際際滷

際際滷Share a Scribd company logo

Concept of disease

D
Dr. Sarvan Kumar

This document discusses various concepts of disease including the theological concept, humoral concept, and germ theory of disease. It describes how diseases were originally thought to be caused by evil spirits or divine displeasure. It then explains Hippocrates' humoral concept that disease resulted from imbalances in bodily fluids. Finally, it summarizes Pasteur's germ theory that identified specific bacteria as the causes of certain diseases.

1 of 51
Download to read offline
General Veterinary Pathology Dr. Sarvan Kumar M.V. Sc., Ph.D
Concept/ theory of disease 2 The First Concept of DiseaseThe First Concept of Disease The Theological Concept of DiseaseThe Theological Concept of Disease 12/15/2020Dr. Sarvan Kumar General Veterinary Pathology TheThe HumoralHumoral Concept of DiseaseConcept of Disease Germ Theory of DiseaseGerm Theory of Disease
The First Concept of DiseaseThe First Concept of Disease 3 BelievedBelieved inin thethe existenceexistence ofof evilevil spirits/demonsspirits/demons ManMan gotgot possessedpossessed byby demonsdemons andand becamebecame demonoiacdemonoiac TakenTaken illill andand sufferedsuffered fromfrom diseasedisease 12/15/2020Dr. Sarvan Kumar General Veterinary Pathology DiseaseDisease waswas ConsideredConsidered toto bebe thethe displeasuredispleasure ofof evilevil spiritsspirits.. TreatmentTreatment waswas directeddirected towardtoward appeasingappeasing themthem andand worshipworship themthem (demons)(demons) FirstFirst physicianphysician waswas aa witchwitch doctordoctor..
The Theological Concept of DiseaseThe Theological Concept of Disease 4 40004000 BB..CC.. inin EgyptEgypt EmbalmingEmbalming ii..ee.. PreservationPreservation ofof deaddead bodybody againstagainst putrefactionputrefaction (mummies)(mummies) BodiesBodies werewere takentaken inin embalmingembalming templestemples OnlyOnly priestpriest sawsaw themthem 12/15/2020Dr. Sarvan Kumar General Veterinary Pathology OnlyOnly priestpriest sawsaw themthem PriestPriest recogniserecognise thethe changechange inin organs/bodyorgans/body KeptKept thethe informationinformation secretesecrete PutPut forwardforward thethe theorytheory thatthat diseasedisease waswas resultresult ofof divinesdivines displeasuredispleasure.. NowNow priestpriest playedplayed thethe rolerole ofof physicianphysician..
TheThe HumoralHumoral Concept of DiseaseConcept of Disease 5 HippocrateHippocrate fatherfather ofof medicinemedicine PutPut forwardforward thethe HumoralHumoral ConceptConcept ofof DiseaseDisease BodyBody consistsconsists ofof fourfour humourshumours (body(body fluids)fluids) 12/15/2020Dr. Sarvan Kumar General Veterinary Pathology 1.1. BloodBlood == warmwarm andand moistmoist likelike airair (Heart)(Heart) 2.2. PhlegmPhlegm == coldcold andand moistmoist likelike waterwater (Brain)(Brain) 3.3. YellowYellow bile=bile= warmwarm andand drydry likelike firefire (Liver)(Liver) 4.4. BlackBlack bilebile == coldcold andand drydry likelike earthearth (Spleen(Spleen))
6 EucrasiaEucrasia = mixture in correct= mixture in correct DyscrasiaDyscrasia = mixture incorrect= mixture incorrect proporationproporation Phlegm originated from brainPhlegm originated from brain gravitategravitate 12/15/2020Dr. Sarvan Kumar General Veterinary Pathology gravitategravitate Appear into nose (Cold)Appear into nose (Cold) gravitategravitate Further gravitate into lungs (Pneumonia)Further gravitate into lungs (Pneumonia)
Germ Theory of DiseaseGerm Theory of Disease 7 Louis Pasteur (1822Louis Pasteur (1822--1895)1895) Originator of new field of bacteriologyOriginator of new field of bacteriology 12/15/2020Dr. Sarvan Kumar General Veterinary Pathology Bacteria cause the diseaseBacteria cause the disease Give the concept of Germ Theory of DiseaseGive the concept of Germ Theory of Disease Pasteurelosis, Anthrax and RabiesPasteurelosis, Anthrax and Rabies
≒ GenusGenus ≒ AgeAge ≒ Breed / RaceBreed / Race Intrinsic CausesIntrinsic Causes 8 ≒ SexSex ≒ FamilyFamily ≒ ColourColour ≒ IdiosyncrasyIdiosyncrasy 12/15/2020Dr. Sarvan Kumar General Veterinary Pathology
PHYSICALPHYSICAL CAUSESCAUSES わ TraumaTrauma わ Contusions/BruisesContusions/Bruises Extrinsic CausesExtrinsic Causes 912/15/2020Dr. Sarvan Kumar General Veterinary Pathology
Abrasions ErosionsErosions Physical CausesPhysical Causes 1012/15/2020Dr. Sarvan Kumar General Veterinary Pathology
