際際滷

際際滷Share a Scribd company logo

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF BULGARIA, GEORGIA AND SPAIN - EXPORTING FRUITS & VEGETABLES

Romeu Cascais
Romeu Cascais

The document provides a comparative analysis of the exporting of fruits and vegetables from Bulgaria, Georgia, and Spain by examining their histories, geographic aspects, political and legal trends, cultural environments, technological trends, environmental issues, and agriculture. Key details are given on each country's history, location, climate, transportation infrastructure, political context, and legal environment surrounding agricultural exports.

1 of 39
COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF BULGARIA, GEORGIA AND SPAIN EXPORTING FRUITS & VEGETABLES HISTORY GEOGRAPHIC ASPECTS POLITICAL AND LEGAL TRENDS CULTURAL AND SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT TECHNOLOGICAL TRENDS ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES AGRICULTURE WORK BY: JOO LADEIRA, JOO LOPES, RICARDO LOPES, RODRIGO PEREIRA E ROMEU CASCAIS
BULGARIA / BLGARIYA HISTORY MOST RECENTE AND RELEVANT DATES 1908 Bulgaria declared independence from Ottoman Empire (Turkey) 1989 Communist ruler Todor Zhivkov was thrown out of office after a 35-year Bulgarian dictatorship 1991 The National Assembly ratified a democratic constitution 1997 Protests and strikes occurred throughout the country. The government fell and new elections resulted in the defeat of the Socialists 2004 Bulgaria joined NATO 2007 Bulgaria joined European Union
GEORGIA / SAK'ART'VELO BULGARIA / BLGARIYA HISTORY MOST RECENTE AND RELEVANT DATES 1936 Georgia became a separate Soviet republic. Under Soviet rule it was transformed from an agrarian country to a largely industrial urban society 1991 Georgia proclaimed its independence from the USSR 2006 The enormously ambitious Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan oil pipeline, which runs from Azerbaijan through Georgia to Turkey is opened 2008 August 7 Georgian soldiers attacked South Ossetia, a breakaway enclave in Georgia that won independence in the early 1990s. Russia helps the Ossetians. 2008 October 8 Russia began its withdrawal of troops from Abkhazia and South Ossetia in accord with the cease-fire timeline brokered by French President Nicolas Sarkozy in early August. It was the first time Russia deals with a former republic.
SPAIN / ESPAA HISTORY MOST RECENTE AND RELEVANT DATES 1936 1939 Spanish Civil War. Bloody conflict ends with General Franco's victory. Dictatorship established. 1978 Democracy was restored in the form of a parliamentry constitutional monarchy. 1982 Spain joins NATO, becoming a member of a mainstream European organization. 1986 Spain joins the European Community. 2004 Islamic terrorists strike the Atocha train station in Madrid with bombs, killing nearly 300 and precipitating a change in government.
LOCATION CLIMATE EASTERN EUROPE TEMPERATE: COLD AND DAMP WINTERS, HOT ON THE EAST COAST AND DRY SUMMERS OF THE BLACK SEA HIDROLOGY RIVERS FORMED BY THE BALKANS DRAIN NORTH TO DANUBE RIVER OR SOUTH TO THE AEGEAN SEA. SMALLER RIVERS IN THE EAST DRAIN TOWARDS THE BLACK SEA TOPOGRAPHY ALTERNATING BANDS OF HIGH AND LOW TERRAIN THAT EXTEND EAST TO WEST ACROSS THE COUNTRY
LOCATION CLIMATE TOPOGRAPHY SOUTH WESTERN WARM AND PLEASANT, GREAT CAUCASUS ASIA BORDERING AFFECTED BY SUBTROPICAL MONTAINS IN THE THE BLACK SEA INFLUENCES FROM THE NORTH LESSER BETWEEN TURKEY WEST AND MEDITERRENEAN CAUCASUS MONTAINS AND RUSSIA INFLUENCES FROM THE EAST IN THE SOUTH LAND THE RIVER LOWLANDS ALONG THE BLACK SEA COAST WERE TURNED IN TO A PRIME SUBTROPICAL AGRICULTURAL LANDS SOILS VERTICAL VARIABILITY WITH ALMOST ALL TYPE OF SOILS INTERACTION ACCESS TO LANDS WAS A STRONG POVERTY-COMPESATING HIDROLOGY FACTOR IN RURAL AREAS OF GEORGIA. ABSOLUT POVERTY IS ABOUT 25000 RIVERS MOST UNLIKELY IN RURAL AREAS WHERE SMALLER COMMUNITIES OF THESE POWER SMALL ARE MORE LIKELY TO PROVIDE A SAFETY NET HYDROELECTRIC STATIONS
LOCATION SOUTH-WESTERN EUROPE (THE IBERIAN PENINSULA), BETWEEN PORTUGAL AND FRANCE HIDROLOGY THE RIVERS IN SPAIN, EVEN THE MAJOR ONES, HAVE A VERY WEAK FLOW, THEY JUST CONDUCT THE RAIN WATER, AND THE RAINS ARE IRREGULAR AND SCARCE. TOPOGRAPHY CENTRAL PLATEAU CALLED MESETA CENTRAL ENCLOSED BY THE MOUNTAINS ON THE NORTH, CLIMATE SOUTH, EAST AND TEMPERATE: HOT SUMMERS AND COLD WINTERS IN PART OF THE INTERIOR; MORE MODERATE ALONG THE COAST WESTERN SIDE
TRANSPORTATION BULGARIA GEORGIA SPAIN THE ROAD NETWORK IS THE BULGARIAN TRANSPORT 70% OF THE MAIN ROADS ARE EXCELLENT; THE MAIN CITIES NETWORK IS FAIRLY IN GOOD CONDITION AND ARE REACHED VIA HIGHWAYS. DEVELOPED, THOUGH THE AUTOVIAS ARE FREE; ROADS AFFECTED BY THE LACK OF 60% OF THE SECONDARY THE AUTOPISTAS HIGHWAYS INVESTMENT MADE IN ITS ROADS NEED HAVE TOLLS. 35% OF THE MAINTENANCE. REHABILITATION. COUNTRIES ROADS ARE HIGHWAYS. IMPORTANT MIEN IN THE LINKED TO ARMENIA AND GOOD, ESPECIALLY THE TRANSPORT OF AZERBAIJAN. FULLY TGV(HIGH SPEED TRAIN): AVE RAILWAYS MERCHANDISE. SLOW, LITTLE ELECTRIFIED RAILWAY (MADRID SEVILLE) AND COMFORTABLE BUT CHEAP. NETWORK COVERS 1,583 EUROMED (BARCELONA KILOMETRES OF TRACK. ALICANTE). LITTLE DEVELOPED GEORGIA HAS ELEVEN CONSIDERING THE SIZE OF AIRPORTS, BUT ONLY FIVE OF GOOD, BUT THE DOMESTIC THE COUNTRY. IN 2005, ONLY TRAFFIC IS VERY JAMMED: AIRPORTS 25,000 TONS OF THEM ARE INTERNATIONAL. DELAYS IN FLIGHTS MARCHANDISE USED AIR THEY ARE TBILISI, KUTAISI, SCHEDULES ARE FREQUENT. TRANSPORT. BATUMI, SENAKI AND POTI. BULGARIA HAS FIVE MAIN THREE PORTS I THE BLACK PORTS: VARNA AND BURGAS SEA, THE MAJOR ARE BATUMI PORTS IN THE BLACK SEA; RUSE, AND POTI AND THE LESS 28 SEA PORTS. LOM AND VIDIN ON THE IMPORTANT SUKHUMI. DANUBE.
