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Color coding

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kavya ravali
kavya ravali

This document discusses color and color perception. It explains that color is the visual property corresponding to categories like red, blue, etc., derived from the spectrum of light interacting with the eye. The document then provides the wavelength ranges for colors in the visible light spectrum. It describes how objects reflect or absorb different wavelengths, which determine the color perceived. Cones in the retina detect light wavelengths and send signals to the brain to perceive color. The document notes common uses of color in signs, with red indicating danger and green indicating safety instructions. It emphasizes the importance of adequate color contrast in human factors engineering for visibility, identification, aesthetics, and avoiding stress or fatigue.

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Color coding
Color:- ? It is the visual perceptual property corresponding in humans to the categories called red, blue, yellow, green and others. Color derives from the spectrum of light(distribution of light power versus wavelength) interacting in the eye with the spectral sensitivities of the light receptors. Color categories and physical specifications of color are also associated with objects or materials based on their physical properties such as light absorption, reflection, or emission spectra.
Electromagnetic radiation is characterized by its wavelength (or frequency) and its intensity. When the wavelength is within the visible spectrum (the range of wavelengths humans can perceive, approximately from 390 nm to 700 nm), it is known as "visible light". The colors of the visible light spectrum[1] color wavelength interval frequency interval red ~ 700¨C 635 nm ~ 430¨C 480 THz orange ~ 635¨C 590 nm ~ 480¨C 510 THz yellow ~ 590¨C 560 nm ~ 510¨C 540 THz green ~ 560¨C 490 nm ~ 540¨C 610 THz blue ~ 490¨C 450 nm ~ 610¨C 670 THz violet ~ 450¨C 400 nm ~ 670¨C 750 THz
HOW DO OUR EYES SEE color
When light hits an object ¨C say, a banana ¨C the object absorbs some of the light and reflects the rest of it. Which wavelengths are reflected or absorbed depends on the properties of the object. For a ripe banana, wavelengths of about 570 to 580 nanometers bounce back. These are the wavelengths of yellow light.
TELL ME WHAT YOU SEE the color of object? THE COLOR WHICH THE OBJECT REFLECTS OR ABSORBS ?
?When you look at a banana, the wavelengths of reflected light determine what color you see.
The light waves reflect off the banana's peel and hit the light-sensitive retina at the back of your eye. That's where cones come in.
?Cones are one type of photoreceptor, the tiny cells in the retina that respond to light. Most of us have 6 to 7 million cones, and almost all of them are concentrated on a 0.3 millimeter spot on the retina called the fovea centralis. ?When light from the banana hits the cones, it stimulates them to varying degrees. The resulting signal is zapped along the optic nerve to the visual cortex of the brain, which processes the information and returns with a color: yellow.
COLORS USED AS SIGNS :- ? Danger signs: RED. ? Caution signs: YELLOW. ? Safety instruction signs: GREEN. ? Directional signs: BLACK. ? Informational signs: A variety of colors may be used, except for red, yellow, or magenta (purple).
DANGER SIGNS :- Danger signs should only be used when immediate hazard exists. There will be no variations in the type or design of signs posted to warn of specific danger. All personnel will be instructed that danger signs indicate immediate danger and that special precautions are necessary
CAUTION SIGNS :- Caution signs should be used only to warn against potential hazards or to caution against unsafe practices. All personnel will be instructed that a caution sign indicates a possible hazard against which proper precautions will be taken
DIRECTIONAL SIGNS :- Directional signs should be used in sufficient numbers to indicate the way to stairways, fire escapes, exits, and other locations. Many other safety media are available for use in military maintenance shops.
Safety instruction signs: GREEN.
Contrast:- ? Contrast is the difference in luminance and/or color that makes an object (or its representation in an image or display) distinguishable. In visual perception of the real world, contrast is determined by the difference in the color and brightness of the object and other objects within the same field of view. Because the human visual system is more sensitive to contrast than absolute luminance, we can perceive the world similarly regardless of the huge changes in illumination over the day or from place to place. The maximum contrast of an image is the contrast ratio or dynamic range.
Changes in the amount of contrast in a photo
Images of different contrasts:-
Examples:-
Color coding
Color in Interior Design:- Changing a room¡¯s color can affect the mood
Importance of color contrast in HFE:- ? If its contrast is poor it leads to poor visibility. ? If machines are not numbered with correct colors there will be lagging in time, as it takes lot of time to identify the machine. ? Manufacturers should see that the colors are aesthetically good. ? When the products are coded with colors they should see that the colors are not to bright or too low to see them. ? When a worker who continuously works on a machine ,which is not correctly coded with colors then he would be stressed or feel fatigue or irritated which directly shows affect on production.
Taking color contrast into account is must in Human Factors Engineering.

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Color coding

  • 2. Color:- ? It is the visual perceptual property corresponding in humans to the categories called red, blue, yellow, green and others. Color derives from the spectrum of light(distribution of light power versus wavelength) interacting in the eye with the spectral sensitivities of the light receptors. Color categories and physical specifications of color are also associated with objects or materials based on their physical properties such as light absorption, reflection, or emission spectra.
  • 3. Electromagnetic radiation is characterized by its wavelength (or frequency) and its intensity. When the wavelength is within the visible spectrum (the range of wavelengths humans can perceive, approximately from 390 nm to 700 nm), it is known as "visible light". The colors of the visible light spectrum[1] color wavelength interval frequency interval red ~ 700¨C 635 nm ~ 430¨C 480 THz orange ~ 635¨C 590 nm ~ 480¨C 510 THz yellow ~ 590¨C 560 nm ~ 510¨C 540 THz green ~ 560¨C 490 nm ~ 540¨C 610 THz blue ~ 490¨C 450 nm ~ 610¨C 670 THz violet ~ 450¨C 400 nm ~ 670¨C 750 THz
  • 4. HOW DO OUR EYES SEE color
  • 5. When light hits an object ¨C say, a banana ¨C the object absorbs some of the light and reflects the rest of it. Which wavelengths are reflected or absorbed depends on the properties of the object. For a ripe banana, wavelengths of about 570 to 580 nanometers bounce back. These are the wavelengths of yellow light.
  • 6. TELL ME WHAT YOU SEE the color of object? THE COLOR WHICH THE OBJECT REFLECTS OR ABSORBS ?
  • 7. ?When you look at a banana, the wavelengths of reflected light determine what color you see.
  • 8. The light waves reflect off the banana's peel and hit the light-sensitive retina at the back of your eye. That's where cones come in.
  • 9. ?Cones are one type of photoreceptor, the tiny cells in the retina that respond to light. Most of us have 6 to 7 million cones, and almost all of them are concentrated on a 0.3 millimeter spot on the retina called the fovea centralis. ?When light from the banana hits the cones, it stimulates them to varying degrees. The resulting signal is zapped along the optic nerve to the visual cortex of the brain, which processes the information and returns with a color: yellow.
  • 10. COLORS USED AS SIGNS :- ? Danger signs: RED. ? Caution signs: YELLOW. ? Safety instruction signs: GREEN. ? Directional signs: BLACK. ? Informational signs: A variety of colors may be used, except for red, yellow, or magenta (purple).
  • 11. DANGER SIGNS :- Danger signs should only be used when immediate hazard exists. There will be no variations in the type or design of signs posted to warn of specific danger. All personnel will be instructed that danger signs indicate immediate danger and that special precautions are necessary
  • 12. CAUTION SIGNS :- Caution signs should be used only to warn against potential hazards or to caution against unsafe practices. All personnel will be instructed that a caution sign indicates a possible hazard against which proper precautions will be taken
  • 13. DIRECTIONAL SIGNS :- Directional signs should be used in sufficient numbers to indicate the way to stairways, fire escapes, exits, and other locations. Many other safety media are available for use in military maintenance shops.
  • 15. Contrast:- ? Contrast is the difference in luminance and/or color that makes an object (or its representation in an image or display) distinguishable. In visual perception of the real world, contrast is determined by the difference in the color and brightness of the object and other objects within the same field of view. Because the human visual system is more sensitive to contrast than absolute luminance, we can perceive the world similarly regardless of the huge changes in illumination over the day or from place to place. The maximum contrast of an image is the contrast ratio or dynamic range.
  • 16. Changes in the amount of contrast in a photo
  • 17. Images of different contrasts:-
  • 20. Color in Interior Design:- Changing a room¡¯s color can affect the mood
  • 21. Importance of color contrast in HFE:- ? If its contrast is poor it leads to poor visibility. ? If machines are not numbered with correct colors there will be lagging in time, as it takes lot of time to identify the machine. ? Manufacturers should see that the colors are aesthetically good. ? When the products are coded with colors they should see that the colors are not to bright or too low to see them. ? When a worker who continuously works on a machine ,which is not correctly coded with colors then he would be stressed or feel fatigue or irritated which directly shows affect on production.
  • 22. Taking color contrast into account is must in Human Factors Engineering.