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Clinical tests & significance

Rupali Patil
Rupali Patil

This document outlines and describes various common clinical laboratory tests performed on blood, urine, feces, and other tissues and fluids to evaluate health and diagnose diseases. It discusses tests in several categories including clinical chemistry tests, hematological tests, liver function tests, kidney function tests, pulmonary function tests, and thyroid function tests. The tests measure levels of proteins, enzymes, hormones, metabolites, and blood counts to screen for and monitor various conditions.

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CLINICAL LABORATORY TESTS AND THEIR SIGNIFICANCE
Common laboratory tests 1. Tests performed on blood 2. Tests performed on urine 3. Tests performed on feces 4. Miscellaneous tests
1. Tests performed on blood 1.1 Clinical chemistry tests 1.2 Hematologic tests 1.3 Miscellaneous tests
1.1 Clinical chemistry tests 1.1.1 Albumin & globulin; total protein; A/G ratio 1.1.2 Acid phosphatase 1.1.3 Alkaline phosphatase 1.1.4 Ammonia 1.1.5 Bilirubin partition: direct & indirect 1.1.6 Bilirubin total 1.1.7 Blood sugar: Fasting & PP; (Glucose Tolerance Test: GTT) 1.1.8 Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN) 1.1.9 CO2 content & combining power 1.1.10 Cholesterol
1.1.11 Lactic Dehydrogenase (LDH) 1.1.12 Creatinine 1.1.13 Non Protein Nitrogen (NPN) 1.1.14 pH 1.1.15 Magnesium 1.1.16 Calcium 1.1.17 Chloride 1.1.18 Phosphorus, inorganic 1.1.19 Potassium 1.1.20 Sodium 1.1.21 Serum transaminases: SGOP, SGPT 1.1.22 Uric acid
1.2 Hematologic tests 1.2.1 Bleeding time 1.2.2 Clotting time 1.2.3 Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR) 1.2.4 Haematocrit (HCT) 1.2.5 Haemoglobin (HgB) 1.2.6 Prothrombin test 1.2.7 Iron-binding capacity 1.2.8 Lupus Erythematous cell test 1.2.9 Blood counts : Platelet counts, RBC count, Reticulocyte count, White cell differential count, Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Basophils, Lymphocytes 1.2.10 Red Blood Cell Indices: Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin (MCH) 1.2.11 Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) 1.2.12 Mean corpuscular volume (MCV)
1.3 Miscellaneous tests 1.3.1 Amylase 1.3.2 Bromsulphalein test (BSP) 1.3.3 C-reactive protein (CRP) 1.3.4 Congo Red Retention test 1.3.5 Icterus index 1.3.6 Protein Bound Iodine (PBI) 1.3.7 Thymol Turbidity 1.3.8 Zinc sulphate trubidity
2. Tests performed on Urine 2.1 Physical properties 2.2 Chemical tests for abnormal constituents 2.3 Microscopic examination of the urine sediment 2.4 Special tests
2.1 Physical properties 2.1.1 Urine colour 2.1.2 Urine odour 2.1.3 Urine transparency 2.1.4 Specific gravity 2.1.5 pH
2.2 Chemical tests for abnormal constituents 2.2.1 Acetoacetic acid 2.2.2 Acetone 2.2.3 Albumin 2.2.4 Beta Hydroxybutyric acid 2.2.5 Bilirubin 2.2.6 Chlorides, quantitative 2.2.7 Clearance tests: Renal Plasma Flow, Glomerular Filtration Rate, Tubular function 2.2.8 Concentration & dilution 2.2.9 Hemoglobin 2.2.10 Ketones: Acetone, acetoacetic acid, beta-hydroxy butyrate 2.2.11 Porphyrins 2.2.12 Sugar 2.2.13 Urobilinogen
2.3 Microscopic examination of the urine sediment 2.3.1 Cells in urine sediment Leucocytes, Erythrocytes, Epithelial cells 2.3.2 Casts in urine sediment Noncellular casts, Hyaline casts, Granular casts, Waxy casts, Fatty casts 2.3.3 Crystals in urine sediment
2.4 Special tests 2.4.1 Ferric chloride test on urine 2.4.2 Immunologic test for Pregancy 2.4.3 17-Hydroxycorticosteroids 2.4.4 17-Ketosteroid excretion 2.4.5 Phenolsulfonphthalein (PSP) test 2.4.6 Phenylketonuria test
3. Tests performed on feces 3.1 Blood 3.2 Fat determination 3.3 Cuaiac test (Blood Parasites)
4. Miscellaneous tests 4.1 BMR 4.2 Chloride in sweat 4.3 Radioiodine uptake 4.4 Thorn test
5. Liver Function Test 5.1 ALT / SGPT 5.2 AST / SGOT 5.3 ALP 5.4 Bilirubin 5.5 Albumin 5.6 Prothrombin time 5.7 Platelet count 5.8 Serum Protein Electrophoresis 5.9 Coagulation test 5.10 LDH
6. Kidney Function tests 6.1 BUN/ Serum urea 6.2 Serum creatinine 6.3 Creatinine clearance 6.4 Urinalysis
7. Pulmonary Function test 7.1 Spirometry 7.2 Gas diffusion test: arterial blood gases, carbon monoxide diffusing capacity 7.3 Body plethysmoghraphy: total lung capacity, residual volume 7.4 Inhalation challenge test 7.5 Exercise stress test
8. Thyroid Function test 8.1 Circulating levels of TSH, T4, T3 8.2 Free hormones: T4, T3 8.3 Carrier proteins: thyroid binding globulin, albumin 8.4 Measures of protein binding of thyroid hormones T uptake Thyroid hormone binding ratio (THBR) Thyroxine binding index (TBI) 8.5 Calculated indices of free hormones Free T4 index Free T3 index