BULGARIA / BLGARIYA POLITICAL CONTEXT PARLIAMENTARY DEMOCRACY POLITICAL STABILITY WITH LOW POLITICAL RISK NEXT ELECTIONS FOR THE NATIONAL ASSEMBLY: JULY 2009 GRANTED OPENNESS TO MEMBERS OF THE E.U. HIGH INCENTIVES TO FOREIGN INVESTMENT (SUPPORTED BY B.I.F.A.) CORRUPTION LEVEL OF 7,4 (IN A SCALE OF 1 TO 10) MEDIUM COMERCIAL RISK
GEORGIA / SAK'ART'VELO BULGARIA / BLGARIYA POLITICAL CONTEXT PARLIAMENTARY DEMOCRACY POLITICAL INSTABILITY WITH MEDIUM-HIGH POLITICAL RISK NEXT ELECTIONS FOR THE PARLIAMENT: SPRING 2012 OPEN TO INTERNATIONAL TRADE BUSINESS-FRIENDLY ENVIRONMENT CREATED BY G.N.I.A FOR FOREIGN INVESTEMENT CORRUPTION LEVEL OF 7,1 (IN A SCALE OF 1 TO 10) HIGH COMERCIAL RISK
SPAIN / ESPAA POLITICAL CONTEXT CONSTITUTIONAL MONARCHY BASED ON A PARLIAMENTARY DEMOCRACY POLITICAL STABILITY WITH VERY LOW POLITICAL RISK NEXT ELECTIONS FOR THE PARLIAMENT: MARCH 2012 GRANTED OPENNESS TO MEMBERS OF THE E.U. INCENTIVES TO FOREIGN INVESTMENT (SUPPORTED BY INVEST IN SPAIN) CORRUPTION LEVEL OF 3,5 (IN A SCALE OF 1 TO 10) HIGH COMERCIAL RISK
LEGAL ENVIRONMENT BULGARIA GEORGIA SPAIN RECENTLY LIBERALISED A NEW "CUSTOMS SPAIN APPLIES THE E.U. IMPORT SYSTEM TARIFF LAW CAME INTO RULES There is almost no import FORCE IN 2006, restriction, except when it PROVIDING AN EASIER WHILE THE E.U. HAS A concerns health or safety ENVIRONEMT TO RATHER LIBERAL FOREIGN FOREIGN COMPANIES TRADE POLICY,THERE IS A AS MEMBER OF THE E.U. CERTAIN NUMBER OF IS RULED BY THE E.U. RESTRICTIONS SPECIALLY LAWS AND REGULATIONS FUTURE ADOPTATION ON FARM PRODUCTS SUCH AS THE COUNCIL OF THE HARMONIZED FOLLOWING THE 2000/13/EC DIRECTIVE COMMODITY DESCRIPTION IMPLEMENTATION AND CODING SYSTEM OF THE C.AP. MARKETING STANDARDS HS 2002 Common Agricultural Policy FOR QUALITY OF FRUIT AND VEGETABLES ARE FOREIGN INVESTMENT RECEIVES EQUAL MARKETING STANDARDS LAID DOWN IN FOR QUALITY OF FRUIT 2200/96/EC REGULATION TREATMENT AND VEGETABLES ARE LAID DOWN IN FOREIGN FIRMS ARE 2200/96/EC REGULATION ALLOWED TO PARTICIPATE FREELY IN PRIVATIZATIONS
LEGAL ENVIRONMENT BULGARIA GEORGIA SPAIN NO IMPORT TAXES IMPORT TAXES ARE NO IMPORT TAXES However, all imports are APPLIED SINCE IT卒S A MEMBER subject to a 20% Value OF THE E.U. Added Tax (VAT) levied FROM JANUARY 2005, at the time of import GEORGIA HAS 16 IMPORT TAX RATES INSTEAD OF ASSOCIATED TO THE THE PREVIUOUS 22. WORLD BANK; IMF AND ASSOCIATED TO THE WTO (SINCE 1995) WORLD BANK; IMF AND IMPORT TAX RATES FALL WTO (SINCE 1996) IN THE RANGE OF 0-30%. THERE ARE NO QUANTITATIVE RESTRICTIONS ON IMPORTS ASSOCIATED TO THE WORLD BANK; IMF AND WTO (SINCE 2000)
BULGARIA / BLGARIYA CULTURAL AND SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT BULGARIAN IS THE MAIN LANGUAGE WITH 84,5% ORTHODOX CURCH HAS 82,6% OF THE TOTAL POPULATION HOWEVER THERE ARE 12,2% OF MUSLIMS AS A COLLECTIVIST SOCIETY PLACES THE GROUP IN FRONT OF INDIVUALS THE BULGARIAN PEOPLE WANT TO IMPROVE THEIR STANDARDS OF LIVING AND SEES THE MODERN SOCIETY OF CONSUME AS VERY TEMPTING IN 2006 THE CONSUME PER CAPITA WAS 54KG OF FRUITS AND 92KG OF VEGETABLES PONTUALITY IS VALUED FAMILY IS THE FUNDAMENTAL SOCIAL UNIT AND MUCH OF SOSICETY IS BASED AROUND IT
GEORGIA / SAK'ART'VELO BULGARIA / BLGARIYA CULTURAL AND SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT THE OFFICIAL LANGUAGE IS GEORGIAN WITH 71% OF POPULATION ORTHODOX CHURCH IS THE MAIN RELIGION WITH 83,9%, HOWEVER THERE ARE 9.9% OF MUSLIMS GEORGIAN BUSINESS CULTURE IS NOTICEABLY LESS FORMAL THAN IN OTHER COUTRIES PEOPLE WITH HIGHER STATUS SHOULD INITIATE THE HANDSHAKE ACADEMIC AND PROFESSIONAL TITLES ARE COMMONLY USED WITH THE SURNAME IN 2007 THE CONSUME OF VEGETABLES ARE EVALUETED IN 400 TONES
SPAIN / ESPAA CULTURAL AND SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT SPAIN HAVE FOUR LANGUAGES: CASTILLIAN (74%), CATALAN (17%), GALICIAN(7%), BASQUE(2%) THE MAIN RELIGION IS ROMAN CATHOLIC WITH 94% OF POPULATION USUALY ARE VERY INFORMAL, HOWEVER THE INITIAL INTRODUCTION IS FORMAL IN GENERAL THE SPANISH DON卒T SPEAK FOREIGN LANGUAGES, IT卒S A VERY NATIONALIST PEOPLE THE SPANISH MARKET HAS DIFFERENT REGIONS WITH SLIGHTLY DIFFERENT CONSUME CHARACTERISTICS AND HABITS THE PRICE IT'S VERY IMPORTANT, THE MIDDLE AND UPPER CLASSES USUALY DON卒T PAY MORE FOR QUALITY