Incised wounds/cuts LacerationLaceration Physical CausesPhysical Causes 1112/15/2020Dr. Sarvan Kumar General Veterinary Pathology
StabStab woundwound CompressionCompression BlastBlast injuryinjury PHYSICALPHYSICAL CAUSESCAUSESPhysical CausesPhysical Causes 12 BlastBlast injuryinjury BulletBullet woundwound 12/15/2020Dr. Sarvan Kumar General Veterinary Pathology
ELECTRICALELECTRICAL INJURYINJURY TEMPERATURETEMPERATURE わ BurnsBurns II degreedegree burnsburns Physical CausesPhysical Causes 13 II degreedegree burnsburns IIII degreedegree burnsburns IIIIII degreedegree burnsburns わ HyperthermiaHyperthermia わ HypothermiaHypothermia 12/15/2020Dr. Sarvan Kumar General Veterinary Pathology
RADIATION INJURYRADIATION INJURY Physical CausesPhysical Causes 1412/15/2020Dr. Sarvan Kumar General Veterinary Pathology
VIRUS DNA virusDNA virus RNA virusRNA virus BIOLOGICAL CAUSESBIOLOGICAL CAUSES 1512/15/2020Dr. Sarvan Kumar General Veterinary Pathology
PoxviridaePoxviridae HerpesviridaeHerpesviridae ParvoviridaeParvoviridae DNA VIRUSDNA VIRUS 16 AdenoviridaeAdenoviridae HepadnaviridaeHepadnaviridae IridoviridaeIridoviridae 12/15/2020Dr. Sarvan Kumar General Veterinary Pathology
OrthomyxoviridaeOrthomyxoviridae ParamyxoviridaeParamyxoviridae RhabdoviridaeRhabdoviridae RNA VIRUSRNA VIRUS 17 FiloviridaeFiloviridae CoronaviridaeCoronaviridae ReoviridaeReoviridae ArenaviridaeArenaviridae 12/15/2020Dr. Sarvan Kumar General Veterinary Pathology
TogaviridaeTogaviridae PicornaviridaePicornaviridae CalciviridaeCalciviridae RNA VIRUSRNA VIRUS 18 AstroviridaeAstroviridae RetroviridaeRetroviridae ToroviridaeToroviridae BunyaviridaeBunyaviridae 12/15/2020Dr. Sarvan Kumar General Veterinary Pathology
PrionsPrions ViroidsViroids SUBVIRAL AGENTSSUBVIRAL AGENTS 19 ViroidsViroids 12/15/2020Dr. Sarvan Kumar General Veterinary Pathology
RickettsiaRickettsia MycoplasmaMycoplasma ChlamydiaChlamydia Biological CausesBiological Causes 20 ChlamydiaChlamydia SpirochaeteSpirochaete 12/15/2020Dr. Sarvan Kumar General Veterinary Pathology
A B BacteriaBacteria 21 C 12/15/2020Dr. Sarvan Kumar General Veterinary Pathology
FungiFungi 2212/15/2020Dr. Sarvan Kumar General Veterinary Pathology
Protozoan Parasites Helminths Arthropods ParasitesParasites 2312/15/2020Dr. Sarvan Kumar General Veterinary Pathology
HORIZONTALHORIZONTAL TRANSMISSIONTRANSMISSION わ IngestionIngestion わ InoculationInoculation わ InhalationInhalation わ IatrogenicIatrogenic TransmissionTransmission 24 わ IatrogenicIatrogenic わ ContactContact わ CoitusCoitus VERTICALVERTICAL TRANSMISSIONTRANSMISSION わ HereditaryHereditary わ CongenitalCongenital 12/15/2020Dr. Sarvan Kumar General Veterinary Pathology
Avoidance of a stage in the external environment. Resistant forms e.g. Anthrax spores. Rapidly in - rapidly out strategy e.g. Viruses of respiratory tract. Maintenance of infectionMaintenance of infection 25 respiratory tract. Persistence within the host e.g. Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Slow viral diseases. Extension of host range. Infection in more than one host e.g. Foot and mouth disease. 12/15/2020Dr. Sarvan Kumar General Veterinary Pathology
BIOLOGICAL TOXINS Snake venom Microbial toxins Bacterial toxins Fungal Toxins Chemical CausesChemical Causes 26 Fungal Toxins (Mycotoxins) Aflatoxins Ergot Fusarium toxins Ochratoxins Plant toxins 12/15/2020Dr. Sarvan Kumar General Veterinary Pathology
Drug toxicityDrug toxicity EnvironmentalEnvironmental PollutantsPollutants Chemical CausesChemical Causes 2712/15/2020Dr. Sarvan Kumar General Veterinary Pathology
TYPES OF DEFICIENCYTYPES OF DEFICIENCY わ Acute/chronicAcute/chronic e.g.e.g. Thiamine deficiency in pigsThiamine deficiency in pigs わ Multiple deficiencies:Multiple deficiencies: e.g.e.g. Poor quality foodPoor quality food Nutritional causesNutritional causes 28 わ Multiple deficiencies:Multiple deficiencies: e.g.e.g. Poor quality foodPoor quality food わ Nutritional imbalance:Nutritional imbalance: e.g.e.g. Imbalance in calcium:Imbalance in calcium: phosphorus (2:1) ratiophosphorus (2:1) ratio わ Protein malnutrition:Protein malnutrition: e.g.e.g. MalabsorptionMalabsorption わ Calorie deficiency:Calorie deficiency: e.g.e.g. Loss of fat/ Muscle wastingLoss of fat/ Muscle wasting 12/15/2020Dr. Sarvan Kumar General Veterinary Pathology
