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Cocos Malays' Dwelling Culture (research proposal)

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Nurul Ain Osri

This presentation is a research proposal for Master in Built Environment. The main purpose of this study is to analyze the evolution of the Cocos Malays dwelling culture. In addition, it gives a quick overview of the Cocos (Keeling) Island, its history, people and culture.

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RESEARCH PROPOSAL THE COCOS MALAYS: THE JOURNEY FROM COCOS (KEELING) ISLAND TO SABAH AND THE CULTURAL AFFILIATION IMPACT ON THEIR DWELLING CULTURE. PREPARED BY: NURUL AIN BINTI OSRI G 1421308 SUPERVISOR: ASST. PROF. DR. NOOR AZIAH BINTI MOHD. ARIFFIN
CONTENTS INTRODUCTION RESEARCH BACKGROUND LITERATURE REVIEW TIMELINE DEFINITIONS PROBLEM STATEMENT AIM AND OBJECTIVES RESEARCH QUESTIONS RESEARCH METHODOLOGY REFERENCES
INTRODUCTION A tear-drop shaped coral atoll in the centre of the Indian Ocean, an opal in a sea of deepest blue, a tiny 14 sq km of land truly, just a drop in the ocean. A diary entry by Pauline Bunce on her first arrival at Cocos, 26th January 1982. The Cocos Islands today gives little hint of their colourful past, their human dramas and tragedies or the different rulers who controlled them. From 1st settlement in 1826 by English merchant Alexander Hare, then, under the Clunies-Ross dynasty, most island inhabitants had little freedom or contact with the outside world. After several years, in order to find a better life, the Cocoss people started to emigrate to other places i.e. West Australia, Singapore, Malaya, North Borneo .
RESEARCH BACKGROUND The islanders life were controlled by the ruler (Clunies Ross dynasty). Up until the 1950s, the houses were constructed with local building materials. Currently, it was developed based on the family living pattern and community desires In 1950s, the first community of the Cocoss people, emigrated to North Borneo and built their settlements in Tawau. Along with them, they brought their unique culture. The origin and history of this minor ethnic remain unclear in the history. Thus, the focus of this study is to investigate the journey of Cocos Malays from Cocos (Keeling) Island to Sabah and how does the culture affiliation influencing their current dwelling culture.
Above: Cocos (keeling) Island Map Source: Western Australia Now and Then, 2015 Right: Travel Map of Cocos (Keeling) Island. Source: University of Texas Libraries, 2013
LITERATURE REVIEW Cocos (Keeling) Island Overview Independence none (territory of Australia) Nationality Cocos Islander Population (July 2014 est.) 596 people Climate Tropical with high humidity Location/ Size Southeastern Asia, group of islands in the Indian Ocean. Southwest of Indonesia, about halfway between Australia and Sri Lanka. / 14 sq km Capital West Island Language Malay (Cocos dialect), English Ethnic Groups Europeans and Cocos Malays Religions (2002 est.) Sunni Muslim (80 per cent), others (20per cent)
TIMELINE 1609 Captain William Keeling (Englishs merchant) exploring the East for the East India company. He discovers the Cocos Atoll during one of his voyages from Java to England. 1825 Captain John Clunies Ross (Scottish trader) lands on the islands. His order are to investigate Christmas Island for settlement. Bad weather prevents these plans but he surveys the Cocos- Keeling Islands, digs wells and plants fruit trees. 1826 Alexander Hare (British merchant) and a group of his slaves are brought to the islands by Robert Clunies Ross (brother of John). Hare sets up the first settlement on Home Island (then called Goose Island)
TIMELINE 1827 John Clunies Ross and party arrive and settle on Pulau Gangsa (now the cemetery). But, later move to South Island due to tension with Hare. 1831 Increasing disputes between Alexander Hare and John Clunies Ross lead Hare to travel back to Batavia. John Clunies Ross assumes control of the islands. 1834 Hare dies in Java. John Clunies Ross moves to Home Island and takes over Hares operations.
TIMELINE 1836 John Clunies Ross travels to Mauritius to seek British annexation of the islands. 1854 John Clunies Ross dies. John George Clunies Ross takes over. 1857 Captain Fremantle arrives to annex the islands for Britain, but makes a mistake as he was supposed to annex the Cocos Islands in the Andaman Group. This means that John George Clunies Ross is designated as governor of Cocos.
