Consonant
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This document summarizes how consonants are classified in English phonology. It discusses their place and manner of articulation, as well as voicing. Consonants are described based on where in the vocal tract the obstruction occurs (place of articulation), the type of closure or narrowing created (manner of articulation), and whether the vocal cords vibrate (voicing). There are eight places of articulation: bilabial, labiodental, dental, alveolar, palato-alveolar, palatal, velar, and glottal. Manner includes plosives/stops, nasals, fricatives, affricates, approximants, and laterals.
![Fortis vs lenis plosives
Fortis plosives are strongly aspirated in initial (stressed)
positions
Eg. [p憤en] [t憤n] [k憤脱n] [pt憤e肘t]
Fortis plosives are weakly aspirated in unstressed and final
position.
Eg. [p憤t] [tmr]
/l, r, w, j/ are devoiced when following fortis plosives
Eg. [pl魅e肘] [kr魅肘] [tw魅肘n]
Lenis plosives are voiced only when they are between voiced
sounds
Eg. [b魅k] [d魅g] [hd]](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/consonant-150904080037-lva1-app6891/85/Consonant-48-320.jpg)
![Fortis vs. lenis fricatives
Friction noise of fortis fricatives is louder
Lenis fricatives are voiced between voiced
sounds
Eg. [l肘v魅] [bri丹魅] [z魅u] [me]](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/consonant-150904080037-lva1-app6891/85/Consonant-49-320.jpg)
![Fortis vs. lenis affricates
Lenis affricates are voiced between voiced
sounds.
Eg. [ld] [ld] [db魅]](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/consonant-150904080037-lva1-app6891/85/Consonant-50-320.jpg)
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Consonant
- 3. consonants are described & classified in terms of: Place of articulation Manner of articulation Voicing At what point or points & between what speech organs does the closure or narrowing take place? What is the type of closure or narrowing at the point of articulation? Do the vocal cords vibrate or not?
- 4. Place of articulation the point of contact where an obstruction occurs in the vocal tract Bilabial consonants Labio-dental consonants Dental consonants Alveolar consonants Post/palato alveolar consonants Palatal consonants Velar consonants Glottal consonants
- 5. Alveolar ridge Back of alveolar ridge Glottis Hard palate Lower lip Lower lip Soft palate Tongue back Tongue blade Tongue blade Tongue front Tongue tip Upper lip Upper teeth Upper teeth Vocal cords
- 6. Place of articulation the point of contact where an obstruction occurs in the vocal tract Bilabial consonants Labio-dental consonants Dental consonants Alveolar consonants Post/palato alveolar consonants Palatal consonants Velar consonants Glottal consonants Upper lip Lower lip Lower lip Upper teeth Tongue tip Upper teeth Tongue blade Alveolar ridge Glottis Vocal cordsTongue blade Back of alveolar ridge Tongue front Hard palate Tongue back Soft palate
- 7. Bilabial consonants Upper lip + lower lip /p//b//m/ /w/
- 12. Labio-dental consonants /f/ /v/ Lower lip (active) + upper teeth (passive)
- 14. Dental consonants Upper teeth (passive) + tongue tip (active) /慮//隆/
- 16. Alveolar consonants Alveolar ridge (passive) + tongue blade (tip +blade) (active) /t//d//n//z//s//l/
- 21. Post/Palato-alveolar consonants Tongue blade or tip & blade + back of alveolar ridge +raising of tongue front towards hard palate /////払//覆//r/
- 25. Palatal consonant Hard palate + tongue front /j/
- 26. Velar consonants Soft palate + tongue back ///k//g/
- 27. Velar consonants
- 28. Glottal consonant the glottis, vocal cords
- 29. Name Articulators Examples Bilabial Upper lip + lower lip Labio-dental Lower lip + upper teeth Dental Upper teeth + tongue tip Alveolar Alveolar ridge + tongue blade (tip +blade) Post/Palato- alveolar Tongue blade or tip & blade + alveolar ridge +raising of tongue front towards hard palate Palatal Hard palate + tongue front Velar Soft palate + tongue back Glottal Glottis, vocal cords /p//b//m/ /w/ /f/ /v/ /慮//隆/ /t//d//n//z//s//l/ /////払//覆//r / /j/ ///k//g/ /h/
- 30. MANNER OF ARTICULATION TYPE OF CLOSURE MADE BY THE ARTICULATORS Nasal consonants Plosives/stops Fricatives Affricates Lateral consonant Approximants
- 31. Nasal consonants Nasal consonants are created when you completely block air flow through your mouth (by lowering the soft palate and let the air pass through your nose. + /m/ two lips (bilabial) + /n/ tongue blade against the alveolar ridge (alveolar). + // - the back of your tongue against the soft palate (velar).
- 32. Plosives/stop consonants stop consonants occur when the vocal tract is closed completely, the air quickly builds up pressure behind the articulators and then releases in a burst (plosion) /p/ /b/ oral passage is blocked by closing the lips (bilabial). /t/ /d/ - oral passage is blocked by pressing the tongue blade against the alveolar ridge (alveolar) /k/ /g/- block airflow with the back of the tongue against the soft palate (velar).
