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COMPUTER APPLICATION 
IN MANAGEMENT 
UNIT 2 ¨C COMPUTER 
SYSTEM 
Submitted by:- 
Kh. Santosh Singh 
Under the guidance of:- 
Dr. S. Somokanta
Recap¡­. 
? Characteristics of Computer 
? Generation of Computers 
? Era of Personal Computers 
? Digital Computers 
? Micro Computers
Recap¡­. 
? Organization of Computers 
? Hardware 
? Input Devices 
? Output Devices 
? Software 
? System Software 
? Application Software
Computer System
Computer System
Computer System
Computer System
Computer System
Computer System
Memory
Memory Organisation 
? Internal 
? External
Internal Memory 
? CPU Memory 
? Cache Memory 
? Primary / Main Memory
CPU Memory 
? Internal Processor Memory 
? Embedded into the processor 
? High Speed Register 
? Actual Processing
Main Memory 
? Primary Memory 
? Communicates directly with the CPU 
? 2 types - RAM & ROM 
? RAM ¨C Random Access Memory 
? ROM ¨C Read Only Memory
Random Access Memory 
? Read-Write-Memory 
? Random access of data 
? Volatile in nature 
? Manufactured with Bipolar or MOS technology 
? Types ¨C SRAM, DRAM, SDRAM, RDRAM, 
DDR SDRAM, FPM DRAM & EDO DRAM 
* MOS ¨C Metal Oxide Semiconductor
RAM Types 
? SRAM- Static RAM 
? DRAM- Dynamic RAM 
? SDRAM- Synchronous Dynamic RAM 
? RDRAM- Rambus Dynamic RAM 
? DDR SDRAM- Double Data Rate SDRAM 
? FPM DRAM- Fast Page Mode DRAM 
? EDO DRAM- Extended Data Out DRAM
Read Only Memory 
? Non Volatile in nature 
? Data / Program not modifiable 
? Store BIOS program 
? Types ¨C 
? Masked ROM ¨C Non user programmable 
? PROM, EPROM, EEPROM, Flash Memory ¨C User 
programmable
PROM, EPROM, EEPROM 
? Programmable ROM 
? Erasable Programmable ROM 
? Electrically Erasable Programmable ROM 
? Flash Memory ¨C 
Type of EEPROM that uses in-circuit-wiring 
Much faster than traditional EEPROM
Cache Memory 
? Small & Fast but Expensive 
? Placed between CPU and Main memory 
? Size ranges from 64KB to 2MB 
? Types: 
? Primary or Level 1 Cache (on-chip cache) 
? Secondary or Level 2 Cache (on-board cache) 
? Level 3 Cache (on-board cache)
External Memory 
? Auxiliary Memory / Secondary Storage 
? Store larger amount of data / information 
? Non Volatile in nature 
? Categories: 
? Sequential Access Devices 
? Direct Access or Random Access Devices
Magnetic Tape 
? Sequentially accessed 
? Read / Write with HEAD device 
? 2 popular forms: 
Detachable Reel Magnetic Tapes and 
Tape Cartridges 
? Storage Capacity of a tape = Data Recording Density X 
Length of the Tape
Magnetic Disks 
Track 
? Circular plate of metal/plastic Sector 
? Coated with magnetized material 
? Direct Access Storage 
? Rewritable 
? Mapping or Formatting 
? Low-level formatting 
? High-level formatting
Disk Drive 
? A generic term 
? A device on which disk is mounted 
? Consists of motor, arms assembly with heads 
? Speed ranging from 3600 ¨C 7200 RPM 
? Information recorded during disk rotation 
? Uses : Floppy disk drive 
Hard disk drive
Floppy Disk 
? Removable storage device 
? Out of market 
? Size ranges from 100 KB ¨C 200 MB 
? 3 ? inch HIFD 
1998-99
Hard Disk 
? Invented in the 
1950¡¯s 
? Originally called 
¡®Fixed Disk¡¯ or 
¡®Winchesters¡¯ 
? Storage Capacity = 
Number of recording surfaces X 
Number of tracks per surface X 
Number of sectors per track X 
Number of bytes per sector 
? Internal ? External ? Solid-state-drive(SSD)
RAID 
? Redundant Array of Inexpensive Disks 
? Higher storage capacity 
? Uses mainly in the Mainframes and Servers
Optical Disk 
? Made of plastic plate 
with light sensitive 
recording surface 
? Capable of storing vast 
amount of data 
? Single spiral track 
? Sectors are of same 
length 
? Use laser beams for 
Read / Write 
? E.g. CD-ROM, WORM 
Disc, Erasable Optical 
Disc, DVD-ROM, Blue 
Ray Disc 
Storage capacity = No. of Sectors X No. of Bytes per Sector
Flash Drive 
? Also known as ¡®Thumb Drive¡¯ or ¡®Pen Drive¡¯ 
? Not actually a drive ¨C no moving parts 
? Based on EEPROM technology 
? Essential components 
1. Standard A USB Plug 
2. USB Mass Storage Controller 
3. Flash Memory Chip
OLTP (Online Transaction Processing)
OLTP (Online Transaction Processing)
CONCLUSION
THE END 
Any Questions ?

