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- 1. About the Presentations The presentations cover the objectives found in the opening of each chapter. All chapter objectives are listed in the beginning of each presentation. You may customize the presentations to fit your class needs. Some figures from the chapters are included. A complete set of images from the book can be found on the Instructor Companion Site. 息 2016 Cengage Learning速. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
- 2. Network+ Guide to Networks 7th Edition Chapter 1 An Introduction to Networking 息 2016 Cengage Learning速. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
- 3. 息 Cengage Learning 2016 Objectives Identify types of applications and protocols used on a network Distinguish between the client-server and peer-to- peer models used to control access to a network Describe various networking hardware devices and the most common physical topologies 3 Network+ Guide to Networks, 7th Edition
- 4. 息 Cengage Learning 2016 4 Objectives Describe the seven layers of the OSI model Explore best practices for safety when working with networks and computers Describe the seven-step troubleshooting model for solving a networking problem Network+ Guide to Networks, 7th Edition
- 5. 息 Cengage Learning 2016 How Networks Are Used Network services - the resources a network makes available to its users Includes applications and the data provided by these applications Types of applications found on most networks: Client-Server File and Print Services Communications Services Network+ Guide to Networks, 7th Edition 5
- 6. 息 Cengage Learning 2016 Client-Server Applications Client computer requests data or a service from a second computer, called the server List of several popular client-server applications: Web service Email services FTP service Telnet service Remote Desktop Remote applications Network+ Guide to Networks, 7th Edition 6
- 7. 息 Cengage Learning 2016 Client-Server Applications Network+ Guide to Networks, 7th Edition 7
- 8. 息 Cengage Learning 2016 Client-Server Applications Network+ Guide to Networks, 7th Edition 8
- 9. 息 Cengage Learning 2016 File and Print Services File services - a servers ability to share data files and disk storage space File server - a computer that provides file services Print services - ability to share printers across a network With one printer, less time is spent on maintenance and management Network+ Guide to Networks, 7th Edition 9
- 10. 息 Cengage Learning 2016 Communication Services Convergence - using the same network to deliver multiple types of communications services Unified communication (UC) - refers to the centralized management of multiple network-based communications Three types of communication services: Conversational voice - VoIP (Voice over IP) Streaming live audio and video Streaming stored audio and video Network+ Guide to Networks, 7th Edition 10
- 11. 息 Cengage Learning 2016 Communication Services Voice and video transmissions are delay-sensitive You dont want to hear or see breaks in transmission Voice and video transmission are considered loss- tolerant Network administrators must pay attention to the quality of service (QoS) a network provides for voice and video Bandwidth - the amount of traffic, or data transmission activity, on the network Network+ Guide to Networks, 7th Edition 11
- 12. 息 Cengage Learning 2016 Controlling Network Access Topology - how parts of a whole work together Physical topology - mostly applies to hardware and describes how computers, other devices, and cables fir together to form the physical network Logical topology - has to do with software and describes how access to the network is controlled How users and programs initially gain access to the network Network operating system - controls access to the entire network Required by client-server models Network+ Guide to Networks, 7th Edition 12
- 13. 息 Cengage Learning 2016 Network+ Guide to Networks, 7th Edition 13 Peer-to-Peer Model Peer-to-peer (P2P) network model - the OS of each computer on the network is responsible for controlling access to its resources No centralized control Computers, called nodes or hosts, form a logical group of computers and users May share resources May prevent access to resources Each computer user has a Windows local account Works only on that one computer
- 14. 息 Cengage Learning 2016 Network+ Guide to Networks, 7th Edition 14 Peer-to-Peer Model
- 15. 息 Cengage Learning 2016 Network+ Guide to Networks, 7th Edition 15 Peer-to-Peer Model Advantages Simple configuration Less expensive Compared to other network models Disadvantages Not scalable Not necessarily secure Not practical for large installations
- 16. 息 Cengage Learning 2016 Network+ Guide to Networks, 7th Edition 16 Client-Server Network Model Resources are managed by the network operating system (NOS) via a centralized directory database Windows domain - a logical group of computers that a Windows Server can control Active Directory (AD) - the centralized directory database that contains user account information and security for the entire group of computers Global account (a.k.a. global username or network ID) - a domain-level account assigned by the network administrator and is kept in AD
