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- 1. Introduction to Information and Communication Technologies
- 2. Data types ? Numeric Data consists of only numbers 0, 1, 2, ´, 9 ? Alphabetic Data consists of only the letters A, B, C, ? ´, Z, in both uppercase and lowercase, and blank character ? Alphanumeric Data is a string of symbols where a symbol may be one of the letters A, B, C, ´, Z, in either uppercase or lowercase, or one of the digits 0, 1, 2, ´, 9, or a special character, such as + - * / , . () = etc.
- 3. ? Computer codes are used for internal representation of data in computers ? As computers use binary numbers for internal data representation, computer codes use binary coding schemes ? In binary coding, every symbol that appears in the data is represented by a group of bits ? The group of bits used to represent a symbol is called a byte ( 8 bits) Computer Codes
- 4. How computer represent data
- 5. ? Information is handled in a computer by electronic/ electrical components ? Electronic components operate in binary mode (can only indicate two states C on (1) or off (0) ? Binarynumbersystemhas only two digits (0 and 1), and is suitable for expressing two possible states ? In binary system, computer circuits only have to handle two binary digits rather than ten decimal digits causing: ? Simpler internal circuit design ? Less expensive ? More reliable circuits ? Arithmetic processes are possible with binary numbers Binary over Decimal
- 6. Examples of a Few Devices that work in Binary Mode
- 7. Bits and bytes Binary digits---bits A byte comprises of 8 bits and represents 1 character
- 9. ? As most modern coding schemes use 8 bits to represent a symbol, the term byte is often used to mean a group of 8 bits ? Commonly used computer codes are BCD, EBCDIC, and ASCII Computer Codes
- 10. BCD ? BCD stands for Binary Coded Decimal ? It is one of the early computer codes ? It uses 4 bits or 6 bits to represent a symbol ? It can represent 64 (26) different characters
- 11. BCD by 4 bits ? BCD converts each digit of a decimal number into its binary equivalent rather than converting the entire decimal value into a pure binary form ? With 4 bits, altogether 16 (24) configurations are possible ? Example: 1.4210 ? It is equal to 1010102 in a pure binary form. ? 4210 = 01000010 in BCD as 4= 0100 and 2=0010
- 12. Binary Coded Decimal (BCD) 1001 0011 1000 in BCD = 938 8 4 2 1 1 0 0 1 8 + 0 + 0 + 1 9 8 4 2 1 0 0 1 1 0 + 0 + 2 + 1 3 8 4 2 1 1 0 0 0 8 + 0 + 0 + 0 8
- 13. BCD by 4 bits
- 14. Activity Convert 70910 to binary and BCD Convert 82110 to binary and BCD
- 15. BCD by 4 bits Convert 70910 to binary and BCD ? binary form=10110001012 ? BCD=011100001001 as 7= 0111, 0=0000 and 9=1001
- 16. Activity Convert the BCD number 10011.0101 to decimal.
- 17. BCD by 4 bits ? Example: ? Convert the BCD number 1 0011.0101 to decimal. ? Solution: We have =0001 0011 . 0101 =13.5
- 18. BCD by 4 bits ? BCD encodes each decimal digit with its binary equivalent using four bits. So decimal digits are simply represented in four bits by their direct binary values. ? A disadvantage of this is that only 10 of the possible 16 (24) codes that four bits can produce are used. Hence it is an inefficient code. Nevertheless, the advantages usually outweigh this disadvantage
- 19. BCD by 6 bits ? Four BCD numeric place positions are retained, but two additional zone positions are added. ? With 6 bits, 64 (26) different characters are possible. ? decimal digits (10), alphabetic letters (26), and other special characters (28)
- 20. Coding of Alphabetic and Numeric Characters in BCD Character BCD Code Octal Equivalent Zone Digit 1 00 0001 01 2 00 0010 02 3 00 0011 03 4 00 0100 04 5 00 0101 05 6 00 0110 06 7 00 0111 07 8 00 1000 10 9 00 1001 11 0 00 1010 12