Interference with intakeInterference with intake e.g.e.g. Anorexia, GI tract disordersAnorexia, GI tract disorders Interference with absorptionInterference with absorption FACTORS RESPONSIBLE FOR NUTRITIONAL DEFICIENCYFACTORS RESPONSIBLE FOR NUTRITIONAL DEFICIENCY 29 e.g.e.g. IntestinalIntestinal hypermotilityhypermotility, Insoluble complexes, Insoluble complexes in food (Fat/ Calcium)in food (Fat/ Calcium) Interference with storageInterference with storage e.g.e.g. Hepatic disease leads to deficiency ofHepatic disease leads to deficiency of vitamin Avitamin A 12/15/2020Dr. Sarvan Kumar General Veterinary Pathology
IncreasedIncreased excretionexcretion ee..gg.. PolyuriaPolyuria,, SweatingSweating andand LactationLactation IncreasedIncreased requirementrequirement ee..gg.. Fever,Fever, HyperthyroidismHyperthyroidism andand PregnancyPregnancy FACTORS RESPONSIBLE FOR NUTRITIONAL DEFICIENCYFACTORS RESPONSIBLE FOR NUTRITIONAL DEFICIENCY 30 andand PregnancyPregnancy NaturalNatural inhibitorsinhibitors ee..gg.. PresencePresence ofof thiaminasesthiaminases inin feed,feed, leadsleads toto thiaminethiamine deficiencydeficiency 12/15/2020Dr. Sarvan Kumar General Veterinary Pathology
Calorie DeficiencyCalorie Deficiency Food deprivationFood deprivation StarvationStarvation Intestinal involutionIntestinal involution Atrophy of musclesAtrophy of muscles Nutritional causesNutritional causes 31 Atrophy of musclesAtrophy of muscles LipolysisLipolysis GluconeogenesisGluconeogenesis Protein deficiencyProtein deficiency Deficiency of LipidsDeficiency of Lipids Deficiency of WaterDeficiency of Water 12/15/2020Dr. Sarvan Kumar General Veterinary Pathology
VITAMIN AVITAMIN A わ SquamousSquamous metaplasiametaplasia わ Abnormal teethAbnormal teeth わ Still birthStill birth Deficiency of vitaminsDeficiency of vitamins 32 わ Still birthStill birth わ NyctalopiaNyctalopia わ NutritionalNutritional rouproup わ UrolithiasisUrolithiasis わ AnophthalmosAnophthalmos わ MicrophthalmosMicrophthalmos 12/15/2020Dr. Sarvan Kumar General Veterinary Pathology
VITAMIN DVITAMIN D わ RicketsRickets Deficiency of vitaminsDeficiency of vitamins 33 わ OsteomalaciaOsteomalacia 12/15/2020Dr. Sarvan Kumar General Veterinary Pathology
VITAMIN KVITAMIN K わ HypoprothrombinemiaHypoprothrombinemia わ HaemorrhageHaemorrhage Deficiency of vitaminsDeficiency of vitamins 34 わ HaemorrhageHaemorrhage 12/15/2020Dr. Sarvan Kumar General Veterinary Pathology
VITAMIN B COMPLEXVITAMIN B COMPLEX わ Thiamine (B 1)Thiamine (B 1) BeriBeri--beriberi diseasedisease Deficiency of vitaminsDeficiency of vitamins 35 BeriBeri--beriberi diseasedisease ChastekChastek paralysisparalysis Star GazingStar Gazing 12/15/2020Dr. Sarvan Kumar General Veterinary Pathology
Riboflavin (B 2)Riboflavin (B 2) わ Curled toe paralysisCurled toe paralysis Niacin ( B 3)Niacin ( B 3) わ CanineCanine pellegrapellegra Deficiency of vitaminsDeficiency of vitamins 36 わ CanineCanine pellegrapellegra PyridoxinePyridoxine わ DermatitisDermatitis わ GlossitisGlossitis わ UremiaUremia 12/15/2020Dr. Sarvan Kumar General Veterinary Pathology
PantothenicPantothenic acidacid わ Stunted growth of chicksStunted growth of chicks FolateFolate Deficiency of vitaminsDeficiency of vitamins 37 FolateFolate わ AnemiaAnemia CyanocobalaminCyanocobalamin わ AnemiaAnemia 12/15/2020Dr. Sarvan Kumar General Veterinary Pathology
BiotinBiotin わ ParalysisParalysis CholineCholine Deficiency of vitaminsDeficiency of vitamins 38 CholineCholine わ PerosisPerosis 12/15/2020Dr. Sarvan Kumar General Veterinary Pathology
VITAMIN C (Ascorbic acid)VITAMIN C (Ascorbic acid) わ Retardation ofRetardation of fibroplasiafibroplasia Deficiency of vitaminsDeficiency of vitamins 39 わ ScurvyScurvy わ Delayed wound healingDelayed wound healing 12/15/2020Dr. Sarvan Kumar General Veterinary Pathology
VITAMIN EVITAMIN E ((￥-- tocopheroltocopherol)) わ White muscleWhite muscle disease in cattledisease in cattle Deficiency of vitaminsDeficiency of vitamins 40 disease in cattledisease in cattle わ Stiff lamb diseaseStiff lamb disease in sheepin sheep わ MyoglobinuriaMyoglobinuria inin horsehorse 12/15/2020Dr. Sarvan Kumar General Veterinary Pathology
SodiumSodium chloridechloride わ MaintainsMaintains osmoticosmotic pressurepressure inin blood,blood, interstitialinterstitial tissuetissue andand thethe cellscells MineralsMinerals 41 tissuetissue andand thethe cellscells わ 6565%% ofof osmoticosmotic pressurepressure わ HydrochloricHydrochloric acidacid presentpresent inin stomachstomach alsoalso comescomes fromfrom sodiumsodium chloridechloride 12/15/2020Dr. Sarvan Kumar General Veterinary Pathology