TECHNOLOGICAL CONTEXT BULGARIA GEORGIA SPAIN TECNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT RANK 68 RANK 91 RANK 31 LEVEL SOURCE: WORLD ECONOMIC FORUM, 2007 CELLULAR SUBSCRIBERS 10%* 33,3%* 82,4%* SOURCE: GLOBAL VIRTUAL UNIVERSITY INTERNET USERS 1,5%* 8,1%* 15,6%* SOURCE: GLOBAL VIRTUAL UNIVERSITY PERSONAL COMPUTERS IN USE 3,2%* 5,2%* 19,6%* SOURCE: GLOBAL VIRTUAL UNIVERSITY TELEPHONE MAINLINES 13,1%* 36,8%* 50,6%* SOURCE: GLOBAL VIRTUAL UNIVERSITY PERMEABILITY TO INNOVATION MEDIUM LOW LOW * - REGARDING THE ALL POPULATION OF THE COUNTRIE
ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES BULGARIA / BLGARIYA MASSIVE INDUSTRIALISATION BROUGHT POLLUTION AND OTHER ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS IN 1990 AN ESTIMATED 35% OF THE POPULATION RISKED SERIOUS HEALTH PROBLEMS BECAUSE OF ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION AIRBORNE POLLUTANTS HAVE DAMAGED 25% OF THE FOREST CHEMICAL POLLUTION OF THE DANUBE RIVER ON THE PORT CITY OF RUSE GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS SUBSTANTIALLY DECREASED IN THE PERIOD 1988-2002 INCREASE IN ROAD TRANSPORT, SHOWING A SERIOUS INCREASE IN THE AMOUNT OF TRANSPORTED GOODS AND WORK DONE (IN TONNE KM) FAVOURABLE SOIL AND CLIMATE CONDITIONS FOR ORGANIC FARMING, WITH GOOD EXPORT POTENTIAL OPPORTUNITIES OF A DOMESTIC MARKET FOR ORGANIC PRODUCTS, INCLUDING FRESH AND PROCESSED FRUITS AND VEGETABLES
ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES GEORGIA / SAK'ART'VELO CONTAMINATION OF SURFACE WATER IS A HEALTH RISK IN THE 80STHETOURISMINDUSTRYWASGREATLYHARMEDBYTHEBLACK SEA POLLUTION ABHKAZIASUNIQUEECOLOGICALHABITATSWERESUBSTANTIALYHARMED BY THE WAR IN THAT REGION SPAIN / ESPAA CO2 EMISSIONS ARE 38% OVER THE MAXIMUM LIMIT ALLOWED BY THE KYOTO PROTOCOL BAD URBAN PLANNING POLICY BOOSTED CONSTRUCTION. SPAIN IS THE SECOND BIGGEST MARKET FOR CEMENT, SURPASSED ONLY BY CHINA THE GOVERNMENT IS DESIGNING STRATEGIES FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT AND AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE.
AGRICULTURE BULGARIA / BLGARIYA In ,6991the vineyard got divided into hundreds of clumps, and it covered about 114,400 ha among which 14,500 ha were dedicated to dessert grapes. Since 1968, the vineyard has been reduced by a 34%, firstly because of the lack of maintenance followed by the disuse of new owners who have destroyed it to avoid any fiscal perception. In spite of this, agriculture remains an important sector of the national economy. Over the last 7 years of reforms and transition of the Bulgarian economy, the part of the agriculture and of the forest production varied between 10 and 12% ofthegrossdomesticproduct.
AGRICULTURE GEORGIA / SAK'ART'VELO BULGARIA / BLGARIYA Georgiahasbeenforalongtimenicknamed"thegardenoftheCaucasus".Because of the favourable climate and geographical position, agriculture has always been an important economic activity in the Caucasus area. Thanks to the legal reforms in the land ownership, the agriculture sector now contributes nearly 16% to the GDP but the yield is still low. The main agricultural produce is tea, citrus fruits, tobacco, wine grapes, and rice. There is lack of domestic investments in this sector but is supported by foreign investments, especially from the EU. But high export potential toCIScountries,JapanandEuropeexistsinGeorgia.
AGRICULTURE SPAIN / ESPAA Spainisoneofthemostimportantagriculturalproducersinthemediteraneanzone, in spite of important physical and sociocultural constraints. Regions where agriculture remains very important are mainly Andalusia, Murcia, Estremadoura, the two Castillas, Rioja, Galicia and Navarra. With Denmark, Spain has the biggest fishing fleet of the European Union. The fishing industry has been going through a sharp growth for ten years with opportunities in ready-made meals and smoked fishes. Fishing products represent the first position of the farm-producepurchasesinSpain.
COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF BULGARIA, GEORGIA AND SPAIN EXPORTING FRUITS & VEGETABLES ECONOMIC TRENDS MARKET TRENDS DEMOGRAPHIC ENVIRONMENT
ECONOMIC TRENDS GDP (2008) BULGARIA GEORGIA SPAIN 51 093 billion dollars 13 028 billion dollars 1 683 trillion dollars G - e g w rt ( ) D ra r t a % P l oh e 1 4 1 2 1 0 Bg i A .4 % uaa v . l r e 8 8 Gr i A .6 % eg v . o a e 4 6 4 Sa pn A .2 % i v . e 7 2 0 2 02 12 22 32 4 0 0 2 72 8 0 0 0 0 0 2 52 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
ECONOMIC TRENDS BULGARIA GEORGIA SPAIN EXTERNAL TRADE BALANCE - 6,81 - 2,02 -100,73 2006 USD BILLIONS SHARE OF IMPORTS IN GDP 75,8 53,4 30,6 2005 SHARE OF EXPORTS IN GDP 59,6 40,9 25,4 2005 INFLATION RATE 5 8,3 9,2 2005 EXPECTED INFLATION RATE 7,9 8,1 2,8 2008 EXCHANGE RATE PER USD 1,559267 1,780433 0,7971408 ANUAL AVERAGE 2006
ECONOMIC TRENDS PURCHASING POWER YEAR BULGARIA GEORGIA SPAIN 2008 Up to 5,000 Up to 180 Up to 15,000 MANPOWER COST YEAR BULGARIA GEORGIA SPAIN Europe 2000 1,35 - 14,22 22,7
ECONOMIC TRENDS EXCHANGE RATES BULGARIA GEORGIA 1USD = 1.5050GEL / 1EUR = 2.3747 (IN JANUARY 2009)
DEMOGRAPHIC ENVIRONMENT POPULATION STATUS BULGARIA GEORGIA SPAIN POPULATION 7,262,675 Millions 4,630,841 Millions 40,491,052 Millions POPULATION -0.813% -0.325% 0.096% GROWTH RATE MORTALITY RATE 14.6 deaths/1,000 9.51 deaths/1,000 9.9 deaths/1,000 NATALITY RATE 9.58 births/1,000 10.62 births/1,000 9.87 births/1,000 LIFE M: 69.22 years M: 73.21 years M: 76.6 years EXPECTANCY F: 76.66 years F: 80.26 years F: 83.45 years EMPLOYED IN 8,9% 54,3% 5,3% AGRICULTURE DENSITY 71,24 PEOPLE/M2 64,39 PEOPLE/M2 86,94 PEOPLE/M2
DEMOGRAPHIC ENVIRONMENT AGE PYRAMIDS BULGARIA
DEMOGRAPHIC ENVIRONMENT AGE PYRAMIDS GEORGIA
DEMOGRAPHIC ENVIRONMENT AGE PYRAMIDS SPAIN
DEMOGRAPHIC ENVIRONMENT URBANIZATION BULGARIA
DEMOGRAPHIC ENVIRONMENT URBANIZATION GEORGIA
DEMOGRAPHIC ENVIRONMENT URBANIZATION SPAIN
MARKET TRENDS BULGARIA GEORGIA SPAIN BULGARIA IS A GEORGIA IS APARENTLY A SPAIN IS HIGHLY POTENTTIALLY BIG MARKET SMALL MARKET DUE TO INTERESTING MARKET, DUE TO THE SIZE OF THE THE SIZE OF THE HOWEVER THE REGIONAL POPULATION POPULATION STATUS IN THE COUNTRY CAN BE A PROBLEM INCOMES HAVE BEEN RISING UNLESS NEGOTIAITONS INCOMES ARE EXPECTED IN THE PAST YEARS AND ARE MADE TO REGIONAL TO RISE IN A NEAR FUTURE ARE EXPECTED TO KEEP ON COMPANIES RISING IN THE FUTURE, BULGARIANS WILL HOWEVER SEEM TO BE NOT PROBABLY SPEND MORE ON CUNSUMPTION OF FRESH ENOUGH FOR MANY IMPORT IMPORTED FOOD, HIGHER FRUITS AND VEGETABLES WESTERN PRODUCTS QUALITY AND SPECIALITY IS GOWING FOOD SINCE 2003 TO THE PRESENT FRESH FRUITS AND TIME RESTAURANTS TORN- VEGETABLES ARE AN THE OFFER OF EXOTIC OVER AS INCREASED IN IMPORTANT PART OF THEIR FOOD IS LIMITED BUT WILL ALMOST 300% DIET INCREASE AS BULGARIANS WILL HAVE MORE TO SPEND
MARKET TRENDS BULGARIA GEORGIA SPAIN BULGARIANS SHARE THE GRAPE HARVEST WAS SPAIN IS PRODUCING SAME ATTITUDE TOWARDS DOWN IN ALMOST 50% IN FEWER PEARS AND TABLE FOOD AS THE WESTERN 2008 DUE TO THE GRAPES EUROPEAN COUNTRIES CONFRONTATIONS WITH THE RUSSIANS A LARGE PART OF SPAINS ALTHOUGH THE MARKET IS PRODUCTION OF FRESH SLOWING, THERE ARE HUGE GEORGIAN CONSUMPTION FRUITA AND VEGETABLES IS OPPORTUNITIES TO GROW CONSISTS MAINLY OF PROCESSED BY THE FOOD IN THE NEXT YEARS DOMESTICALLY PRODUCED INDUSTRY FOR JUICES, FRUITS AND VEGETABLES DAIRY AND PULP CONVIENIENCE PRODUCTS ARE ONE OF THE BEST THERE IS A GROWING PERFORMING PRODUCTS MARKET FOR OFF-SEASON IN RETAIL SALES PRODUCTS (E.G.: CITRUS AND APPLES) INCREASED FOREIGN TOURISM IS INCREASING THE DEMAND FOR WESTERN PRODUCED HIGH QUALITY GOODS
POLITICAL AND COMERCIAL RISK
TAXONOMIC MATRIX A HIGH T T HIGH MEDIUM R R LOW A C I T S HIGH I V K LOW MEDIUM I T LOW Y
COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF BULGARIA, GEORGIA AND SPAIN SOURCES F.A.O. F.I.T.A. WORLD BANK I.M.F. BULGARIAN GOVERNMENT GEORGIAN GOVERNMENT SPANISH GOVERNMENT WORLD ECONOMIC FORUM GLOBAL VIRTUAL UNIVERSITY A.I.C.E.P. CBI.EU

More Related Content

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF BULGARIA, GEORGIA AND SPAIN - EXPORTING FRUITS & VEGETABLES

  • 1. COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF BULGARIA, GEORGIA AND SPAIN EXPORTING FRUITS & VEGETABLES HISTORY GEOGRAPHIC ASPECTS POLITICAL AND LEGAL TRENDS CULTURAL AND SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT TECHNOLOGICAL TRENDS ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES AGRICULTURE WORK BY: JOO LADEIRA, JOO LOPES, RICARDO LOPES, RODRIGO PEREIRA E ROMEU CASCAIS