- 21. Coding of Alphabetic and Numeric Characters in BCD Char BCD Code Octal Zone Digit A 11 0001 61 B 11 0010 62 C 11 0011 63 D 11 0100 64 E 11 0101 65 F 11 0110 66 G 11 0111 67 H 11 1000 70 I 11 1001 71 J 10 0001 41 K 10 0010 42 L 10 0011 43 M 10 0100 44 Char BCD Code Octal Zone Digit N 10 0101 45 O 10 0110 46 P 10 0111 47 Q 10 1000 50 R 10 1001 51 S 01 0010 22 T 01 0011 23 U 01 0100 24 V 01 0101 25 W 01 0110 26 X 01 0111 27 Y 01 1000 30 Z 01 1001 31
- 22. Example Show the binary digits used to record the word BASE in BCD Solution: B = 110010 in BCD binary notation A = 110001 in BCD binary notation S = 010010 in BCD binary notation E = 110101 in BCD binary notation So the binary digits 110010 110001 010010 110101 B A S E will record the word BASE in BCD BCD Coding Scheme (Example 1)
- 23. Example Using octal notation, show BCD coding for the word DIGIT Solution: D = 64 in BCD octal notation I = 71 in BCD octal notation G = 67 in BCD octal notation I = 71 in BCD octal notation T = 23 in BCD octal notation Hence, BCD coding for the word DIGIT in octal notation will be 64 71 67 71 23 D I G I T BCD Coding Scheme (Example 2)
- 24. ? EBCDIC stands for Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code ? It uses 8 bits to represent a symbol ? It can represent 256 (28) different characters EBCDIC
- 25. Computer Fundamentals: Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha Standard Code for? ASCII stands for American Information Interchange. and can and can ? ASCII is of two types C ASCII-7 and ASCII-8 ? ASCII-7 uses 7 bits to represent a symbol represent 128 (27) different characters ? ASCII-8 uses 8 bits to represent a symbol represent 256 (28) different characters ? First 128 characters in ASCII-7 and ASCII-8 are same ASCII
- 26. Character ASCII-7 / ASCII-8 Hexadecimal EquivalentZone Digit 0 0011 0000 30 1 0011 0001 31 2 0011 0010 32 3 0011 0011 33 4 0011 0100 34 5 0011 0101 35 6 0011 0110 36 7 0011 0111 37 8 0011 1000 38 9 0011 1001 39 Coding of Numeric and Alphabetic Characters in ASCII
- 27. Character ASCII-7 / ASCII-8 Hexadecimal EquivalentZone Digit A 0100 0001 41 B 0100 0010 42 C 0100 0011 43 D 0100 0100 44 E 0100 0101 45 F 0100 0110 46 G 0100 0111 47 H 0100 1000 48 I 0100 1001 49 J 0100 1010 4A K 0100 1011 4B L 0100 1100 4C M 0100 1101 4D Coding of Numeric and Alphabetic Characters in ASCII
- 28. Character ASCII-7 / ASCII-8 Hexadecimal EquivalentZone Digit N 0100 1110 4E O 0100 1111 4F P 0101 0000 50 Q 0101 0001 51 R 0101 0010 52 S 0101 0011 53 T 0101 0100 54 U 0101 0101 55 V 0101 0110 56 W 0101 0111 57 X 0101 1000 58 Y 0101 1001 59 Z 0101 1010 5A Coding of Numeric and Alphabetic Characters in ASCII
- 29. Example How many bytes are requiredWrite binary coding for the word BOY in ASCII-7. for this representation? Solution: B = 1000010 in ASCII-7 binary notation O = 1001111 in ASCII-7 binary notation Y = 1011001 in ASCII-7 binary notation Hence, binary coding for the word BOY in ASCII-7 will be 1000010 1001111 1011001 B O Y Since each character in ASCII-7 requires one byte for its representation and there are 3 characters in the word BOY, 3 bytes will be required for this representation ASCII-7 Coding Scheme
- 30. Example How many bytes areWrite binary coding for the word SKY in ASCII-8. required for this representation? Solution: S = 01010011 in ASCII-8 binary notation K = 01001011 in ASCII-8 binary notation Y = 01011001 in ASCII-8 binary notation Hence, binary coding for the word SKY in ASCII-8 will be 01010011 01001011 01011001 S K Y Since each character in ASCII-8 requires one byte for its representation and there are 3 characters in the word SKY, 3 bytes will be required for this representation ASCII-8 Coding Scheme
- 31. ? Why Unicode: ? No single encoding system supports all languages ? Different encoding systems conflict ? Unicode features: ? Provides a consistent way of encoding multilingual plain text ? Defines codes for characters used in all major languages of the world ? Defines codes for special characters or mathematical symbols ? With Unicode 65,000 (216) different characters can be represented. Unicode
- 32. Difference