- 17. 息 Cengage Learning 2016 Network+ Guide to Networks, 7th Edition 17 Client-Server Network Model A user can sign on to the network from any computer on the network and gain access to the resources that AD allows This process is managed by Active Directory Domain Services (AD DS) Clients dont share their resources directly with each other Access is controlled by entries in the centralized domain database
- 18. 息 Cengage Learning 2016 Network+ Guide to Networks, 7th Edition 18 Client-Server Network Model
- 19. 息 Cengage Learning 2016 Network+ Guide to Networks, 7th Edition 19 Client-Server Network Model The NOS is responsible for: Manages client data, resources Ensures authorized user access Controls user file access Restricts user network access Dictates computer communication rules Supplies application to clients Server examples Windows Server 2012 R2, Ubuntu Server, or Red Hat Linux
- 20. 息 Cengage Learning 2016 Network+ Guide to Networks, 7th Edition 20 Client-Server Network Model Servers that have a NOS installed require: More memory, processing, storage capacity Equipped with special hardware Provides network management functions Advantages relative to peer-to-peer networks User credential assigned from one place Multiple shared resource access centrally controlled Central problem monitoring, diagnostics, correction capabilities More scalable
- 21. 息 Cengage Learning 2016 Networking Hardware and Physical Topologies Network+ Guide to Networks, 7th Edition 21
- 22. 息 Cengage Learning 2016 LANs and Their Hardware Local area network (LAN) - usually contained in a small space Such as an office or building Switch - receives incoming data from one of its ports and redirects it to another port or multiple ports Will send the data to its intended destination Star topology - all devices connect to one central device (usually a switch) Network interface card (NIC) - a network port used to attach a device to a network Network+ Guide to Networks, 7th Edition 22
- 23. 息 Cengage Learning 2016 LANs and Their Hardware A LAN can have several switches Backbone - a central conduit that connects the segments (pieces) of a network Might use higher transmission speeds and different cabling than network cables connected to computers Three switches daisy-chained together in a single line is said to use a bus topology However, each switch is connected to computers via a star topology, making it a star-bus topology A topology that combines topologies is known as a hybrid topology Network+ Guide to Networks, 7th Edition 23
- 24. 息 Cengage Learning 2016 LANs and Their Hardware Network+ Guide to Networks, 7th Edition 24
- 25. 息 Cengage Learning 2016 LANs and Their Hardware Router - a device that manages traffic between two or more networks Can help find the best path for traffic to get from one network to another Routers can be used in small home networks to connect the home LAN to the Internet Industrial-grade routers can have several network ports, one for each network it connects to Difference between router and switch: Router is like a gateway between networks Network+ Guide to Networks, 7th Edition 25
- 26. 息 Cengage Learning 2016 LANs and Their Hardware Network+ Guide to Networks, 7th Edition 26
- 27. 息 Cengage Learning 2016 MANs and WANs Metropolitan area network (MAN) - a group of connected LANs in the same geographical area Also known as a campus area network (CAN) WAN (wide area network) - a group of LANs that spread over a wide geographical area Internet is the largest and most varied WAN MANs and WANs often use different transmission methods and media than LANs PAN (personal area network) - smallest network A network of personal devices Network+ Guide to Networks, 7th Edition 27
- 28. 息 Cengage Learning 2016 MANs and WANs Network+ Guide to Networks, 7th Edition 28
- 29. 息 Cengage Learning 2016 The Seven-Layer OSI Model OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) reference model - a seven-layer model developed to categorize the layers of communication Developed by ISO in the 1980s The layers are numbered in order, starting with Layer 1, the Physical layer at the bottom Physical, Data Link, Network, Transport, Session, Presentation, Application Network+ Guide to Networks, 7th Edition 29
- 30. 息 Cengage Learning 2016 The Seven-Layer OSI Model Network+ Guide to Networks, 7th Edition 30
- 31. 息 Cengage Learning 2016 Layer 7: Application Layer Application layer - describes the interface between two applications, on separate computers Application layer protocols are used by programs that fall into two categories: Provide services to a user, such as a browser and Web server Utility programs that provide services to the system, such as SNMP that monitor and gather information about network traffic Payload - data that is passed between applications or utility programs and the OS Network+ Guide to Networks, 7th Edition 31
- 32. 息 Cengage Learning 2016 Layer 6: Presentation Layer Presentation layer - responsible for reformatting, compressing, and/or encrypting data in a way that the receiving application can read Example: An email message can be encrypted at the Presentation layer by the email client or by the OS Network+ Guide to Networks, 7th Edition 32
- 33. 息 Cengage Learning 2016 Layer 5: Session Layer Session layer - describes how data between applications is synched and recovered if messages dont arrive intact at the receiving application The Application, Presentation, and Session layers are intertwined Often difficult to distinguish between them Most tasks are performed by the OS when an application makes an API call to the OS Application programming interface (API) call is the method an application uses when it makes a request of the OS Network+ Guide to Networks, 7th Edition 33
