Coastal zone manangement & coastal regulation zone
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This document discusses coastal zone management and regulation in India. It provides background on the diversity of India's coastal ecosystems and hazards. It describes the Coastal Regulation Zone (CRZ) framework and its evolution over time. The CRZ established development restrictions within 500 meters of the coast. However, committees identified failures of the top-down CRZ approach and lack of participation. The Swaminathan and MSS committees recommended shifting to an integrated coastal zone management approach led by local communities from the territorial waters limit inland. This would better address livelihoods, development pressures, and environmental conservation in a sustainable manner.
Coastal zone manangement & coastal regulation zone
- 1. COASTAL ZONE MANAGEMENT & COASTAL REGULATION ZONE Dr. M. Baba Centre for Earth Science Studies
- 2. Diversity of coastal hazards
- 3. Narrow sandy beaches of Kerala Lagoons of Lakshadweep Extensive tidal flats of Gujarat DIVERSITY OF COASTAL ECOSYSTEMS
- 4. Mumbai
- 5. Mangroves Sand dunes Turtle breeding grounds Coral reefs Uninhabited small islands Areas of outstanding natural beauty Heritage/archeological sites Areas likely to be inundated by sea level rise Sensitive coastal ecosystems
- 6. Filtration pond Fish habitat Ground water Inter-tidal system
- 7. Rocky cliff Sandy beach bordering cliff Tidal flat Lateritic cliff
- 9. Coastal Uses
- 10. Coastal Uses
- 11. Damages to coastal systems
- 13. District Coastal Management Plan Ashtamudi Estuary, Kollam, India Proposed tourism and marine park zoning map Produced by: M. Muralikrishna Project Directors: Prof. Kerry Black and Dr. M. Baba Project leaders:ASR Ltd., Marine and Freshwater Consultants, New Zealand Counterpart: Centre for Earth Science Studies (CESS), India Sponsor: Asia Development Assistance Facility (ADAF), Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade, New Zealand WEST KALLADA EAST KALLADA THRIKKARUVA MUNDROTHURUTHU PERAYAM PERINAD ASH TAMU D I KA YAL CEN TR AL KAYAL KUNDRA BOAT BERTHING AND NATURE PARK MARINE RESERVE (FISHING NO T ALLOWED) TOURISM CENTRE HOUSEBOAT MOORING MARINE RESERVE RESEARCH CENTRE TOURISM AREA KANJIRAKOTTU KAYAL FISHING ZONE FISHING ZONE KUMBALATTU KAYAL FISHING ZO NE KAL LA DA R N PROPOSED TOURISM AND MARINE PARK ZONES - ASHTAMUDI ESTUARY Km s1 0 1
- 14. WEST KALLADA EAST KALLADA THRIKKARUVA MUNDROTHURUTHU PERAYAM PERINAD ASHTAMUDI KAYAL CENTRAL KAYAL KUNDRA BOAT BERTHING AND NATURE PARK MARINE RESERVE (FISHING NOT ALLOWED) TOURISM CENTRE HOUSEBOAT MOORING MARINE RESERVE RESEARCH CENTRE TOURISM AREA KANJIRAKOTTU KAYAL FISHING ZONE FISHING ZONE KUMBALATTU KAYAL FISHING ZONE KAL LA DA R N PROPOSED TOURISM AND MARINE PARK ZONES - ASHTAMUDI ESTUARY Kms1 0 1
- 15. Coastal Zone boundaries for different countries COUNTRY INLAND BOUNDARY OCEAN BOUNDARY Brazil China Costa Rica India Israel Philippines Queensland South Australia Spain Sri Lanka Sweden United Kingdom U.S.A 2 km from MHW 10 km from MHW 200 m from MHW 500 m from HTL 1 2 km variable Flexible 400 m from MHW 100 m from MHW 500 m from highest storm or tide line 300 m from MHW 100 300 m Flexible Flexible 12 km from MHW 15 m isobath (depth) MLW LTL 500 MLW Continental Shelf 3 NM from the CB 3 NM from the CB 12 NM (limit of territorial sea) 2 km from MLW 2 NM 12 NM 12 NM
- 16. Areas included by different countries in the Coastal Management Zone All coastal lands that are subject to storms and flooding by the sea All intertidal areas of mangrove, marsh, deltas, salt flats, tidal flats and beaches All permanent shallow coastal water areas such as bays, lagoons, estuaries, deltaic waterways, and nearshore than include seagrass meadows, coral reefs, shellfish beds or submerged bars All small coastal islands and other important nearshore features
- 17. Economic/Development Pressure Societal/Environmental Pressure I C Z M Environmental Conservation Equitable Benefit Sharing Conflict Resolution SUSTAINABLE COASTAL RESOURCE UTILISATION EQUITABLE SOCEITAL & ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT Legislative intervention - CRZ Action Plans Coastal Resources Incorporation into Local body Plans Spatial planning
- 18. NATIONAL COASTAL ZONE MANAGEMENT POLICY Issues due to resource overuse, Degradation of ecosystems, Conflicts among stakeholders Coastal hazards Livelihood security Sustainable development
- 19. Why regulated development of the coast? Protection of fishery Protection of coastal ecosystems Protection of life and property Maintain the scenic beauty of coast Encourage sustainable tourism Ensure public access to beach
- 20. Coastal Regulation Zone Intertidal zone- area between HTL & LTL Defined regulation zone landward of the HTL on sea coast and on the banks of estuaries creeks and backwaters 500 m along sea & estuary coast 100 0r 150 m on banks of backwater, river
- 21. CRZ Notification - Genesis 1981 Prime Minister Indira Gandhis letter: Keep 500 m from the HTL free from development activities 1982- Working Group on beach development guidelines 1983- Guidelines for the development of beaches (Tourism, Industrial development, Urban and rural development Special areas mangroves, scenic areas, corals, oceanic islands) 1986 Environmental Protection Act 1989 Draft CRZ Notification 1991 CRZ Notification 1994 Supreme Court direction asking for strict implementation of CRZ 1996 Approval to State CZMPs 1997 Constitution of Aquaculture Authority 1998 National and State Coastal Zone Management Authorities