TIMELINE 1871 John George Clunies Ross dies. George Clunies Ross assumes control over the Cocos Settlement. 1910 George Clunies Ross returns to the UK and dies on the Isle of Wight (his body is later reburied on Home Island). His son John Sidney Clunies Ross assumes control of Cocos Islands. 1944 John Sidney Clunies-Ross dies.
TIMELINE 1946 John Sidney Clunies-Rosss widow returns to Cocos with her son John Cecil Clunies-Ross. 1949 John Cecil Clunies-Ross commences as ruler of Cocos Islands. 1951 The Australian Government purchases 367 acres for an aerodrome on West Island. The emigration of Cocos Malays started - they came to Lahad Datu to plant tobacco.
DEFINITIONS JOURNEY An act of travelling from one place to another. (Oxford Dictionaries, 2015) MIGRATION Migration is the movement of people from one place in the world to another for the purpose of taking up permanent or semi permanent residence, usually across a political boundary. (National Geography Society, 2005). EMIGRATION Emigration is the act of leaving one's native country with the intent to settle elsewhere. It is an act of migration across national boundaries. (Oxford Dictionaries, 2015) CULTURAL AFFILIATION A relationship of shared group identity which can be traced historically. (National Park Service, 2013)
DEFINITIONS DWELLING CULTURE - Dwelling (Persian language): A place for getting tranquility and residence, and it is called to a place which a human lives in it. (Shadab Shidfar, 2013) - Dwelling compound is a built environment which is customarily enclosed by a wall or a hedge. (Oliver, 1997). - Culture: The societal customs, myth, ideas and values of the people. (Livin H. Mosha, 2012). - Dwelling culture is a set of knowledge embedded in the process of living phenomenon with an affiliation of cultural and socio-economic involvements for a particular society. (Livin H. Mosha, 2012). - A part of common culture is only a framework for scientific research, a method to analyze the elements that compile it, useful and successful method to study identity of housing architecture. (Igor Kalcic)
PROBLEM STATEMENTS The lack of research on the dwelling culture of Cocos Malays in Sabah after the emigration from Cocos (Keeling) Island. There is a gap on understanding the Cocos Malays journey from Cocos (Keeling) Island to North Borneo and the cultural affiliation impact on their current dwelling culture. Pauline Bunce (1988) has discussed: 1. History has recorded much about the founder, Alexander Hare and the settlement by Clunies Ross family. 2. A very little cultural practices and traditions have been recorded - either now or in the past. 3. Housing design has recently changed throughout the years. 4. Elements of English-Scottish have been absorbed into Cocos Malays cultural practices. (Asmah Hj. Omar, 2008)
RESEARCH QUESTIONS & OBJECTIVES AIM RESEARCH OBJECTIVE RESEARCH QUESTION This research is aimed to study the journey of the Cocos Malay from Cocos (Keeling) Island to North Borneo and the cultural affiliation impact on their dwelling culture. To investigate the journey of Cocos Malays from Cocos (Keeling) Island to North Borneo. What are the factors that influenced the emigration of Cocos Malays to North Borneo? To analyze the dwelling culture of Cocos Malays before and after the emigration to the North Borneo. What are the differences in the dwelling culture before and after the emigration? To justify the factors that influencing the current dwelling culture of Cocos Malays. How far the culture affiliation influencing the present dwelling culture of Cocos Malays?