- 34. 息 Cengage Learning 2016 Layer 4: Transport Layer Transport layer - responsible for transporting Application layer payloads from one application to another Two main Transport layer protocols are: TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) - makes a connection with the end host, checks whether data was received; called a connection-oriented protocol UDP (User Datagram Protocol) - does not guarantee delivery by first connecting and checking whether data is received; called a connectionless protocol Network+ Guide to Networks, 7th Edition 34
- 35. 息 Cengage Learning 2016 Layer 4: Transport Layer Protocols add their own control information in an area at the beginning of the payload (called a header) Encapsulation - process of adding a header to the data inherited from the layer above The Transport layer header addresses the receiving application by a number called a port number If message is too large, TCP divides it into smaller messages called segments In UDP, the message is called a datagram Network+ Guide to Networks, 7th Edition 35
- 36. 息 Cengage Learning 2016 Layer 3: Network Layer Network layer - responsible for moving messages from one node to another until reaches destination IP adds its own Network layer header to the segment or datagram The entire Network layer message is called a packet IP address - assigned to each node on a network Network layer uses it to uniquely identify each host IP relies on several routing protocols to find the best route for a packet to take to reach destination ICMP and ARP are examples Network+ Guide to Networks, 7th Edition 36
- 37. 息 Cengage Learning 2016 Layer 2: Data Link Layer Layers 2 and 1 are responsible for interfacing with physical hardware on the local network Protocols at these layers are programmed into firmware of a computers NIC and other hardware Type of networking hardware or technology used on a network determine the Link Layer protocol used Ethernet and Wi-Fi are examples The Link layer puts control information in a Link layer header and at the end of the packet in a trailer Entire Link layer is called a frame Network+ Guide to Networks, 7th Edition 37
- 38. 息 Cengage Learning 2016 Layer 2: Data Link Layer MAC (Media Access Control) address - hardware address of the source and destination NICs Also called a physical address, hardware address, or Data Link layer address Embedded on every network adapter and are considered short-range addresses that can only find nodes on the local network Network+ Guide to Networks, 7th Edition 38
- 39. 息 Cengage Learning 2016 Layer 1: Physical Layer Physical layer - simplest layer and is responsible for sending bits via a wired or wireless transmission Can be transmitted as: Wavelengths in the air Voltage on a copper wire Light (via fiber-optic cabling) Network+ Guide to Networks, 7th Edition 39
- 40. 息 Cengage Learning 2016 Protocol Data Unit or PDU Protocol data unit (PDU) - the technical name for a group of bits as it moves from one layer to the next and from one LAN to the next Technicians loosely call this group of bits a message or a transmission Network+ Guide to Networks, 7th Edition 40
- 41. 息 Cengage Learning 2016 Summary of How the Layers Work Together Network+ Guide to Networks, 7th Edition 41
- 42. 息 Cengage Learning 2016 Summary of How the Layers Work Together Network+ Guide to Networks, 7th Edition 42
- 43. 息 Cengage Learning 2016 Staying Safe When Working with Networks and Computers Network and computer technicians need to know how to protect themselves As wells as protect sensitive electronic components This section takes a look at some best practices for safety Network+ Guide to Networks, 7th Edition 43
- 44. 息 Cengage Learning 2016 Emergency Procedures Know the best escape route or emergency exit Fire Suppression Systems - have a fire suppression system in the data center that includes: Emergency alert system Portable fire extinguishers Emergency power-off switch Suppression agent Fail Open or Fail Close - does the security system allow access during a failure (fail open) or deny access during the failure (fail close) Network+ Guide to Networks, 7th Edition 44
- 45. 息 Cengage Learning 2016 Emergency Procedures Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) - explains how to properly handle substances such as chemical solvents and how to dispose of them Includes information such as physical data, toxicity, health effects, first aid, storage, shipping, disposal, and spill procedures Network+ Guide to Networks, 7th Edition 45
- 46. 息 Cengage Learning 2016 HVAC Systems Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) system - controls the environment in a data center Including the temperature, humidity, airflow, and air filtering HVAC system must provide acceptable temperature and humidity ranges for devices that might overheat or fail due to high humidity HVAC systems and network cabling often occupy the space above the ceiling or below the floor in a data center Called the plenum Network+ Guide to Networks, 7th Edition 46
- 47. 息 Cengage Learning 2016 Protecting Against Static Electricity Computer components are grounded inside a computer case Sensitive electronic components can be damaged by electrostatic discharge (ESD) Static electricity can cause two types of damage: Catastrophic failure - destroyed beyond use Upset failure - shorten the life of a component Network+ Guide to Networks, 7th Edition 47