  • 2. BULGARIA / BLGARIYA HISTORY MOST RECENTE AND RELEVANT DATES 1908 Bulgaria declared independence from Ottoman Empire (Turkey) 1989 Communist ruler Todor Zhivkov was thrown out of office after a 35-year Bulgarian dictatorship 1991 The National Assembly ratified a democratic constitution 1997 Protests and strikes occurred throughout the country. The government fell and new elections resulted in the defeat of the Socialists 2004 Bulgaria joined NATO 2007 Bulgaria joined European Union
  • 3. GEORGIA / SAK'ART'VELO BULGARIA / BLGARIYA HISTORY MOST RECENTE AND RELEVANT DATES 1936 Georgia became a separate Soviet republic. Under Soviet rule it was transformed from an agrarian country to a largely industrial urban society 1991 Georgia proclaimed its independence from the USSR 2006 The enormously ambitious Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan oil pipeline, which runs from Azerbaijan through Georgia to Turkey is opened 2008 August 7 Georgian soldiers attacked South Ossetia, a breakaway enclave in Georgia that won independence in the early 1990s. Russia helps the Ossetians. 2008 October 8 Russia began its withdrawal of troops from Abkhazia and South Ossetia in accord with the cease-fire timeline brokered by French President Nicolas Sarkozy in early August. It was the first time Russia deals with a former republic.
  • 4. SPAIN / ESPAA HISTORY MOST RECENTE AND RELEVANT DATES 1936 1939 Spanish Civil War. Bloody conflict ends with General Franco's victory. Dictatorship established. 1978 Democracy was restored in the form of a parliamentry constitutional monarchy. 1982 Spain joins NATO, becoming a member of a mainstream European organization. 1986 Spain joins the European Community. 2004 Islamic terrorists strike the Atocha train station in Madrid with bombs, killing nearly 300 and precipitating a change in government.
  • 5. LOCATION CLIMATE EASTERN EUROPE TEMPERATE: COLD AND DAMP WINTERS, HOT ON THE EAST COAST AND DRY SUMMERS OF THE BLACK SEA HIDROLOGY RIVERS FORMED BY THE BALKANS DRAIN NORTH TO DANUBE RIVER OR SOUTH TO THE AEGEAN SEA. SMALLER RIVERS IN THE EAST DRAIN TOWARDS THE BLACK SEA TOPOGRAPHY ALTERNATING BANDS OF HIGH AND LOW TERRAIN THAT EXTEND EAST TO WEST ACROSS THE COUNTRY
  • 6. LOCATION CLIMATE TOPOGRAPHY SOUTH WESTERN WARM AND PLEASANT, GREAT CAUCASUS ASIA BORDERING AFFECTED BY SUBTROPICAL MONTAINS IN THE THE BLACK SEA INFLUENCES FROM THE NORTH LESSER BETWEEN TURKEY WEST AND MEDITERRENEAN CAUCASUS MONTAINS AND RUSSIA INFLUENCES FROM THE EAST IN THE SOUTH LAND THE RIVER LOWLANDS ALONG THE BLACK SEA COAST WERE TURNED IN TO A PRIME SUBTROPICAL AGRICULTURAL LANDS SOILS VERTICAL VARIABILITY WITH ALMOST ALL TYPE OF SOILS INTERACTION ACCESS TO LANDS WAS A STRONG POVERTY-COMPESATING HIDROLOGY FACTOR IN RURAL AREAS OF GEORGIA. ABSOLUT POVERTY IS ABOUT 25000 RIVERS MOST UNLIKELY IN RURAL AREAS WHERE SMALLER COMMUNITIES OF THESE POWER SMALL ARE MORE LIKELY TO PROVIDE A SAFETY NET HYDROELECTRIC STATIONS
  • 7. LOCATION SOUTH-WESTERN EUROPE (THE IBERIAN PENINSULA), BETWEEN PORTUGAL AND FRANCE HIDROLOGY THE RIVERS IN SPAIN, EVEN THE MAJOR ONES, HAVE A VERY WEAK FLOW, THEY JUST CONDUCT THE RAIN WATER, AND THE RAINS ARE IRREGULAR AND SCARCE. TOPOGRAPHY CENTRAL PLATEAU CALLED MESETA CENTRAL ENCLOSED BY THE MOUNTAINS ON THE NORTH, CLIMATE SOUTH, EAST AND TEMPERATE: HOT SUMMERS AND COLD WINTERS IN PART OF THE INTERIOR; MORE MODERATE ALONG THE COAST WESTERN SIDE
  • 8. TRANSPORTATION BULGARIA GEORGIA SPAIN THE ROAD NETWORK IS THE BULGARIAN TRANSPORT 70% OF THE MAIN ROADS ARE EXCELLENT; THE MAIN CITIES NETWORK IS FAIRLY IN GOOD CONDITION AND ARE REACHED VIA HIGHWAYS. DEVELOPED, THOUGH THE AUTOVIAS ARE FREE; ROADS AFFECTED BY THE LACK OF 60% OF THE SECONDARY THE AUTOPISTAS HIGHWAYS INVESTMENT MADE IN ITS ROADS NEED HAVE TOLLS. 35% OF THE MAINTENANCE. REHABILITATION. COUNTRIES ROADS ARE HIGHWAYS. IMPORTANT MIEN IN THE LINKED TO ARMENIA AND GOOD, ESPECIALLY THE TRANSPORT OF AZERBAIJAN. FULLY TGV(HIGH SPEED TRAIN): AVE RAILWAYS MERCHANDISE. SLOW, LITTLE ELECTRIFIED RAILWAY (MADRID SEVILLE) AND COMFORTABLE BUT CHEAP. NETWORK COVERS 1,583 EUROMED (BARCELONA KILOMETRES OF TRACK. ALICANTE). LITTLE DEVELOPED GEORGIA HAS ELEVEN CONSIDERING THE SIZE OF AIRPORTS, BUT ONLY FIVE OF GOOD, BUT THE DOMESTIC THE COUNTRY. IN 2005, ONLY TRAFFIC IS VERY JAMMED: AIRPORTS 25,000 TONS OF THEM ARE INTERNATIONAL. DELAYS IN FLIGHTS MARCHANDISE USED AIR THEY ARE TBILISI, KUTAISI, SCHEDULES ARE FREQUENT. TRANSPORT. BATUMI, SENAKI AND POTI. BULGARIA HAS FIVE MAIN THREE PORTS I THE BLACK PORTS: VARNA AND BURGAS SEA, THE MAJOR ARE BATUMI PORTS IN THE BLACK SEA; RUSE, AND POTI AND THE LESS 28 SEA PORTS. LOM AND VIDIN ON THE IMPORTANT SUKHUMI. DANUBE.