More Related Content

Computer system

  • 1. COMPUTER APPLICATION IN MANAGEMENT UNIT 2 ¨C COMPUTER SYSTEM Submitted by:- Kh. Santosh Singh Under the guidance of:- Dr. S. Somokanta
  • 2. Recap¡­. ? Characteristics of Computer ? Generation of Computers ? Era of Personal Computers ? Digital Computers ? Micro Computers
  • 3. Recap¡­. ? Organization of Computers ? Hardware ? Input Devices ? Output Devices ? Software ? System Software ? Application Software
  • 11. Memory Organisation ? Internal ? External
  • 12. Internal Memory ? CPU Memory ? Cache Memory ? Primary / Main Memory
  • 13. CPU Memory ? Internal Processor Memory ? Embedded into the processor ? High Speed Register ? Actual Processing
  • 14. Main Memory ? Primary Memory ? Communicates directly with the CPU ? 2 types - RAM & ROM ? RAM ¨C Random Access Memory ? ROM ¨C Read Only Memory
  • 15. Random Access Memory ? Read-Write-Memory ? Random access of data ? Volatile in nature ? Manufactured with Bipolar or MOS technology ? Types ¨C SRAM, DRAM, SDRAM, RDRAM, DDR SDRAM, FPM DRAM & EDO DRAM * MOS ¨C Metal Oxide Semiconductor
  • 16. RAM Types ? SRAM- Static RAM ? DRAM- Dynamic RAM ? SDRAM- Synchronous Dynamic RAM ? RDRAM- Rambus Dynamic RAM ? DDR SDRAM- Double Data Rate SDRAM ? FPM DRAM- Fast Page Mode DRAM ? EDO DRAM- Extended Data Out DRAM
  • 17. Read Only Memory ? Non Volatile in nature ? Data / Program not modifiable ? Store BIOS program ? Types ¨C ? Masked ROM ¨C Non user programmable ? PROM, EPROM, EEPROM, Flash Memory ¨C User programmable
  • 18. PROM, EPROM, EEPROM ? Programmable ROM ? Erasable Programmable ROM ? Electrically Erasable Programmable ROM ? Flash Memory ¨C Type of EEPROM that uses in-circuit-wiring Much faster than traditional EEPROM
  • 19. Cache Memory ? Small & Fast but Expensive ? Placed between CPU and Main memory ? Size ranges from 64KB to 2MB ? Types: ? Primary or Level 1 Cache (on-chip cache) ? Secondary or Level 2 Cache (on-board cache) ? Level 3 Cache (on-board cache)
  • 20. External Memory ? Auxiliary Memory / Secondary Storage ? Store larger amount of data / information ? Non Volatile in nature ? Categories: ? Sequential Access Devices ? Direct Access or Random Access Devices
  • 21. Magnetic Tape ? Sequentially accessed ? Read / Write with HEAD device ? 2 popular forms: Detachable Reel Magnetic Tapes and Tape Cartridges ? Storage Capacity of a tape = Data Recording Density X Length of the Tape
  • 22. Magnetic Disks Track ? Circular plate of metal/plastic Sector ? Coated with magnetized material ? Direct Access Storage ? Rewritable ? Mapping or Formatting ? Low-level formatting ? High-level formatting
  • 23. Disk Drive ? A generic term ? A device on which disk is mounted ? Consists of motor, arms assembly with heads ? Speed ranging from 3600 ¨C 7200 RPM ? Information recorded during disk rotation ? Uses : Floppy disk drive Hard disk drive
  • 24. Floppy Disk ? Removable storage device ? Out of market ? Size ranges from 100 KB ¨C 200 MB ? 3 ? inch HIFD 1998-99
  • 25. Hard Disk ? Invented in the 1950¡¯s ? Originally called ¡®Fixed Disk¡¯ or ¡®Winchesters¡¯ ? Storage Capacity = Number of recording surfaces X Number of tracks per surface X Number of sectors per track X Number of bytes per sector ? Internal ? External ? Solid-state-drive(SSD)
  • 26. RAID ? Redundant Array of Inexpensive Disks ? Higher storage capacity ? Uses mainly in the Mainframes and Servers
  • 27. Optical Disk ? Made of plastic plate with light sensitive recording surface ? Capable of storing vast amount of data ? Single spiral track ? Sectors are of same length ? Use laser beams for Read / Write ? E.g. CD-ROM, WORM Disc, Erasable Optical Disc, DVD-ROM, Blue Ray Disc Storage capacity = No. of Sectors X No. of Bytes per Sector
  • 28. Flash Drive ? Also known as ¡®Thumb Drive¡¯ or ¡®Pen Drive¡¯ ? Not actually a drive ¨C no moving parts ? Based on EEPROM technology ? Essential components 1. Standard A USB Plug 2. USB Mass Storage Controller 3. Flash Memory Chip
  • 32. THE END Any Questions ?