Excess of sodium chlorideExcess of sodium chloride Gastroenteritis in cattle and pigsGastroenteritis in cattle and pigs MineralsMinerals 42 AscitesAscites in poultryin poultry 12/15/2020Dr. Sarvan Kumar General Veterinary Pathology
Deficiency of sodium chlorideDeficiency of sodium chloride わ AnorexiaAnorexia わ ConstipationConstipation MineralsMinerals 43 わ Loss of weightLoss of weight わ PicaPica わ Decreased milk productionDecreased milk production わ PolyureaPolyurea 12/15/2020Dr. Sarvan Kumar General Veterinary Pathology
CalciumCalcium わ Normal range of calcium is 10Normal range of calcium is 10--11 mg/10011 mg/100 ml bloodml blood MineralsMinerals 44 ExcessExcess わ Metastatic calcificationMetastatic calcification Calcium deficiencyCalcium deficiency わ Milk feverMilk fever 12/15/2020Dr. Sarvan Kumar General Veterinary Pathology
MagnesiumMagnesium DeficiencyDeficiency hypomagnesaemiahypomagnesaemia わ NervousNervous hyperirritability,hyperirritability, convulsions,convulsions, depression,depression, comacoma andand deathdeath HaemorrhageHaemorrhage inin heart,heart, intestines,intestines, mesenterymesentery andand MineralsMinerals 45 わ HaemorrhageHaemorrhage inin heart,heart, intestines,intestines, mesenterymesentery andand congestioncongestion ofof visceraviscera わ GrassGrass tetanytetany andand GrassGrass staggersstaggers 12/15/2020Dr. Sarvan Kumar General Veterinary Pathology
Phosphorus DeficiencyPhosphorus Deficiency--hypophosphatemiahypophosphatemia わ PicaPica わ RheumatismRheumatism MineralsMinerals 46 わ RheumatismRheumatism わ HemoglobinureaHemoglobinurea 12/15/2020Dr. Sarvan Kumar General Veterinary Pathology
SeleniumSelenium わ Deficiency of seleniumDeficiency of selenium HaemolysisHaemolysis MineralsMinerals 47 わ Excess of seleniumExcess of selenium Blind StaggersBlind Staggers 12/15/2020Dr. Sarvan Kumar General Veterinary Pathology
Iron DeficiencyIron Deficiency わ AnemiaAnemia Copper DeficiencyCopper Deficiency MineralsMinerals 48 わ AnemiaAnemia わ Steel wool disease inSteel wool disease in sheepsheep わ FALLING DISEASE IN CATTLEFALLING DISEASE IN CATTLE 12/15/2020Dr. Sarvan Kumar General Veterinary Pathology
Cobalt DeficiencyCobalt Deficiency わ Wasting disease,Wasting disease, cachexiacachexia and emaciationand emaciation Manganese DeficiencyManganese Deficiency MineralsMinerals SlippedSlipped tendontendon oror perosisperosis 49 ZincZinc DeficiencyDeficiency わ ParakeratosisParakeratosis わ ThymicThymic hypoplasiahypoplasia in calvesin calves わ Immunodeficiency in animalsImmunodeficiency in animals 12/15/2020Dr. Sarvan Kumar General Veterinary Pathology SlippedSlipped tendontendon oror perosisperosis
Iodine DeficiencyIodine Deficiency わ Absence of hair on their skinAbsence of hair on their skin わ Reduced fertilityReduced fertility MineralsMinerals 50 Fluorine ExcessFluorine Excess わ Mottling in teeth and bonesMottling in teeth and bones わ Teeth become shorter, broader with opaque areasTeeth become shorter, broader with opaque areas 12/15/2020Dr. Sarvan Kumar General Veterinary Pathology
5112/15/2020Dr. Sarvan Kumar General Veterinary Pathology

More Related Content

Concept of disease

  • 1. General Veterinary Pathology Dr. Sarvan Kumar M.V. Sc., Ph.D
  • 2. Concept/ theory of disease 2 The First Concept of DiseaseThe First Concept of Disease The Theological Concept of DiseaseThe Theological Concept of Disease 12/15/2020Dr. Sarvan Kumar General Veterinary Pathology TheThe HumoralHumoral Concept of DiseaseConcept of Disease Germ Theory of DiseaseGerm Theory of Disease
  • 3. The First Concept of DiseaseThe First Concept of Disease 3 BelievedBelieved inin thethe existenceexistence ofof evilevil spirits/demonsspirits/demons ManMan gotgot possessedpossessed byby demonsdemons andand becamebecame demonoiacdemonoiac TakenTaken illill andand sufferedsuffered fromfrom diseasedisease 12/15/2020Dr. Sarvan Kumar General Veterinary Pathology DiseaseDisease waswas ConsideredConsidered toto bebe thethe displeasuredispleasure ofof evilevil spiritsspirits.. TreatmentTreatment waswas directeddirected towardtoward appeasingappeasing themthem andand worshipworship themthem (demons)(demons) FirstFirst physicianphysician waswas aa witchwitch doctordoctor..