RESEARCH DESIGN PRELIMINARY STUDY DEVELOPMENT OF TOPIC (Problem statement and Identification of issues and problems) FORMULATING IDEAS (Formulation of aim, objectives and scope of study) METHODOLOGY (Formulation of methodology for the research ) DATA COLLECTION (Fieldwork in Sabah-Perkampungan Orang Cocos) PRIMARY DATA In-depth interview Observation (Non Participatory) Measured Drawing SECONDARY DATA Books Journal/Articles/Reports Internet resources DATA ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS Content/document analysis Qualitative data analysis RESULT AND DISCUSSION CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage 3 Stage 4 Stage 5
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY OBJECTIVES SAMPLE METHODS TOOLS To investigate the journey of Cocos Malays to North Borneo. Population: Cocos Malays. Sample: 1. Original born in Cocos. 2. Born in transit to Sabah. 3. Born in Sabah- (parents born in Cocos). 4. Born in Sabah- (father/mother born in Cocos). - Literature Review - In-depth Interview - Interview schedules and questions. To analyze the dwelling culture of Cocos Malays before and after the emigration to North Borneo. - Literature Review - In-depth interview - Non Participatory Observation (photography & videography) -Measured Drawing - Interview schedules & questions. - Observation checklists -camera, video camera -LDM, measuring tape To justify the factors that influencing the current dwelling culture of Cocos Malays. -Literature Review -In-depth interview - Non Participatory Observation (photography & videography) - Interview schedules & questions. - Observation checklists - camera, video camera
PROCEDURE SECONDARY DATA Library search on literature review and documentation Download from official web of related agencies PRIMARY DATA Development of in-depth interview and structure questions Development of criteria and checklist for evaluation and observation purposes Review and revise interview questions and observation checklist based on the supervisors input Pilot test and amend based on preliminary result Embark on the interview and observation session DATA MANAGEMENT DATA COLLECTION PROCEDUREDATA COLLECTION PROCEDURE
GANTT CHART TIMELINE PROJECT ACTIVITIES J F M A M J J O S O N D J F M A M J J O S O N D J F M (February - June) RESEARCH PROPOSAL 1. Literature review 2. Write up 3. Proposal Defense 4. Proposal approved INTRODUCTION 1. Chapter 1 write up 2. Chapter 1 approved LITERATURE REVIEW 1. Chapter 2 write up 2. Chapter 2 approved 3. Chapter 3 write up 4. Chapter 3 approved (June - August) RESEARCH METHODOLODY 1. Literature review/ observation 2. Prepare observation checklist 3. Prepare interview schedules and questions. 4. Prepare list of respondents 5. Approved 2015 2016 2017 SEM 2 SEM 3
TIMELINE PROJECT ACTIVITIES J F M A M J J O S O N D J F M A M J J O S O N D J F M (September - January) RESEARCH METHODOLODY 1. Chapter 4 write up 2. Chapter 4 approved COLLECTION OF DATA 1. Feedbacks compiled 2. Literature review DATA ANALYSIS 1. Analysis of data 2. Chapter 5 write up 3. Chapter 5 approved (February - June) DATA ANALYSIS AND CONCLUSION 1. Literature review 2. Chapter 6 write up 3. Chapter 6 approved 4. Chapter 7 write up 5. Chapter 7 approved 6. Edit and formatting 20172015 2016 SEM 1 SEM 2
TIMELINE PROJECT ACTIVITIES J F M A M J J O S O N D J F M A M J J O S O N D J F M (June - August) SUBMISSION 1. Final draft proofread 2. Final draft approved 3. Submit to examiner 4. Corrections made 5. Send for binding 6. Submit 20172015 2016 SEM 3
SIGNIFICANCE OF RESEARCH Knowledge: -To document the anthropology of The Cocos Malays in Sabah. -The content is useful for the existing and the future development of Cocos Malays dwelling culture in Sabah.
EXPECTED FINDINGS At the end of the study, it is expected that: -The findings illustrate the actual scenario of the history and dwelling culture of Cocos Malays. - Dwelling culture that is in existence currently is a result of the cultural affiliation through the process of migration.
REFERENCES Bunce, P. (1988). The Cocos (Keeling) Islands. Australian Atolls in the Indian Ocean. Australia: The Jacaranda Press. Creswell, J. W. (2009). Research Design. Qualitative, Quantitative and Mixed Methods Approaches. California: SAGE Publications, Inc. Kalcic, I. Today's Dwelling Culture as Result of Inherited Principles, Customs and Needs. Conference on Vernacular Architecture. Mosha L. H. (2012). Imposition of Architectural and Spatial Planning Concepts into Local Dwelling Culture. Prime Journal. O'Leary, Z. (2010). The Essential Guide to Doing Your Research Project. London: SAGE Publications Ltd. Omar, A. H. (2008). The Malays in Australia. Language, Culture, Religion. Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka.
REFERENCES Pauline Bunce, P. H. (1993). Kepulauan Cocos (Keeling). Masyarakat Melayu di Australia. Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka, Kementerian Pendidikan Malaysia. Raymundo Campos-Vazquez. (2012). The Development and Fiscal Effects of Emigration on Mexico. (Mosha, 2012) Shadab Shidfar. (2013). The Different Between Dwelling and Home in Architecture. IJCSI International Journal of Computer Science Issues, Vol. 10, Issue 4, No 2. Visocnik, N. (2015). A house - Space of Identity. Wan Hashim Wan Teh, A. H. (1999). Rumpun Melayu Australia Barat. Bangi: Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia.