- 33. 4 phases of production of stops Closure phase: the articulators move to form the stricture (obstruction) Hold phase: the compressed air is stopped from escaping release phase: the articulators are moved to allow air to escape Post-release phase
- 34. Fricative consonants fricative sounds involve only a partial blockage of the vocal tract so that air has to be forced through a narrow channel, making a friction noise Fricatives are continuant consonants /f/ /v/ - air is forced through the upper teeth and lower lip (labiodental) /慮/ /丹/ air is forced through upper teeth and tongue (dental) /s/ /z/ - air is forced through tongue and alveolar ridge (alveolar) // // - air is forced through the tongue and point just beyond alveolar ridge (post-alveolar) /h/ - air passes through the glottis (glottal), between the vocal cords
- 35. Affricates The Affricate consonants start as stops with air building up behind an articulator which then ends as an fricative. /t/ /d/ air is blocked with tongue just beyond the alveolar ridge (post-alveolar), then released as a fricative. Stops Fricatives AFFRICATES
- 36. Approximant Approximants are created when two articulators come close together but not quite close enough to create air turbulence. /w/ - back of tongue raises to velum (but not too close!) and lips are rounded (bilabial) (labio-velar) /j/ - tongue front raises to hard palate (but not too close!) (palatal). /r/ - tongue blade raises to hard palate (post-alveolar)
- 37. Lateral Lateral consonants are created when the tongue blocks the middle of your mouth so that air has to pass around the sides. There is one lateral consonant in English - /l/ - which is created when you place the tongue at the alveolar ridge.
- 38. Manner of articulation Types Features Symbols Plosives (stop consonants) Complete closure, air pressure -> explosion Bilabial plosives: Alveolar plosives: Velar plosives: Fricatives (continuant consonants) Air escapes thru a small passage=> hissing sound (friction) Labio- dental fricatives: Dental fricatives Alveolar fricatives Palato- alveolar fricatives Glottal fricative Nasals Air escapes thru the nose Bilabial nasal Alveolar nasal Velar nasal /p/ /b/ /t/ /d/ /k/ /g/ /f/ /v/ /慮/ /隆/ /s/ /z/ // // /h/ /m/ /n/ //
- 39. Manner of articulation Types Features Symbols Affricates (Palato- alveolar affricates) Closure between tip, blade, rims of tongue & upper alveolar ridge & side teeth. Front of tongue raised towards hard palate in readiness for fricative release Friction is shorter than in fricatives. (Alveolar) Lateral Tip of tongue makes contact with upper teeth ridge. Air escapes on both sides of tongue on upper side teeth Approximant s Articulators approach each other but do not get sufficiently close to each other to produce a complete consonant such as plosive, nasal or fricative Post- Alveolar approximant Palatal approximant bilabial approximant /覆/ /払/ /l/ /r/ /j/ /w/
- 40. ACCORDING TO VOICING 1. Voiced consonants: are produced when the vocal cords vibrate e.g. 2. Voiceless consonants: are produced when the vocal cords do not vibrate e.g.
- 41. DESCRIBING ENGLISH CONSONANTS The description includes the following information: a. Voicing b. Place of articulation c. Manner of articulation e.g. /s/: /n/: /f/: /t/: //: /j/: /g/:
- 42. IDENTIFYING ENGLISH CONSONANTS A description in given and you have to identify which sound is being described. Voiced velar nasal: Voiceless palato-alveolar fricative: Voiced bilabial stop: Voiced labio-dental fricative: Voiced alveolar lateral: Voiceless palato-alveolar affricate: Voiced dental fricative:
- 45. Fortis and lenis consonants plosives fricatives affricates fortis lenis
- 46. Fortis and lenis consonants plosives fricatives affricates fortis p t k f s 慮 t lenis b d g v z 丹 d
- 47. Fortis vs. lenis Fortis consonants Voiceless Slightly longer than lenis shorten preceding vowels Eg. r肘s r肘t Strong Lenis consonants Often voiced (but not always) Slightly shorter than fortis lengthen preceding vowels Eg. r肘z r肘d Weak
- 48. Fortis vs lenis plosives Fortis plosives are strongly aspirated in initial (stressed) positions Eg. [p憤en] [t憤n] [k憤脱n] [pt憤e肘t] Fortis plosives are weakly aspirated in unstressed and final position. Eg. [p憤t] [tmr] /l, r, w, j/ are devoiced when following fortis plosives Eg. [pl魅e肘] [kr魅肘] [tw魅肘n] Lenis plosives are voiced only when they are between voiced sounds Eg. [b魅k] [d魅g] [hd]
- 49. Fortis vs. lenis fricatives Friction noise of fortis fricatives is louder Lenis fricatives are voiced between voiced sounds Eg. [l肘v魅] [bri丹魅] [z魅u] [me]
- 50. Fortis vs. lenis affricates Lenis affricates are voiced between voiced sounds. Eg. [ld] [ld] [db魅]
- 51. exercises Compare the length of vowels in the following pairs leaf vs. leave robe vs. rope sight vs. side broad vs. brought batch vs. badge age vs. h
- 52. Describe the state of the consonants Riches Lodging Plain Queen Crying Tray Park