  • 4. The Theological Concept of DiseaseThe Theological Concept of Disease 4 40004000 BB..CC.. inin EgyptEgypt EmbalmingEmbalming ii..ee.. PreservationPreservation ofof deaddead bodybody againstagainst putrefactionputrefaction (mummies)(mummies) BodiesBodies werewere takentaken inin embalmingembalming templestemples OnlyOnly priestpriest sawsaw themthem 12/15/2020Dr. Sarvan Kumar General Veterinary Pathology OnlyOnly priestpriest sawsaw themthem PriestPriest recogniserecognise thethe changechange inin organs/bodyorgans/body KeptKept thethe informationinformation secretesecrete PutPut forwardforward thethe theorytheory thatthat diseasedisease waswas resultresult ofof divinesdivines displeasuredispleasure.. NowNow priestpriest playedplayed thethe rolerole ofof physicianphysician..
  • 5. TheThe HumoralHumoral Concept of DiseaseConcept of Disease 5 HippocrateHippocrate fatherfather ofof medicinemedicine PutPut forwardforward thethe HumoralHumoral ConceptConcept ofof DiseaseDisease BodyBody consistsconsists ofof fourfour humourshumours (body(body fluids)fluids) 12/15/2020Dr. Sarvan Kumar General Veterinary Pathology 1.1. BloodBlood == warmwarm andand moistmoist likelike airair (Heart)(Heart) 2.2. PhlegmPhlegm == coldcold andand moistmoist likelike waterwater (Brain)(Brain) 3.3. YellowYellow bile=bile= warmwarm andand drydry likelike firefire (Liver)(Liver) 4.4. BlackBlack bilebile == coldcold andand drydry likelike earthearth (Spleen(Spleen))
  • 6. 6 EucrasiaEucrasia = mixture in correct= mixture in correct DyscrasiaDyscrasia = mixture incorrect= mixture incorrect proporationproporation Phlegm originated from brainPhlegm originated from brain gravitategravitate 12/15/2020Dr. Sarvan Kumar General Veterinary Pathology gravitategravitate Appear into nose (Cold)Appear into nose (Cold) gravitategravitate Further gravitate into lungs (Pneumonia)Further gravitate into lungs (Pneumonia)
  • 7. Germ Theory of DiseaseGerm Theory of Disease 7 Louis Pasteur (1822Louis Pasteur (1822--1895)1895) Originator of new field of bacteriologyOriginator of new field of bacteriology 12/15/2020Dr. Sarvan Kumar General Veterinary Pathology Bacteria cause the diseaseBacteria cause the disease Give the concept of Germ Theory of DiseaseGive the concept of Germ Theory of Disease Pasteurelosis, Anthrax and RabiesPasteurelosis, Anthrax and Rabies
  • 8. ≒ GenusGenus ≒ AgeAge ≒ Breed / RaceBreed / Race Intrinsic CausesIntrinsic Causes 8 ≒ SexSex ≒ FamilyFamily ≒ ColourColour ≒ IdiosyncrasyIdiosyncrasy 12/15/2020Dr. Sarvan Kumar General Veterinary Pathology
  • 9. PHYSICALPHYSICAL CAUSESCAUSES わ TraumaTrauma わ Contusions/BruisesContusions/Bruises Extrinsic CausesExtrinsic Causes 912/15/2020Dr. Sarvan Kumar General Veterinary Pathology
  • 11. Incised wounds/cuts LacerationLaceration Physical CausesPhysical Causes 1112/15/2020Dr. Sarvan Kumar General Veterinary Pathology
  • 12. StabStab woundwound CompressionCompression BlastBlast injuryinjury PHYSICALPHYSICAL CAUSESCAUSESPhysical CausesPhysical Causes 12 BlastBlast injuryinjury BulletBullet woundwound 12/15/2020Dr. Sarvan Kumar General Veterinary Pathology
  • 13. ELECTRICALELECTRICAL INJURYINJURY TEMPERATURETEMPERATURE わ BurnsBurns II degreedegree burnsburns Physical CausesPhysical Causes 13 II degreedegree burnsburns IIII degreedegree burnsburns IIIIII degreedegree burnsburns わ HyperthermiaHyperthermia わ HypothermiaHypothermia 12/15/2020Dr. Sarvan Kumar General Veterinary Pathology
  • 14. RADIATION INJURYRADIATION INJURY Physical CausesPhysical Causes 1412/15/2020Dr. Sarvan Kumar General Veterinary Pathology
  • 15. VIRUS DNA virusDNA virus RNA virusRNA virus BIOLOGICAL CAUSESBIOLOGICAL CAUSES 1512/15/2020Dr. Sarvan Kumar General Veterinary Pathology