  • 9. BULGARIA / BLGARIYA POLITICAL CONTEXT PARLIAMENTARY DEMOCRACY POLITICAL STABILITY WITH LOW POLITICAL RISK NEXT ELECTIONS FOR THE NATIONAL ASSEMBLY: JULY 2009 GRANTED OPENNESS TO MEMBERS OF THE E.U. HIGH INCENTIVES TO FOREIGN INVESTMENT (SUPPORTED BY B.I.F.A.) CORRUPTION LEVEL OF 7,4 (IN A SCALE OF 1 TO 10) MEDIUM COMERCIAL RISK
  • 10. GEORGIA / SAK'ART'VELO BULGARIA / BLGARIYA POLITICAL CONTEXT PARLIAMENTARY DEMOCRACY POLITICAL INSTABILITY WITH MEDIUM-HIGH POLITICAL RISK NEXT ELECTIONS FOR THE PARLIAMENT: SPRING 2012 OPEN TO INTERNATIONAL TRADE BUSINESS-FRIENDLY ENVIRONMENT CREATED BY G.N.I.A FOR FOREIGN INVESTEMENT CORRUPTION LEVEL OF 7,1 (IN A SCALE OF 1 TO 10) HIGH COMERCIAL RISK
  • 11. SPAIN / ESPAA POLITICAL CONTEXT CONSTITUTIONAL MONARCHY BASED ON A PARLIAMENTARY DEMOCRACY POLITICAL STABILITY WITH VERY LOW POLITICAL RISK NEXT ELECTIONS FOR THE PARLIAMENT: MARCH 2012 GRANTED OPENNESS TO MEMBERS OF THE E.U. INCENTIVES TO FOREIGN INVESTMENT (SUPPORTED BY INVEST IN SPAIN) CORRUPTION LEVEL OF 3,5 (IN A SCALE OF 1 TO 10) HIGH COMERCIAL RISK
  • 12. LEGAL ENVIRONMENT BULGARIA GEORGIA SPAIN RECENTLY LIBERALISED A NEW "CUSTOMS SPAIN APPLIES THE E.U. IMPORT SYSTEM TARIFF LAW CAME INTO RULES There is almost no import FORCE IN 2006, restriction, except when it PROVIDING AN EASIER WHILE THE E.U. HAS A concerns health or safety ENVIRONEMT TO RATHER LIBERAL FOREIGN FOREIGN COMPANIES TRADE POLICY,THERE IS A AS MEMBER OF THE E.U. CERTAIN NUMBER OF IS RULED BY THE E.U. RESTRICTIONS SPECIALLY LAWS AND REGULATIONS FUTURE ADOPTATION ON FARM PRODUCTS SUCH AS THE COUNCIL OF THE HARMONIZED FOLLOWING THE 2000/13/EC DIRECTIVE COMMODITY DESCRIPTION IMPLEMENTATION AND CODING SYSTEM OF THE C.AP. MARKETING STANDARDS HS 2002 Common Agricultural Policy FOR QUALITY OF FRUIT AND VEGETABLES ARE FOREIGN INVESTMENT RECEIVES EQUAL MARKETING STANDARDS LAID DOWN IN FOR QUALITY OF FRUIT 2200/96/EC REGULATION TREATMENT AND VEGETABLES ARE LAID DOWN IN FOREIGN FIRMS ARE 2200/96/EC REGULATION ALLOWED TO PARTICIPATE FREELY IN PRIVATIZATIONS
  • 13. LEGAL ENVIRONMENT BULGARIA GEORGIA SPAIN NO IMPORT TAXES IMPORT TAXES ARE NO IMPORT TAXES However, all imports are APPLIED SINCE IT卒S A MEMBER subject to a 20% Value OF THE E.U. Added Tax (VAT) levied FROM JANUARY 2005, at the time of import GEORGIA HAS 16 IMPORT TAX RATES INSTEAD OF ASSOCIATED TO THE THE PREVIUOUS 22. WORLD BANK; IMF AND ASSOCIATED TO THE WTO (SINCE 1995) WORLD BANK; IMF AND IMPORT TAX RATES FALL WTO (SINCE 1996) IN THE RANGE OF 0-30%. THERE ARE NO QUANTITATIVE RESTRICTIONS ON IMPORTS ASSOCIATED TO THE WORLD BANK; IMF AND WTO (SINCE 2000)
  • 14. BULGARIA / BLGARIYA CULTURAL AND SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT BULGARIAN IS THE MAIN LANGUAGE WITH 84,5% ORTHODOX CURCH HAS 82,6% OF THE TOTAL POPULATION HOWEVER THERE ARE 12,2% OF MUSLIMS AS A COLLECTIVIST SOCIETY PLACES THE GROUP IN FRONT OF INDIVUALS THE BULGARIAN PEOPLE WANT TO IMPROVE THEIR STANDARDS OF LIVING AND SEES THE MODERN SOCIETY OF CONSUME AS VERY TEMPTING IN 2006 THE CONSUME PER CAPITA WAS 54KG OF FRUITS AND 92KG OF VEGETABLES PONTUALITY IS VALUED FAMILY IS THE FUNDAMENTAL SOCIAL UNIT AND MUCH OF SOSICETY IS BASED AROUND IT
  • 15. GEORGIA / SAK'ART'VELO BULGARIA / BLGARIYA CULTURAL AND SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT THE OFFICIAL LANGUAGE IS GEORGIAN WITH 71% OF POPULATION ORTHODOX CHURCH IS THE MAIN RELIGION WITH 83,9%, HOWEVER THERE ARE 9.9% OF MUSLIMS GEORGIAN BUSINESS CULTURE IS NOTICEABLY LESS FORMAL THAN IN OTHER COUTRIES PEOPLE WITH HIGHER STATUS SHOULD INITIATE THE HANDSHAKE ACADEMIC AND PROFESSIONAL TITLES ARE COMMONLY USED WITH THE SURNAME IN 2007 THE CONSUME OF VEGETABLES ARE EVALUETED IN 400 TONES
  • 16. SPAIN / ESPAA CULTURAL AND SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT SPAIN HAVE FOUR LANGUAGES: CASTILLIAN (74%), CATALAN (17%), GALICIAN(7%), BASQUE(2%) THE MAIN RELIGION IS ROMAN CATHOLIC WITH 94% OF POPULATION USUALY ARE VERY INFORMAL, HOWEVER THE INITIAL INTRODUCTION IS FORMAL IN GENERAL THE SPANISH DON卒T SPEAK FOREIGN LANGUAGES, IT卒S A VERY NATIONALIST PEOPLE THE SPANISH MARKET HAS DIFFERENT REGIONS WITH SLIGHTLY DIFFERENT CONSUME CHARACTERISTICS AND HABITS THE PRICE IT'S VERY IMPORTANT, THE MIDDLE AND UPPER CLASSES USUALY DON卒T PAY MORE FOR QUALITY