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Cocos Malays' Dwelling Culture (research proposal)

  • 1. RESEARCH PROPOSAL THE COCOS MALAYS: THE JOURNEY FROM COCOS (KEELING) ISLAND TO SABAH AND THE CULTURAL AFFILIATION IMPACT ON THEIR DWELLING CULTURE. PREPARED BY: NURUL AIN BINTI OSRI G 1421308 SUPERVISOR: ASST. PROF. DR. NOOR AZIAH BINTI MOHD. ARIFFIN
  • 2. CONTENTS INTRODUCTION RESEARCH BACKGROUND LITERATURE REVIEW TIMELINE DEFINITIONS PROBLEM STATEMENT AIM AND OBJECTIVES RESEARCH QUESTIONS RESEARCH METHODOLOGY REFERENCES
  • 3. INTRODUCTION A tear-drop shaped coral atoll in the centre of the Indian Ocean, an opal in a sea of deepest blue, a tiny 14 sq km of land truly, just a drop in the ocean. A diary entry by Pauline Bunce on her first arrival at Cocos, 26th January 1982. The Cocos Islands today gives little hint of their colourful past, their human dramas and tragedies or the different rulers who controlled them. From 1st settlement in 1826 by English merchant Alexander Hare, then, under the Clunies-Ross dynasty, most island inhabitants had little freedom or contact with the outside world. After several years, in order to find a better life, the Cocoss people started to emigrate to other places i.e. West Australia, Singapore, Malaya, North Borneo .
  • 4. RESEARCH BACKGROUND The islanders life were controlled by the ruler (Clunies Ross dynasty). Up until the 1950s, the houses were constructed with local building materials. Currently, it was developed based on the family living pattern and community desires In 1950s, the first community of the Cocoss people, emigrated to North Borneo and built their settlements in Tawau. Along with them, they brought their unique culture. The origin and history of this minor ethnic remain unclear in the history. Thus, the focus of this study is to investigate the journey of Cocos Malays from Cocos (Keeling) Island to Sabah and how does the culture affiliation influencing their current dwelling culture.
  • 5. Above: Cocos (keeling) Island Map Source: Western Australia Now and Then, 2015 Right: Travel Map of Cocos (Keeling) Island. Source: University of Texas Libraries, 2013
  • 6. LITERATURE REVIEW Cocos (Keeling) Island Overview Independence none (territory of Australia) Nationality Cocos Islander Population (July 2014 est.) 596 people Climate Tropical with high humidity Location/ Size Southeastern Asia, group of islands in the Indian Ocean. Southwest of Indonesia, about halfway between Australia and Sri Lanka. / 14 sq km Capital West Island Language Malay (Cocos dialect), English Ethnic Groups Europeans and Cocos Malays Religions (2002 est.) Sunni Muslim (80 per cent), others (20per cent)
  • 7. TIMELINE 1609 Captain William Keeling (Englishs merchant) exploring the East for the East India company. He discovers the Cocos Atoll during one of his voyages from Java to England. 1825 Captain John Clunies Ross (Scottish trader) lands on the islands. His order are to investigate Christmas Island for settlement. Bad weather prevents these plans but he surveys the Cocos- Keeling Islands, digs wells and plants fruit trees. 1826 Alexander Hare (British merchant) and a group of his slaves are brought to the islands by Robert Clunies Ross (brother of John). Hare sets up the first settlement on Home Island (then called Goose Island)
  • 8. TIMELINE 1827 John Clunies Ross and party arrive and settle on Pulau Gangsa (now the cemetery). But, later move to South Island due to tension with Hare. 1831 Increasing disputes between Alexander Hare and John Clunies Ross lead Hare to travel back to Batavia. John Clunies Ross assumes control of the islands. 1834 Hare dies in Java. John Clunies Ross moves to Home Island and takes over Hares operations.
  • 9. TIMELINE 1836 John Clunies Ross travels to Mauritius to seek British annexation of the islands. 1854 John Clunies Ross dies. John George Clunies Ross takes over. 1857 Captain Fremantle arrives to annex the islands for Britain, but makes a mistake as he was supposed to annex the Cocos Islands in the Andaman Group. This means that John George Clunies Ross is designated as governor of Cocos.
  • 10. TIMELINE 1871 John George Clunies Ross dies. George Clunies Ross assumes control over the Cocos Settlement. 1910 George Clunies Ross returns to the UK and dies on the Isle of Wight (his body is later reburied on Home Island). His son John Sidney Clunies Ross assumes control of Cocos Islands. 1944 John Sidney Clunies-Ross dies.