  • 16. PoxviridaePoxviridae HerpesviridaeHerpesviridae ParvoviridaeParvoviridae DNA VIRUSDNA VIRUS 16 AdenoviridaeAdenoviridae HepadnaviridaeHepadnaviridae IridoviridaeIridoviridae 12/15/2020Dr. Sarvan Kumar General Veterinary Pathology
  • 17. OrthomyxoviridaeOrthomyxoviridae ParamyxoviridaeParamyxoviridae RhabdoviridaeRhabdoviridae RNA VIRUSRNA VIRUS 17 FiloviridaeFiloviridae CoronaviridaeCoronaviridae ReoviridaeReoviridae ArenaviridaeArenaviridae 12/15/2020Dr. Sarvan Kumar General Veterinary Pathology
  • 18. TogaviridaeTogaviridae PicornaviridaePicornaviridae CalciviridaeCalciviridae RNA VIRUSRNA VIRUS 18 AstroviridaeAstroviridae RetroviridaeRetroviridae ToroviridaeToroviridae BunyaviridaeBunyaviridae 12/15/2020Dr. Sarvan Kumar General Veterinary Pathology
  • 19. PrionsPrions ViroidsViroids SUBVIRAL AGENTSSUBVIRAL AGENTS 19 ViroidsViroids 12/15/2020Dr. Sarvan Kumar General Veterinary Pathology
  • 20. RickettsiaRickettsia MycoplasmaMycoplasma ChlamydiaChlamydia Biological CausesBiological Causes 20 ChlamydiaChlamydia SpirochaeteSpirochaete 12/15/2020Dr. Sarvan Kumar General Veterinary Pathology
  • 21. A B BacteriaBacteria 21 C 12/15/2020Dr. Sarvan Kumar General Veterinary Pathology
  • 22. FungiFungi 2212/15/2020Dr. Sarvan Kumar General Veterinary Pathology
  • 23. Protozoan Parasites Helminths Arthropods ParasitesParasites 2312/15/2020Dr. Sarvan Kumar General Veterinary Pathology
  • 24. HORIZONTALHORIZONTAL TRANSMISSIONTRANSMISSION わ IngestionIngestion わ InoculationInoculation わ InhalationInhalation わ IatrogenicIatrogenic TransmissionTransmission 24 わ IatrogenicIatrogenic わ ContactContact わ CoitusCoitus VERTICALVERTICAL TRANSMISSIONTRANSMISSION わ HereditaryHereditary わ CongenitalCongenital 12/15/2020Dr. Sarvan Kumar General Veterinary Pathology
  • 25. Avoidance of a stage in the external environment. Resistant forms e.g. Anthrax spores. Rapidly in - rapidly out strategy e.g. Viruses of respiratory tract. Maintenance of infectionMaintenance of infection 25 respiratory tract. Persistence within the host e.g. Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Slow viral diseases. Extension of host range. Infection in more than one host e.g. Foot and mouth disease. 12/15/2020Dr. Sarvan Kumar General Veterinary Pathology
  • 26. BIOLOGICAL TOXINS Snake venom Microbial toxins Bacterial toxins Fungal Toxins Chemical CausesChemical Causes 26 Fungal Toxins (Mycotoxins) Aflatoxins Ergot Fusarium toxins Ochratoxins Plant toxins 12/15/2020Dr. Sarvan Kumar General Veterinary Pathology
  • 27. Drug toxicityDrug toxicity EnvironmentalEnvironmental PollutantsPollutants Chemical CausesChemical Causes 2712/15/2020Dr. Sarvan Kumar General Veterinary Pathology
  • 28. TYPES OF DEFICIENCYTYPES OF DEFICIENCY わ Acute/chronicAcute/chronic e.g.e.g. Thiamine deficiency in pigsThiamine deficiency in pigs わ Multiple deficiencies:Multiple deficiencies: e.g.e.g. Poor quality foodPoor quality food Nutritional causesNutritional causes 28 わ Multiple deficiencies:Multiple deficiencies: e.g.e.g. Poor quality foodPoor quality food わ Nutritional imbalance:Nutritional imbalance: e.g.e.g. Imbalance in calcium:Imbalance in calcium: phosphorus (2:1) ratiophosphorus (2:1) ratio わ Protein malnutrition:Protein malnutrition: e.g.e.g. MalabsorptionMalabsorption わ Calorie deficiency:Calorie deficiency: e.g.e.g. Loss of fat/ Muscle wastingLoss of fat/ Muscle wasting 12/15/2020Dr. Sarvan Kumar General Veterinary Pathology
  • 29. Interference with intakeInterference with intake e.g.e.g. Anorexia, GI tract disordersAnorexia, GI tract disorders Interference with absorptionInterference with absorption FACTORS RESPONSIBLE FOR NUTRITIONAL DEFICIENCYFACTORS RESPONSIBLE FOR NUTRITIONAL DEFICIENCY 29 e.g.e.g. IntestinalIntestinal hypermotilityhypermotility, Insoluble complexes, Insoluble complexes in food (Fat/ Calcium)in food (Fat/ Calcium) Interference with storageInterference with storage e.g.e.g. Hepatic disease leads to deficiency ofHepatic disease leads to deficiency of vitamin Avitamin A 12/15/2020Dr. Sarvan Kumar General Veterinary Pathology