  • 17. TECHNOLOGICAL CONTEXT BULGARIA GEORGIA SPAIN TECNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT RANK 68 RANK 91 RANK 31 LEVEL SOURCE: WORLD ECONOMIC FORUM, 2007 CELLULAR SUBSCRIBERS 10%* 33,3%* 82,4%* SOURCE: GLOBAL VIRTUAL UNIVERSITY INTERNET USERS 1,5%* 8,1%* 15,6%* SOURCE: GLOBAL VIRTUAL UNIVERSITY PERSONAL COMPUTERS IN USE 3,2%* 5,2%* 19,6%* SOURCE: GLOBAL VIRTUAL UNIVERSITY TELEPHONE MAINLINES 13,1%* 36,8%* 50,6%* SOURCE: GLOBAL VIRTUAL UNIVERSITY PERMEABILITY TO INNOVATION MEDIUM LOW LOW * - REGARDING THE ALL POPULATION OF THE COUNTRIE
  • 18. ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES BULGARIA / BLGARIYA MASSIVE INDUSTRIALISATION BROUGHT POLLUTION AND OTHER ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS IN 1990 AN ESTIMATED 35% OF THE POPULATION RISKED SERIOUS HEALTH PROBLEMS BECAUSE OF ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION AIRBORNE POLLUTANTS HAVE DAMAGED 25% OF THE FOREST CHEMICAL POLLUTION OF THE DANUBE RIVER ON THE PORT CITY OF RUSE GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS SUBSTANTIALLY DECREASED IN THE PERIOD 1988-2002 INCREASE IN ROAD TRANSPORT, SHOWING A SERIOUS INCREASE IN THE AMOUNT OF TRANSPORTED GOODS AND WORK DONE (IN TONNE KM) FAVOURABLE SOIL AND CLIMATE CONDITIONS FOR ORGANIC FARMING, WITH GOOD EXPORT POTENTIAL OPPORTUNITIES OF A DOMESTIC MARKET FOR ORGANIC PRODUCTS, INCLUDING FRESH AND PROCESSED FRUITS AND VEGETABLES
  • 19. ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES GEORGIA / SAK'ART'VELO CONTAMINATION OF SURFACE WATER IS A HEALTH RISK IN THE 80STHETOURISMINDUSTRYWASGREATLYHARMEDBYTHEBLACK SEA POLLUTION ABHKAZIASUNIQUEECOLOGICALHABITATSWERESUBSTANTIALYHARMED BY THE WAR IN THAT REGION SPAIN / ESPAA CO2 EMISSIONS ARE 38% OVER THE MAXIMUM LIMIT ALLOWED BY THE KYOTO PROTOCOL BAD URBAN PLANNING POLICY BOOSTED CONSTRUCTION. SPAIN IS THE SECOND BIGGEST MARKET FOR CEMENT, SURPASSED ONLY BY CHINA THE GOVERNMENT IS DESIGNING STRATEGIES FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT AND AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE.
  • 20. AGRICULTURE BULGARIA / BLGARIYA In ,6991the vineyard got divided into hundreds of clumps, and it covered about 114,400 ha among which 14,500 ha were dedicated to dessert grapes. Since 1968, the vineyard has been reduced by a 34%, firstly because of the lack of maintenance followed by the disuse of new owners who have destroyed it to avoid any fiscal perception. In spite of this, agriculture remains an important sector of the national economy. Over the last 7 years of reforms and transition of the Bulgarian economy, the part of the agriculture and of the forest production varied between 10 and 12% ofthegrossdomesticproduct.
  • 21. AGRICULTURE GEORGIA / SAK'ART'VELO BULGARIA / BLGARIYA Georgiahasbeenforalongtimenicknamed"thegardenoftheCaucasus".Because of the favourable climate and geographical position, agriculture has always been an important economic activity in the Caucasus area. Thanks to the legal reforms in the land ownership, the agriculture sector now contributes nearly 16% to the GDP but the yield is still low. The main agricultural produce is tea, citrus fruits, tobacco, wine grapes, and rice. There is lack of domestic investments in this sector but is supported by foreign investments, especially from the EU. But high export potential toCIScountries,JapanandEuropeexistsinGeorgia.
  • 22. AGRICULTURE SPAIN / ESPAA Spainisoneofthemostimportantagriculturalproducersinthemediteraneanzone, in spite of important physical and sociocultural constraints. Regions where agriculture remains very important are mainly Andalusia, Murcia, Estremadoura, the two Castillas, Rioja, Galicia and Navarra. With Denmark, Spain has the biggest fishing fleet of the European Union. The fishing industry has been going through a sharp growth for ten years with opportunities in ready-made meals and smoked fishes. Fishing products represent the first position of the farm-producepurchasesinSpain.
  • 23. COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF BULGARIA, GEORGIA AND SPAIN EXPORTING FRUITS & VEGETABLES ECONOMIC TRENDS MARKET TRENDS DEMOGRAPHIC ENVIRONMENT
  • 24. ECONOMIC TRENDS GDP (2008) BULGARIA GEORGIA SPAIN 51 093 billion dollars 13 028 billion dollars 1 683 trillion dollars G - e g w rt ( ) D ra r t a % P l oh e 1 4 1 2 1 0 Bg i A .4 % uaa v . l r e 8 8 Gr i A .6 % eg v . o a e 4 6 4 Sa pn A .2 % i v . e 7 2 0 2 02 12 22 32 4 0 0 2 72 8 0 0 0 0 0 2 52 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
  • 25. ECONOMIC TRENDS BULGARIA GEORGIA SPAIN EXTERNAL TRADE BALANCE - 6,81 - 2,02 -100,73 2006 USD BILLIONS SHARE OF IMPORTS IN GDP 75,8 53,4 30,6 2005 SHARE OF EXPORTS IN GDP 59,6 40,9 25,4 2005 INFLATION RATE 5 8,3 9,2 2005 EXPECTED INFLATION RATE 7,9 8,1 2,8 2008 EXCHANGE RATE PER USD 1,559267 1,780433 0,7971408 ANUAL AVERAGE 2006
  • 26. ECONOMIC TRENDS PURCHASING POWER YEAR BULGARIA GEORGIA SPAIN 2008 Up to 5,000 Up to 180 Up to 15,000 MANPOWER COST YEAR BULGARIA GEORGIA SPAIN Europe 2000 1,35 - 14,22 22,7
  • 27. ECONOMIC TRENDS EXCHANGE RATES BULGARIA GEORGIA 1USD = 1.5050GEL / 1EUR = 2.3747 (IN JANUARY 2009)
  • 28. DEMOGRAPHIC ENVIRONMENT POPULATION STATUS BULGARIA GEORGIA SPAIN POPULATION 7,262,675 Millions 4,630,841 Millions 40,491,052 Millions POPULATION -0.813% -0.325% 0.096% GROWTH RATE MORTALITY RATE 14.6 deaths/1,000 9.51 deaths/1,000 9.9 deaths/1,000 NATALITY RATE 9.58 births/1,000 10.62 births/1,000 9.87 births/1,000 LIFE M: 69.22 years M: 73.21 years M: 76.6 years EXPECTANCY F: 76.66 years F: 80.26 years F: 83.45 years EMPLOYED IN 8,9% 54,3% 5,3% AGRICULTURE DENSITY 71,24 PEOPLE/M2 64,39 PEOPLE/M2 86,94 PEOPLE/M2
  • 35. MARKET TRENDS BULGARIA GEORGIA SPAIN BULGARIA IS A GEORGIA IS APARENTLY A SPAIN IS HIGHLY POTENTTIALLY BIG MARKET SMALL MARKET DUE TO INTERESTING MARKET, DUE TO THE SIZE OF THE THE SIZE OF THE HOWEVER THE REGIONAL POPULATION POPULATION STATUS IN THE COUNTRY CAN BE A PROBLEM INCOMES HAVE BEEN RISING UNLESS NEGOTIAITONS INCOMES ARE EXPECTED IN THE PAST YEARS AND ARE MADE TO REGIONAL TO RISE IN A NEAR FUTURE ARE EXPECTED TO KEEP ON COMPANIES RISING IN THE FUTURE, BULGARIANS WILL HOWEVER SEEM TO BE NOT PROBABLY SPEND MORE ON CUNSUMPTION OF FRESH ENOUGH FOR MANY IMPORT IMPORTED FOOD, HIGHER FRUITS AND VEGETABLES WESTERN PRODUCTS QUALITY AND SPECIALITY IS GOWING FOOD SINCE 2003 TO THE PRESENT FRESH FRUITS AND TIME RESTAURANTS TORN- VEGETABLES ARE AN THE OFFER OF EXOTIC OVER AS INCREASED IN IMPORTANT PART OF THEIR FOOD IS LIMITED BUT WILL ALMOST 300% DIET INCREASE AS BULGARIANS WILL HAVE MORE TO SPEND
  • 36. MARKET TRENDS BULGARIA GEORGIA SPAIN BULGARIANS SHARE THE GRAPE HARVEST WAS SPAIN IS PRODUCING SAME ATTITUDE TOWARDS DOWN IN ALMOST 50% IN FEWER PEARS AND TABLE FOOD AS THE WESTERN 2008 DUE TO THE GRAPES EUROPEAN COUNTRIES CONFRONTATIONS WITH THE RUSSIANS A LARGE PART OF SPAINS ALTHOUGH THE MARKET IS PRODUCTION OF FRESH SLOWING, THERE ARE HUGE GEORGIAN CONSUMPTION FRUITA AND VEGETABLES IS OPPORTUNITIES TO GROW CONSISTS MAINLY OF PROCESSED BY THE FOOD IN THE NEXT YEARS DOMESTICALLY PRODUCED INDUSTRY FOR JUICES, FRUITS AND VEGETABLES DAIRY AND PULP CONVIENIENCE PRODUCTS ARE ONE OF THE BEST THERE IS A GROWING PERFORMING PRODUCTS MARKET FOR OFF-SEASON IN RETAIL SALES PRODUCTS (E.G.: CITRUS AND APPLES) INCREASED FOREIGN TOURISM IS INCREASING THE DEMAND FOR WESTERN PRODUCED HIGH QUALITY GOODS
  • 38. TAXONOMIC MATRIX A HIGH T T HIGH MEDIUM R R LOW A C I T S HIGH I V K LOW MEDIUM I T LOW Y
  • 39. COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF BULGARIA, GEORGIA AND SPAIN SOURCES F.A.O. F.I.T.A. WORLD BANK I.M.F. BULGARIAN GOVERNMENT GEORGIAN GOVERNMENT SPANISH GOVERNMENT WORLD ECONOMIC FORUM GLOBAL VIRTUAL UNIVERSITY A.I.C.E.P. CBI.EU