  • 11. TIMELINE 1946 John Sidney Clunies-Rosss widow returns to Cocos with her son John Cecil Clunies-Ross. 1949 John Cecil Clunies-Ross commences as ruler of Cocos Islands. 1951 The Australian Government purchases 367 acres for an aerodrome on West Island. The emigration of Cocos Malays started - they came to Lahad Datu to plant tobacco.
  • 12. DEFINITIONS JOURNEY An act of travelling from one place to another. (Oxford Dictionaries, 2015) MIGRATION Migration is the movement of people from one place in the world to another for the purpose of taking up permanent or semi permanent residence, usually across a political boundary. (National Geography Society, 2005). EMIGRATION Emigration is the act of leaving one's native country with the intent to settle elsewhere. It is an act of migration across national boundaries. (Oxford Dictionaries, 2015) CULTURAL AFFILIATION A relationship of shared group identity which can be traced historically. (National Park Service, 2013)
  • 13. DEFINITIONS DWELLING CULTURE - Dwelling (Persian language): A place for getting tranquility and residence, and it is called to a place which a human lives in it. (Shadab Shidfar, 2013) - Dwelling compound is a built environment which is customarily enclosed by a wall or a hedge. (Oliver, 1997). - Culture: The societal customs, myth, ideas and values of the people. (Livin H. Mosha, 2012). - Dwelling culture is a set of knowledge embedded in the process of living phenomenon with an affiliation of cultural and socio-economic involvements for a particular society. (Livin H. Mosha, 2012). - A part of common culture is only a framework for scientific research, a method to analyze the elements that compile it, useful and successful method to study identity of housing architecture. (Igor Kalcic)
  • 14. PROBLEM STATEMENTS The lack of research on the dwelling culture of Cocos Malays in Sabah after the emigration from Cocos (Keeling) Island. There is a gap on understanding the Cocos Malays journey from Cocos (Keeling) Island to North Borneo and the cultural affiliation impact on their current dwelling culture. Pauline Bunce (1988) has discussed: 1. History has recorded much about the founder, Alexander Hare and the settlement by Clunies Ross family. 2. A very little cultural practices and traditions have been recorded - either now or in the past. 3. Housing design has recently changed throughout the years. 4. Elements of English-Scottish have been absorbed into Cocos Malays cultural practices. (Asmah Hj. Omar, 2008)
  • 15. RESEARCH QUESTIONS & OBJECTIVES AIM RESEARCH OBJECTIVE RESEARCH QUESTION This research is aimed to study the journey of the Cocos Malay from Cocos (Keeling) Island to North Borneo and the cultural affiliation impact on their dwelling culture. To investigate the journey of Cocos Malays from Cocos (Keeling) Island to North Borneo. What are the factors that influenced the emigration of Cocos Malays to North Borneo? To analyze the dwelling culture of Cocos Malays before and after the emigration to the North Borneo. What are the differences in the dwelling culture before and after the emigration? To justify the factors that influencing the current dwelling culture of Cocos Malays. How far the culture affiliation influencing the present dwelling culture of Cocos Malays?