- 22. How it progressed Vohra Committee Saldhana Committee Balakrishnan Nair Committee Saldhana Committee Babu Paul Committee Swaminathan Committee
- 23. Benefits of CRZ Awareness on coast Traditional rights Industries controlled Natural hazard protection Livelihood security Fragile systems Aesthetics
- 24. Failures of CRZ Arbitrary zone Mainly violated No participation Too restrictive Goals undefined No incentives No enforcement
- 25. Terms of Reference of Swaminathan Committee 1. Review reports of various Committees & international practices 2. Suggest scientific principles for an ICZM best suited for the country 3. Define and enlist various coastal and marine resources 4. Recommend the methodology for their identification 5. Recommend the extent of safeguards required for conservation and protection 6. Revisit CRZ, Notification, 1991 in the light of above 7. Recommend necessary amendments to make the regulatory framework consistent with recommendations
- 26. COASTAL ISSUES Social and economic development of the country Bring together a unique collection of natural resources Coast an economic base and physical location Fast developing area in the country Environmental degradation, resource reduction and user conflicts Large scale destruction of life, property and natural resources due to natural hazards
- 27. MSS Committee GUIDING PRINCIPLES OF CZM Ecological and cultural security, livelihood security and national security Territorial sea and the landward administrative biological limits Regulation, education and social mobilization conformity with international laws Regulation based on sound, scientific and ecological principles Precautionary approach where there are potential threats or irreversible damage to ecologically fragile systems Significant biological, cultural and natural assets should be considered incomparable
- 28. MSS Committee GUIDING PRINCIPLES OF CZM Coastal policy and regulations should be guided by the principles of gender and social equity as well as intra- generational and inter-generational equity Polluter-pays principle(s) and public trust doctrine Concurrent attention to conservation, sustainable use and equitable sharing of benefits National coastal bio-shield movement Short term commercial interests not be allowed to undermine the ecological security of our coastal areas Cohesive, multi-disciplinary approaches
- 29. MSS Committee A NATIONAL COASTAL ZONE MANAGEMENT ACTION PLAN To protect with peoples participation the livelihood security of the coastal fishers and others To protect life and property To protect the ecosystems which sustain productivity of the coastal areas Promote sustainable development that contribute to nations economy and prosperity. Objectives
- 30. DEFINITION The coastal zone is defined as an area from the territorial waters limit (12 nautical miles) including its sea bed upto the landward boundary of the local self government abutting the sea coast. Coastal zone also includes inland water bodies influenced by tidal action including its bed and the adjacent land area upto the landward boundary of the local self-government abutting such water bodies. In case of ecologically sensitive areas, the entire notified area/biological boundary of the area will be included. MSS Committee
- 31. ECOLOGICALLY SENSITIVE AREAS (ESA) Mangroves Coral reefs Sand beaches and sand dunes Inland tidal water bodies, i.e. estuaries, lakes, lagoons, creeks Mudflats Marine wildlife protected areas under the Wildlife (Conservation) Act. Coastal fresh water lakes Salt marshes Turtle nesting grounds Horse shoe crabs habitats Seagrass beds Seaweed beds Nesting grounds of migratory birds
- 32. AREAS OF PARTICULAR CONCERN Coastal municipalities / corporations (the entire notified area) Coastal panchayats with population density more than 400 persons per sq.km. (the entire notified area) Ports and harbours Notified tourism areas Mining sites Notified industrial estates Special Economic Zones Haritage areas Notified archaeological sites under the Protected Monuments Act Defence areas / installations Power plants
- 33. FACILITIES / ACTIVITIES REQUIRING ACCESS TO THE SHORELINES Port and harbours, including refueling facilities, and dredging and reclamation Fish landing sides Public toilets Lighthouses and light-towers Beach tourism and water sports facilities Salt pans Mining of minerals other than beach sand, rocks, gravel, and sea- shells Ship building and repair facilities Coastal protection structures Hydrocarbon exploration and production Defence installations Discharge pipelines for treated effluent and sewage Approach roads, railways, pipelines, power transmissions and distribution lines to service the above
- 34. A comparison of the CRZ & MSS recommendations Item CRZ MSS Report Approach Regulatory (top down) Participatory management (bottom up) Area Covered Only coastal land Land and water Boundaries Shoreline (LTL) to 500m Entire panchayat / municipality & territorial sea & coastal waters Coastal peculiarities Not fully accounted Fully accounted Development setbacks HTL, 200m, 500m Based on vulnerability to hazards Livelihood security Partial coverage Wider coverage Traditional rights Partially covered Fully covered Responsibility for implementation Central Govt. Local Self Governments Funding Nil Central funds available