- 48. 息 Cengage Learning 2016 Protecting Against Static Electricity Before touching a component, ground yourself by: Wearing an ESD strap around your wrist that clips onto the chassis or computer case Touching the case before touching any component inside the case Storing a component inside an antistatic bag In addition to protecting against ESD, always shut down and unplug a computer before working inside it Network+ Guide to Networks, 7th Edition 48
- 49. 息 Cengage Learning 2016 Installation Safety Lifting Heavy Objects - follow these guidelines: Decide which side of object to face so load is most balanced Stand close to the object with your feet apart Keep your back straight, bend knees and grip load Lift with your legs, arms, and shoulders (not your back or stomach) Keep the load close to your body and avoid twisting your body while youre holding it To put the object down, keep your back as straight as possible and lower object by bending your knees Network+ Guide to Networks, 7th Edition 49
- 50. 息 Cengage Learning 2016 Installation Safety Rack Installations - switches, routers, servers, and patch panels can be installed in racks Follow device manufacturers guidelines for requirements for the rack and the direction for installation Network+ Guide to Networks, 7th Edition 50
- 51. 息 Cengage Learning 2016 Installation Safety General directions for safely installing rack- mountable devices: Engage brakes on rack wheels, if applicable Wear an ESD strap Place the device in the rack for good airflow Device must be well grounded Pay attention to tools as you work so they dont accidentally fall into a rack of expensive equipment Install fan trays so that air flows in the same direction as the fans inside the device Network+ Guide to Networks, 7th Edition 51
- 52. 息 Cengage Learning 2016 Installation Safety Network+ Guide to Networks, 7th Edition 52
- 53. 息 Cengage Learning 2016 Electrical and Tool Safety in Data Centers Electrical and tool safety is generally regulated by OSHA (Occupational Safety and Health Administration) OSHA guidelines when using power tools: Wear personal protective equipment (PPE) Keep all tools in good condition and properly store tools not in use Use the right tool for the job and operate the tool according to the manufacturers instructions Watch out for trip hazards, so you and others dont stumble on a tool or cord Network+ Guide to Networks, 7th Edition 53
- 54. 息 Cengage Learning 2016 Troubleshooting Network Problems Troubleshooting steps used by most expert networking troubleshooters: Identify problem Gather information Identify symptoms Question users Determine if anything has changed Establish theory of probable cause Question the obvious Network+ Guide to Networks, 7th Edition 54
- 55. 息 Cengage Learning 2016 Troubleshooting Network Problems Troubleshooting steps (contd) Test theory to determine cause If theory confirmed, determine next steps If theory not confirmed, establish new theory or escalate Establish action plan Implement solution or escalate the problem Verify full functionality Implement preventative measures if applicable Document findings, actions, outcomes Network+ Guide to Networks, 7th Edition 55
- 56. 息 Cengage Learning 2016 Network+ Guide to Networks, 7th Edition 56 Summary Networks provide a wide range of services, including client-server applications, file and print services, and communications services File and print services enable multiple users to share data, storage areas, and printers Traditional peer-to-peer networks are usually simple and inexpensive to set up The client-server model for access control relies on a centrally administered server using a NOS that manages shared resources for multiple clients More complex and expensive to install
- 57. 息 Cengage Learning 2016 Network+ Guide to Networks, 7th Edition 57 Summary A LAN is a network of computers and other devices that can directly address all other nodes In a star topology, all computers and network devices connect to one central device A backbone is a central conduit that connects parts of a network and might use the bus topology A router manages traffic between two or more LANS LANS can be interconnected to form WANS, which traverse longer distances in two or more geographical areas
- 58. 息 Cengage Learning 2016 Network+ Guide to Networks, 7th Edition 58 Summary The seven layers of the OSI model are Application, Presentation, Session, Transport, Network, Data Link, and Physical At Layers 7,6, and 5, data and its control information is known as the payload A message at the Transport layer is called a segment in TCP and a datagram in UDP An IP transmission is called a packet A message at the Data Link layer is called a frame Some switches operate at the Data Link layer and routers operate at the Network layer
- 59. 息 Cengage Learning 2016 Network+ Guide to Networks, 7th Edition 59 Summary A fire suppression system can include an emergency alert system, portable fire extinguishers, an emergency power-off switch, and suppression agents HVAC systems are responsible for controlling humidity and temperature in a data center When working with sensitive components, protect against ESD by using an ESD strap Troubleshooting problems and their solutions are documented in a call tracking system