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Clinical tests & significance

  • 2. Common laboratory tests 1. Tests performed on blood 2. Tests performed on urine 3. Tests performed on feces 4. Miscellaneous tests
  • 3. 1. Tests performed on blood 1.1 Clinical chemistry tests 1.2 Hematologic tests 1.3 Miscellaneous tests
  • 4. 1.1 Clinical chemistry tests 1.1.1 Albumin & globulin; total protein; A/G ratio 1.1.2 Acid phosphatase 1.1.3 Alkaline phosphatase 1.1.4 Ammonia 1.1.5 Bilirubin partition: direct & indirect 1.1.6 Bilirubin total 1.1.7 Blood sugar: Fasting & PP; (Glucose Tolerance Test: GTT) 1.1.8 Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN) 1.1.9 CO2 content & combining power 1.1.10 Cholesterol
  • 5. 1.1.11 Lactic Dehydrogenase (LDH) 1.1.12 Creatinine 1.1.13 Non Protein Nitrogen (NPN) 1.1.14 pH 1.1.15 Magnesium 1.1.16 Calcium 1.1.17 Chloride 1.1.18 Phosphorus, inorganic 1.1.19 Potassium 1.1.20 Sodium 1.1.21 Serum transaminases: SGOP, SGPT 1.1.22 Uric acid
  • 6. 1.2 Hematologic tests 1.2.1 Bleeding time 1.2.2 Clotting time 1.2.3 Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR) 1.2.4 Haematocrit (HCT) 1.2.5 Haemoglobin (HgB) 1.2.6 Prothrombin test 1.2.7 Iron-binding capacity 1.2.8 Lupus Erythematous cell test 1.2.9 Blood counts : Platelet counts, RBC count, Reticulocyte count, White cell differential count, Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Basophils, Lymphocytes 1.2.10 Red Blood Cell Indices: Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin (MCH) 1.2.11 Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) 1.2.12 Mean corpuscular volume (MCV)
  • 7. 1.3 Miscellaneous tests 1.3.1 Amylase 1.3.2 Bromsulphalein test (BSP) 1.3.3 C-reactive protein (CRP) 1.3.4 Congo Red Retention test 1.3.5 Icterus index 1.3.6 Protein Bound Iodine (PBI) 1.3.7 Thymol Turbidity 1.3.8 Zinc sulphate trubidity
  • 8. 2. Tests performed on Urine 2.1 Physical properties 2.2 Chemical tests for abnormal constituents 2.3 Microscopic examination of the urine sediment 2.4 Special tests
  • 9. 2.1 Physical properties 2.1.1 Urine colour 2.1.2 Urine odour 2.1.3 Urine transparency 2.1.4 Specific gravity 2.1.5 pH
  • 10. 2.2 Chemical tests for abnormal constituents 2.2.1 Acetoacetic acid 2.2.2 Acetone 2.2.3 Albumin 2.2.4 Beta Hydroxybutyric acid 2.2.5 Bilirubin 2.2.6 Chlorides, quantitative 2.2.7 Clearance tests: Renal Plasma Flow, Glomerular Filtration Rate, Tubular function 2.2.8 Concentration & dilution 2.2.9 Hemoglobin 2.2.10 Ketones: Acetone, acetoacetic acid, beta-hydroxy butyrate 2.2.11 Porphyrins 2.2.12 Sugar 2.2.13 Urobilinogen
  • 11. 2.3 Microscopic examination of the urine sediment 2.3.1 Cells in urine sediment Leucocytes, Erythrocytes, Epithelial cells 2.3.2 Casts in urine sediment Noncellular casts, Hyaline casts, Granular casts, Waxy casts, Fatty casts 2.3.3 Crystals in urine sediment
  • 12. 2.4 Special tests 2.4.1 Ferric chloride test on urine 2.4.2 Immunologic test for Pregancy 2.4.3 17-Hydroxycorticosteroids 2.4.4 17-Ketosteroid excretion 2.4.5 Phenolsulfonphthalein (PSP) test 2.4.6 Phenylketonuria test
  • 13. 3. Tests performed on feces 3.1 Blood 3.2 Fat determination 3.3 Cuaiac test (Blood Parasites)
  • 14. 4. Miscellaneous tests 4.1 BMR 4.2 Chloride in sweat 4.3 Radioiodine uptake 4.4 Thorn test
  • 15. 5. Liver Function Test 5.1 ALT / SGPT 5.2 AST / SGOT 5.3 ALP 5.4 Bilirubin 5.5 Albumin 5.6 Prothrombin time 5.7 Platelet count 5.8 Serum Protein Electrophoresis 5.9 Coagulation test 5.10 LDH
  • 16. 6. Kidney Function tests 6.1 BUN/ Serum urea 6.2 Serum creatinine 6.3 Creatinine clearance 6.4 Urinalysis
  • 17. 7. Pulmonary Function test 7.1 Spirometry 7.2 Gas diffusion test: arterial blood gases, carbon monoxide diffusing capacity 7.3 Body plethysmoghraphy: total lung capacity, residual volume 7.4 Inhalation challenge test 7.5 Exercise stress test
  • 18. 8. Thyroid Function test 8.1 Circulating levels of TSH, T4, T3 8.2 Free hormones: T4, T3 8.3 Carrier proteins: thyroid binding globulin, albumin 8.4 Measures of protein binding of thyroid hormones T uptake Thyroid hormone binding ratio (THBR) Thyroxine binding index (TBI) 8.5 Calculated indices of free hormones Free T4 index Free T3 index