoration of organic soils. Behaviour, lifestyle and culture have a considerable influence on energy use and associated emissions, with high mitigation potential in some sectors, in particular when complementing technological and structural change (medium evidence, medium agreement). Emissions can be substantially lowered through changes in consumption patterns, adoption of energy savings measures, dietary change and reduction in food wastes. Mitigation policy could devalue fossil fuel assets and reduce revenues for fossil fuel exporters, but differences between regions and fuels exist (high confidence). Most mitigation scenarios are associated with reduced revenues from coal and oil trade for major exporters (high confidence). The availability of CCS would reduce the adverse effects of mitigation on the value of fossil fuel assets
- 10. Five Reasons For Concern (RFCs) aggregate climate change risks and illustrate the implications of warming and of adaptation limits for people, economies and ecosystems across sectors and regions. The five RFCs are associated with: (1) Unique and threatened systems, (2) Extreme weather events, (3) Distribution of impacts, (4) Global aggregate impacts, and (5) Largescale singular events. Policy linkages among regional, national and sub-national climate policies offer potential climate change mitigation benefits. Potential advantages include lower mitigation costs, decreased emission leakage and increased market liquidity. National governments play key roles in adaptation planning and implementation (robust evidence, high agreement) through coordinating actions and providing frameworks and support. While local government and the private sector have different functions, which vary regionally, they are increasingly recognized as critical to progress in adaptation, given their roles in scaling up adaptation of communities, households and civil society and in managing risk information and financing Regulatory approaches and information measures are widely used and are often environmentally effective. Examples of regulatory approaches include energy efficiency standards; examples of information programmes include labelling programmes that can help consumers make better-informed decisions Solar Radiation Management (SRM) involves large-scale methods that seek to reduce the amount of absorbed solar energy in the climate system. SRM is untested and is not included in any of the mitigation scenarios. If it were deployed, SRM would entail numerous uncertainties, side effects, risks and shortcomings and has particular governance and ethical implications. SRM would not reduce ocean acidification. If it were terminated, there is high confidence that surface temperatures would rise very rapidly impacting ecosystems susceptible to rapid rates of change.
- 11. Thank you