  • 16. RESEARCH DESIGN PRELIMINARY STUDY DEVELOPMENT OF TOPIC (Problem statement and Identification of issues and problems) FORMULATING IDEAS (Formulation of aim, objectives and scope of study) METHODOLOGY (Formulation of methodology for the research ) DATA COLLECTION (Fieldwork in Sabah-Perkampungan Orang Cocos) PRIMARY DATA In-depth interview Observation (Non Participatory) Measured Drawing SECONDARY DATA Books Journal/Articles/Reports Internet resources DATA ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS Content/document analysis Qualitative data analysis RESULT AND DISCUSSION CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage 3 Stage 4 Stage 5
  • 17. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY OBJECTIVES SAMPLE METHODS TOOLS To investigate the journey of Cocos Malays to North Borneo. Population: Cocos Malays. Sample: 1. Original born in Cocos. 2. Born in transit to Sabah. 3. Born in Sabah- (parents born in Cocos). 4. Born in Sabah- (father/mother born in Cocos). - Literature Review - In-depth Interview - Interview schedules and questions. To analyze the dwelling culture of Cocos Malays before and after the emigration to North Borneo. - Literature Review - In-depth interview - Non Participatory Observation (photography & videography) -Measured Drawing - Interview schedules & questions. - Observation checklists -camera, video camera -LDM, measuring tape To justify the factors that influencing the current dwelling culture of Cocos Malays. -Literature Review -In-depth interview - Non Participatory Observation (photography & videography) - Interview schedules & questions. - Observation checklists - camera, video camera
  • 18. PROCEDURE SECONDARY DATA Library search on literature review and documentation Download from official web of related agencies PRIMARY DATA Development of in-depth interview and structure questions Development of criteria and checklist for evaluation and observation purposes Review and revise interview questions and observation checklist based on the supervisors input Pilot test and amend based on preliminary result Embark on the interview and observation session DATA MANAGEMENT DATA COLLECTION PROCEDUREDATA COLLECTION PROCEDURE
  • 19. GANTT CHART TIMELINE PROJECT ACTIVITIES J F M A M J J O S O N D J F M A M J J O S O N D J F M (February - June) RESEARCH PROPOSAL 1. Literature review 2. Write up 3. Proposal Defense 4. Proposal approved INTRODUCTION 1. Chapter 1 write up 2. Chapter 1 approved LITERATURE REVIEW 1. Chapter 2 write up 2. Chapter 2 approved 3. Chapter 3 write up 4. Chapter 3 approved (June - August) RESEARCH METHODOLODY 1. Literature review/ observation 2. Prepare observation checklist 3. Prepare interview schedules and questions. 4. Prepare list of respondents 5. Approved 2015 2016 2017 SEM 2 SEM 3
  • 20. TIMELINE PROJECT ACTIVITIES J F M A M J J O S O N D J F M A M J J O S O N D J F M (September - January) RESEARCH METHODOLODY 1. Chapter 4 write up 2. Chapter 4 approved COLLECTION OF DATA 1. Feedbacks compiled 2. Literature review DATA ANALYSIS 1. Analysis of data 2. Chapter 5 write up 3. Chapter 5 approved (February - June) DATA ANALYSIS AND CONCLUSION 1. Literature review 2. Chapter 6 write up 3. Chapter 6 approved 4. Chapter 7 write up 5. Chapter 7 approved 6. Edit and formatting 20172015 2016 SEM 1 SEM 2
  • 21. TIMELINE PROJECT ACTIVITIES J F M A M J J O S O N D J F M A M J J O S O N D J F M (June - August) SUBMISSION 1. Final draft proofread 2. Final draft approved 3. Submit to examiner 4. Corrections made 5. Send for binding 6. Submit 20172015 2016 SEM 3
  • 22. SIGNIFICANCE OF RESEARCH Knowledge: -To document the anthropology of The Cocos Malays in Sabah. -The content is useful for the existing and the future development of Cocos Malays dwelling culture in Sabah.
  • 23. EXPECTED FINDINGS At the end of the study, it is expected that: -The findings illustrate the actual scenario of the history and dwelling culture of Cocos Malays. - Dwelling culture that is in existence currently is a result of the cultural affiliation through the process of migration.
  • 24. REFERENCES Bunce, P. (1988). The Cocos (Keeling) Islands. Australian Atolls in the Indian Ocean. Australia: The Jacaranda Press. Creswell, J. W. (2009). Research Design. Qualitative, Quantitative and Mixed Methods Approaches. California: SAGE Publications, Inc. Kalcic, I. Today's Dwelling Culture as Result of Inherited Principles, Customs and Needs. Conference on Vernacular Architecture. Mosha L. H. (2012). Imposition of Architectural and Spatial Planning Concepts into Local Dwelling Culture. Prime Journal. O'Leary, Z. (2010). The Essential Guide to Doing Your Research Project. London: SAGE Publications Ltd. Omar, A. H. (2008). The Malays in Australia. Language, Culture, Religion. Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka.
  • 25. REFERENCES Pauline Bunce, P. H. (1993). Kepulauan Cocos (Keeling). Masyarakat Melayu di Australia. Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka, Kementerian Pendidikan Malaysia. Raymundo Campos-Vazquez. (2012). The Development and Fiscal Effects of Emigration on Mexico. (Mosha, 2012) Shadab Shidfar. (2013). The Different Between Dwelling and Home in Architecture. IJCSI International Journal of Computer Science Issues, Vol. 10, Issue 4, No 2. Visocnik, N. (2015). A house - Space of Identity. Wan Hashim Wan Teh, A. H. (1999). Rumpun Melayu Australia Barat. Bangi: Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia.