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COMMON COLD

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SIVAKUMARNAIK

The document discusses the common cold, which is a viral infection of the upper respiratory tract that causes symptoms like a runny nose, sore throat, sneezing, and coughing. It affects both children and adults and spreads easily through direct or indirect contact with infected secretions. While the cold is usually mild and self-limiting, complications can sometimes occur like sinusitis, ear infections, or bronchitis. Treatment focuses on relieving symptoms with over-the-counter medications and getting plenty of rest.

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COMMON COLD Presented by D.Siva kumar naik M.S(Pharmacology & Toxicology) 30/10/2014 COMMON COLD 1
CONTENTS RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTIONS INTRODUCTION OF COMMON COLD EPIDEMIOLOGY SOURCE OF COLD PATHOPHYSIOLOGY SIGN AND SYMPTOMS COMPLICATIONS DIAGNOSIS TREATMENT CONCLUSION REFERENCES 30/10/2014 COMMON COLD 2
Respiratory tract infections Based on the parts of infection respiratory tract infections are classified into two types Upper respiratory tract infections Common cold Cough Tonsillitis Pharyngitis Laryngitis Sinusitis Hey fever Lower respiratory tract infections Bronchitis Pneumonia Influenza 30/10/2014 COMMON COLD 3
INTRODUCTION A cold is a common infection of upper respiratory tract. that can be caused by over 200 different viruses The common cold is one of the most common illnesses. cold is a mild viral infection of the nose, throat, sinuses and upper airways. It can cause a blocked nose followed by a runny nose, sneezing, a sore throat and a cough. 30/10/2014 COMMON COLD 4
(Contd) Each year, there are more than a billion cases of the common cold in the United States, according to the National Institutes of Health. The effects of a cold can vary between individuals and the specific type of virus causing the infection 30/10/2014 COMMON COLD 5
EPIDEMIOLOGY There are no major gender or ethnicity differences in incidence. Most infections occur in the winter period. A 2000 US study found that 23.6% of adults had experienced a cold in 4 weeks. Children get 6 to 8 colds per year. Adults get 4 to 6 colds per year. 30/10/2014 COMMON COLD 6
Sourecs of common cold The list of types of Common cold mentioned in various sources includes: Rhinovirus-related colds - 30-35% of colds Coronavirus-related colds Adenovirus-related colds Echovirus-related colds Paramyxovirus-related colds - including several parainfluenza viruses Enterovirus-related colds 30/10/2014 COMMON COLD 7
Howdoes a cold spread? A cold can be spread through: direct contact sneeze or cough, tiny droplets of fluid containing the cold virus are launched into the air and can be breathed in by others. indirect contact sneeze onto a door handle and someone else touches the handle a few minutes later, they may catch the cold virus if they can touch their mouth or nose. 30/10/2014 COMMON COLD 8
Pathophysiology The mechanism of this immune response is virus specific. For example, the rhinovirus is typically acquired by direct contact it binds to human ICAM-1 receptors(Inter-Cellular Adhesion Molecule 2) This receptors present on respiratory epithelial cells. As the virus replicates and spreads, infected cells release distress signals known as chemokines and cytokines(which in turn activate inflammatory mediators). These inflammatory mediators then produce the symptoms. 30/10/2014 COMMON COLD 9
ICAM-1 Function ICAM-1( intercellular adhesion molecule )continuously present in low concentrations in the membranes of leukocytes and endothelial cells. Upon cytokine stimulation, the concentrations greatly increase. ICAM-1 can be induced by interleukin-1 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and is expressed by the vascular endothelium,macrophages,and lymphocytes leukocytes bind to endothelial cells via ICAM-1 and then transmigrate into tissues 30/10/2014 COMMON COLD 10
Signs and symptoms Dry or sore throat. Runny nose . Sneezing. Headache . Earaches, also brought on by the congestion (especially in children). Slight fever and chills . Coughing. Feeling tired. 30/10/2014 COMMON COLD 11
Complications Colds may aggravate the symptoms of other conditions, such as asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Cold can also lead to: acute bacterial bronchitis. strep throat. pneumonia. ear infections. 30/10/2014 COMMON COLD 12
Diagnosis Symptoms and a physical examination are all the doctor needs to diagnose the common cold. Usually, no blood tests or X-ray are necessary. During the physical examination, the doctor will pay careful attention to the head, neck, and chest. Examine the eyes, ears, throat, and chest to help determine if a bacterial source is causing the illness. 30/10/2014 COMMON COLD 13
Treatment Over-the-counter cold and cough medicines may help ease symptoms in adults and older children. Nasal decongestents : -Oxymetazoline -Phenylephrin Analgesics -Acetaminophen -Ibuprofen Take plenty of fluids 30/10/2014 COMMON COLD 14
Conclusion Cough is a immune mediated viral infection,in children have less immunity power to protect from the virus so beware about childrens health,by follow some preventive measure like taking pleanty of water,expose to sunlight it boosting the immune system etc. 30/10/2014 COMMON COLD 15
References 1.Heikkinen T, Jarvinen A. The common cold. Lancet 2003; 361 (9351): 51- 9. 2. Wat D. The common cold: a review of the literature. Eur J Intern Med 2004; 15 (2): 79- 88 3.Morice AH. Epidemiology of cough. Pulm Pharmacol Ther 2002; 15:25359. 30/10/2014 COMMON COLD 16
30/10/2014 COMMON COLD 17

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COMMON COLD

  • 1. COMMON COLD Presented by D.Siva kumar naik M.S(Pharmacology & Toxicology) 30/10/2014 COMMON COLD 1
  • 2. CONTENTS RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTIONS INTRODUCTION OF COMMON COLD EPIDEMIOLOGY SOURCE OF COLD PATHOPHYSIOLOGY SIGN AND SYMPTOMS COMPLICATIONS DIAGNOSIS TREATMENT CONCLUSION REFERENCES 30/10/2014 COMMON COLD 2
  • 3. Respiratory tract infections Based on the parts of infection respiratory tract infections are classified into two types Upper respiratory tract infections Common cold Cough Tonsillitis Pharyngitis Laryngitis Sinusitis Hey fever Lower respiratory tract infections Bronchitis Pneumonia Influenza 30/10/2014 COMMON COLD 3
  • 4. INTRODUCTION A cold is a common infection of upper respiratory tract. that can be caused by over 200 different viruses The common cold is one of the most common illnesses. cold is a mild viral infection of the nose, throat, sinuses and upper airways. It can cause a blocked nose followed by a runny nose, sneezing, a sore throat and a cough. 30/10/2014 COMMON COLD 4
  • 5. (Contd) Each year, there are more than a billion cases of the common cold in the United States, according to the National Institutes of Health. The effects of a cold can vary between individuals and the specific type of virus causing the infection 30/10/2014 COMMON COLD 5
  • 6. EPIDEMIOLOGY There are no major gender or ethnicity differences in incidence. Most infections occur in the winter period. A 2000 US study found that 23.6% of adults had experienced a cold in 4 weeks. Children get 6 to 8 colds per year. Adults get 4 to 6 colds per year. 30/10/2014 COMMON COLD 6
  • 7. Sourecs of common cold The list of types of Common cold mentioned in various sources includes: Rhinovirus-related colds - 30-35% of colds Coronavirus-related colds Adenovirus-related colds Echovirus-related colds Paramyxovirus-related colds - including several parainfluenza viruses Enterovirus-related colds 30/10/2014 COMMON COLD 7
  • 8. Howdoes a cold spread? A cold can be spread through: direct contact sneeze or cough, tiny droplets of fluid containing the cold virus are launched into the air and can be breathed in by others. indirect contact sneeze onto a door handle and someone else touches the handle a few minutes later, they may catch the cold virus if they can touch their mouth or nose. 30/10/2014 COMMON COLD 8
  • 9. Pathophysiology The mechanism of this immune response is virus specific. For example, the rhinovirus is typically acquired by direct contact it binds to human ICAM-1 receptors(Inter-Cellular Adhesion Molecule 2) This receptors present on respiratory epithelial cells. As the virus replicates and spreads, infected cells release distress signals known as chemokines and cytokines(which in turn activate inflammatory mediators). These inflammatory mediators then produce the symptoms. 30/10/2014 COMMON COLD 9
  • 10. ICAM-1 Function ICAM-1( intercellular adhesion molecule )continuously present in low concentrations in the membranes of leukocytes and endothelial cells. Upon cytokine stimulation, the concentrations greatly increase. ICAM-1 can be induced by interleukin-1 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and is expressed by the vascular endothelium,macrophages,and lymphocytes leukocytes bind to endothelial cells via ICAM-1 and then transmigrate into tissues 30/10/2014 COMMON COLD 10
  • 11. Signs and symptoms Dry or sore throat. Runny nose . Sneezing. Headache . Earaches, also brought on by the congestion (especially in children). Slight fever and chills . Coughing. Feeling tired. 30/10/2014 COMMON COLD 11
  • 12. Complications Colds may aggravate the symptoms of other conditions, such as asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Cold can also lead to: acute bacterial bronchitis. strep throat. pneumonia. ear infections. 30/10/2014 COMMON COLD 12
  • 13. Diagnosis Symptoms and a physical examination are all the doctor needs to diagnose the common cold. Usually, no blood tests or X-ray are necessary. During the physical examination, the doctor will pay careful attention to the head, neck, and chest. Examine the eyes, ears, throat, and chest to help determine if a bacterial source is causing the illness. 30/10/2014 COMMON COLD 13
  • 14. Treatment Over-the-counter cold and cough medicines may help ease symptoms in adults and older children. Nasal decongestents : -Oxymetazoline -Phenylephrin Analgesics -Acetaminophen -Ibuprofen Take plenty of fluids 30/10/2014 COMMON COLD 14
  • 15. Conclusion Cough is a immune mediated viral infection,in children have less immunity power to protect from the virus so beware about childrens health,by follow some preventive measure like taking pleanty of water,expose to sunlight it boosting the immune system etc. 30/10/2014 COMMON COLD 15
  • 16. References 1.Heikkinen T, Jarvinen A. The common cold. Lancet 2003; 361 (9351): 51- 9. 2. Wat D. The common cold: a review of the literature. Eur J Intern Med 2004; 15 (2): 79- 88 3.Morice AH. Epidemiology of cough. Pulm Pharmacol Ther 2002; 15:25359. 30/10/2014 COMMON COLD 16