  • 30. IncreasedIncreased excretionexcretion ee..gg.. PolyuriaPolyuria,, SweatingSweating andand LactationLactation IncreasedIncreased requirementrequirement ee..gg.. Fever,Fever, HyperthyroidismHyperthyroidism andand PregnancyPregnancy FACTORS RESPONSIBLE FOR NUTRITIONAL DEFICIENCYFACTORS RESPONSIBLE FOR NUTRITIONAL DEFICIENCY 30 andand PregnancyPregnancy NaturalNatural inhibitorsinhibitors ee..gg.. PresencePresence ofof thiaminasesthiaminases inin feed,feed, leadsleads toto thiaminethiamine deficiencydeficiency 12/15/2020Dr. Sarvan Kumar General Veterinary Pathology
  • 31. Calorie DeficiencyCalorie Deficiency Food deprivationFood deprivation StarvationStarvation Intestinal involutionIntestinal involution Atrophy of musclesAtrophy of muscles Nutritional causesNutritional causes 31 Atrophy of musclesAtrophy of muscles LipolysisLipolysis GluconeogenesisGluconeogenesis Protein deficiencyProtein deficiency Deficiency of LipidsDeficiency of Lipids Deficiency of WaterDeficiency of Water 12/15/2020Dr. Sarvan Kumar General Veterinary Pathology
  • 32. VITAMIN AVITAMIN A わ SquamousSquamous metaplasiametaplasia わ Abnormal teethAbnormal teeth わ Still birthStill birth Deficiency of vitaminsDeficiency of vitamins 32 わ Still birthStill birth わ NyctalopiaNyctalopia わ NutritionalNutritional rouproup わ UrolithiasisUrolithiasis わ AnophthalmosAnophthalmos わ MicrophthalmosMicrophthalmos 12/15/2020Dr. Sarvan Kumar General Veterinary Pathology
  • 33. VITAMIN DVITAMIN D わ RicketsRickets Deficiency of vitaminsDeficiency of vitamins 33 わ OsteomalaciaOsteomalacia 12/15/2020Dr. Sarvan Kumar General Veterinary Pathology
  • 34. VITAMIN KVITAMIN K わ HypoprothrombinemiaHypoprothrombinemia わ HaemorrhageHaemorrhage Deficiency of vitaminsDeficiency of vitamins 34 わ HaemorrhageHaemorrhage 12/15/2020Dr. Sarvan Kumar General Veterinary Pathology
  • 35. VITAMIN B COMPLEXVITAMIN B COMPLEX わ Thiamine (B 1)Thiamine (B 1) BeriBeri--beriberi diseasedisease Deficiency of vitaminsDeficiency of vitamins 35 BeriBeri--beriberi diseasedisease ChastekChastek paralysisparalysis Star GazingStar Gazing 12/15/2020Dr. Sarvan Kumar General Veterinary Pathology
  • 36. Riboflavin (B 2)Riboflavin (B 2) わ Curled toe paralysisCurled toe paralysis Niacin ( B 3)Niacin ( B 3) わ CanineCanine pellegrapellegra Deficiency of vitaminsDeficiency of vitamins 36 わ CanineCanine pellegrapellegra PyridoxinePyridoxine わ DermatitisDermatitis わ GlossitisGlossitis わ UremiaUremia 12/15/2020Dr. Sarvan Kumar General Veterinary Pathology
  • 37. PantothenicPantothenic acidacid わ Stunted growth of chicksStunted growth of chicks FolateFolate Deficiency of vitaminsDeficiency of vitamins 37 FolateFolate わ AnemiaAnemia CyanocobalaminCyanocobalamin わ AnemiaAnemia 12/15/2020Dr. Sarvan Kumar General Veterinary Pathology
  • 38. BiotinBiotin わ ParalysisParalysis CholineCholine Deficiency of vitaminsDeficiency of vitamins 38 CholineCholine わ PerosisPerosis 12/15/2020Dr. Sarvan Kumar General Veterinary Pathology
  • 39. VITAMIN C (Ascorbic acid)VITAMIN C (Ascorbic acid) わ Retardation ofRetardation of fibroplasiafibroplasia Deficiency of vitaminsDeficiency of vitamins 39 わ ScurvyScurvy わ Delayed wound healingDelayed wound healing 12/15/2020Dr. Sarvan Kumar General Veterinary Pathology
  • 40. VITAMIN EVITAMIN E ((￥-- tocopheroltocopherol)) わ White muscleWhite muscle disease in cattledisease in cattle Deficiency of vitaminsDeficiency of vitamins 40 disease in cattledisease in cattle わ Stiff lamb diseaseStiff lamb disease in sheepin sheep わ MyoglobinuriaMyoglobinuria inin horsehorse 12/15/2020Dr. Sarvan Kumar General Veterinary Pathology
  • 41. SodiumSodium chloridechloride わ MaintainsMaintains osmoticosmotic pressurepressure inin blood,blood, interstitialinterstitial tissuetissue andand thethe cellscells MineralsMinerals 41 tissuetissue andand thethe cellscells わ 6565%% ofof osmoticosmotic pressurepressure わ HydrochloricHydrochloric acidacid presentpresent inin stomachstomach alsoalso comescomes fromfrom sodiumsodium chloridechloride 12/15/2020Dr. Sarvan Kumar General Veterinary Pathology
  • 42. Excess of sodium chlorideExcess of sodium chloride Gastroenteritis in cattle and pigsGastroenteritis in cattle and pigs MineralsMinerals 42 AscitesAscites in poultryin poultry 12/15/2020Dr. Sarvan Kumar General Veterinary Pathology
  • 43. Deficiency of sodium chlorideDeficiency of sodium chloride わ AnorexiaAnorexia わ ConstipationConstipation MineralsMinerals 43 わ Loss of weightLoss of weight わ PicaPica わ Decreased milk productionDecreased milk production わ PolyureaPolyurea 12/15/2020Dr. Sarvan Kumar General Veterinary Pathology
  • 44. CalciumCalcium わ Normal range of calcium is 10Normal range of calcium is 10--11 mg/10011 mg/100 ml bloodml blood MineralsMinerals 44 ExcessExcess わ Metastatic calcificationMetastatic calcification Calcium deficiencyCalcium deficiency わ Milk feverMilk fever 12/15/2020Dr. Sarvan Kumar General Veterinary Pathology
  • 45. MagnesiumMagnesium DeficiencyDeficiency hypomagnesaemiahypomagnesaemia わ NervousNervous hyperirritability,hyperirritability, convulsions,convulsions, depression,depression, comacoma andand deathdeath HaemorrhageHaemorrhage inin heart,heart, intestines,intestines, mesenterymesentery andand MineralsMinerals 45 わ HaemorrhageHaemorrhage inin heart,heart, intestines,intestines, mesenterymesentery andand congestioncongestion ofof visceraviscera わ GrassGrass tetanytetany andand GrassGrass staggersstaggers 12/15/2020Dr. Sarvan Kumar General Veterinary Pathology
  • 46. Phosphorus DeficiencyPhosphorus Deficiency--hypophosphatemiahypophosphatemia わ PicaPica わ RheumatismRheumatism MineralsMinerals 46 わ RheumatismRheumatism わ HemoglobinureaHemoglobinurea 12/15/2020Dr. Sarvan Kumar General Veterinary Pathology
  • 47. SeleniumSelenium わ Deficiency of seleniumDeficiency of selenium HaemolysisHaemolysis MineralsMinerals 47 わ Excess of seleniumExcess of selenium Blind StaggersBlind Staggers 12/15/2020Dr. Sarvan Kumar General Veterinary Pathology
  • 48. Iron DeficiencyIron Deficiency わ AnemiaAnemia Copper DeficiencyCopper Deficiency MineralsMinerals 48 わ AnemiaAnemia わ Steel wool disease inSteel wool disease in sheepsheep わ FALLING DISEASE IN CATTLEFALLING DISEASE IN CATTLE 12/15/2020Dr. Sarvan Kumar General Veterinary Pathology
  • 49. Cobalt DeficiencyCobalt Deficiency わ Wasting disease,Wasting disease, cachexiacachexia and emaciationand emaciation Manganese DeficiencyManganese Deficiency MineralsMinerals SlippedSlipped tendontendon oror perosisperosis 49 ZincZinc DeficiencyDeficiency わ ParakeratosisParakeratosis わ ThymicThymic hypoplasiahypoplasia in calvesin calves わ Immunodeficiency in animalsImmunodeficiency in animals 12/15/2020Dr. Sarvan Kumar General Veterinary Pathology SlippedSlipped tendontendon oror perosisperosis
  • 50. Iodine DeficiencyIodine Deficiency わ Absence of hair on their skinAbsence of hair on their skin わ Reduced fertilityReduced fertility MineralsMinerals 50 Fluorine ExcessFluorine Excess わ Mottling in teeth and bonesMottling in teeth and bones わ Teeth become shorter, broader with opaque areasTeeth become shorter, broader with opaque areas 12/15/2020Dr. Sarvan Kumar General Veterinary Pathology
  • 51. 5112/15/2020Dr. Sarvan Kumar General Veterinary Pathology