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Construction of Eiffel tower

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Deyaa Adi

The Eiffel Tower was designed and built by Gustave Eiffel's engineering company for the 1889 World's Fair in Paris. It was the tallest man-made structure in the world at 324 meters tall for 41 years. The tower was constructed from over 18,000 iron parts held together by 2.5 million rivets. It took 300 workers two years and two months to assemble the tower piece by piece using hydraulic jacks, steam cranes, and sandbags for support. While initially intended to be a temporary structure, the Eiffel Tower proved useful as a radio antenna and was kept as a permanent landmark of Paris.

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The Eiffel Tower A Dame de Fer, "the Iron Lady."
TableofContents 1. History 2. Lead Engineers 3. Key Events 4. criticism 5. Schedule 6. Design 7. Workshop 8. Worksite 9. Construction
History The Eiffel tower was built by Gustave Eiffels engineering firm. Gustave, Maurice and Emile came with the original design of the tower, for the purpose of submitting the plans to a contest that would determine the centerpiece of the 1889 Worlds Fair in Paris which also marked the 100th anniversary of the French Revolution.
LeadEngineers Emile Nouguier (1840 1897) French civil engineer and architect Gustave Eiffel (1832 1923) French civil engineer and architect Maurice Koechlin (1856 1946) Structural engineer (Structurae, n.d.)(trako.arch.rwth-aachen.de, n.d.)
KeyEvents Main attraction of the Paris Worlds Fair in 1889. First 300 meter Tower. Held the title The worlds tallest man- made structure for 41 years. The most visited paid-for monument in the world. The tower comprises 18,000 metallic parts, joined together by 2.5 million rivets. Multiple entries in Guinness world record (Smith, 2018)
Construction of Eiffel tower
Construction of Eiffel tower
Construction of Eiffel tower
250,000,000 People visited since the opening of the tower
criticism Capability Doubts of the tower reaching 300m using heavy metal Perception Artists protested against building Eiffel Tower Health and Safety Compromising the safety of workers on such high tower (La Tour Eiffel, 2019)
Originally intended as a temporary structure, the Eiffel Tower was going to be demolished after 20 years. But in 1909, the decision was made to keep the tower, as it had become a useful radio antenna. This helped during World War I, as the tower was used to send vital orders to French troops while its transmitters successfully jammed German communications. The Eiffel Tower was a strategic player during World War II as well.
Gustave Eiffel specified the Towers purpose to be for meteorological and astronomical observations, physics experiments, a strategic vantage point, an optical telegraph communications point, a beacon for electric lighting and wind studies. Gustave Eiffel stated, It will be for everyone an observatory and a laboratory the likes of which has never before been available to science. It is the reason why, from day one, all of our scientists have encouraged me with their utmost sympathies.
MAINTAINING THE EIFFEL 66 Tons Of lead-free paint 35 Miles Of climbing rope 25 Painters 18 Months of painting
Schedule Phase 1 Phase 3 Phase 2 Phase 4 Workshops Construction Design Worksite
Design Emile and Maurice idea of a very tall tower in 1884. Gustave Eiffel supporting Emile and Maurice idea. Material choice. Vertical and wind forces. Hiring architect Stephen Sauvestre to work on the appearance of the tower.
(Branch, 2012)
(Branch, 2012)
All buildings until the mid-nineteenth century are stone or masonry. But Eiffel tower is 300 meters high, and masonry is heavy, so at a height of 300 meters, the foundation wont be able to support the upper part, and eventually the structure will fracture. Cast iron couldnt be used, it had good resistance for compression, but it wasnt flexible like stretching steel, and steel couldnt be used because the tower would wobbly uncomfortably. Puddled iron was finally chosen to be used to build the tower, because of its resistance and flexibility.
Construction of Eiffel tower
Construction of Eiffel tower
Workshops All parts prepared at Levallois-Perret factory 18,038 Metallic parts 5,300 Workshop designs 150 Workers 2,500,000 Rivets 7,300 Tonnes of iron. (toureiffel, 2017)
(Nogu竪s, 2013)
Construction of Eiffel tower
Worksite Modest steam cranes Hydraulic supports Stopping pylon Sandbags 150 workers 1 accident
Modest steam cranes Between 150 and 300 well-supervised workers were enough to assemble all the metal parts. Stopping pylons are pyramid looking scaffolds that supported the pillars before they were connected. Sandbags were placed between the pylons and iron structure. Angelo Scagliottis death.
Construction of Eiffel tower
Construction of Eiffel tower
Hydraulic jacks were under the different legs of the tower, they were used to lower or raise each side to make sure that all 4 crossbow legs meet at the same horizontal level at the first floor.
Angelo Scagliottis slipped and fell to his death after working hours. Which was the reason for the death not to be counted as a work related incident.
Construction Ground investigation Foundation Metal work erection 1nd floor 2nd floor Upper Level The Top
Construction (Nogu竪s, 2013)(Zhang, 2018)
Foundation (Nogu竪s, 2013)(Zhang, 2018)
North and West Pillars Land close to river consists of soft and mucky soil. Not suitable for a massive tower. South and East Pillars Soil further from the river side, made of sand and gravel, its firm and suitable for a massive tower.
South and East Pillars Soil further from the river side, made of sand and gravel, its firm and suitable for a massive tower. Concrete foundations installed a few meters below ground-level on top of a layer of compacted gravel (Nogu竪s, 2013)
North and West Pillars Land close to river consists of soft and mucky soil. Not suitable for a massive tower. On the river side of the construction, the builders used watertight metal caissons and injected compressed air, so that they were able to work below the level of the water (Nogu竪s, 2013)
Metalworkerection (Nogu竪s, 2013)(Zhang, 2018)
1st&2ndfloor (Nogu竪s, 2013)(Zhang, 2018)
Upper Level (Nogu竪s, 2013)(Zhang, 2018)
Personal Goals With the knowledge I gained from researching about the Eiffel Tower, my interests in structural engineering and on-site working were widened. I have developed an interest in managing and planning of design and construction. I would say my personal goal is to become a project manager.
Made by Deyaa Adi
Reference
Reference The Biggest Meccano Set in the World. (2009). New Scientist, 204(2736), pp.6566. Nogu竪s, O. (2013). Construction of the Eiffel tower. [online] Wonders-of-the-world.net. Available at: https://www.wonders-of-the-world.net/Eiffel-Tower/Construction-of-the-Eiffel-tower.php [Accessed 6 Aug. 2020]. Nogu竪s, O. (2013). Workshop Work. [online] www.wonders-of-the-world.net. Available at: https://www.wonders-of-the-world.net/Eiffel-Tower/Workshop.php [Accessed 5 Aug. 2020]. Zhang, M. (2018). Eiffel Tower: Animated Construction Timelapse. YouTube. Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7RXC9GeKUvY [Accessed 10 Aug. 2020]. Structurae. (n.d.). Eiffel Tower (Paris ( 7 Th ), 1889). [online] Available at: https://structurae.net/en/structures/eiffel-tower [Accessed 11 Aug. 2020]. trako.arch.rwth-aachen.de. (n.d.). Maurice Koechlin - The real inventor of the Eiffel tower - RWTH AACHEN UNIVERSITY Chair of Structures and Structural Design - English. [online] Available at: https://trako.arch.rwth-aachen.de/cms/TRAKO/Forschung/Bautechnikgeschichte/~mmso/Maurice- Koechlin-der-eigentliche-Erfin/lidx/1/ [Accessed 11 Aug. 2020]. Smith, O. (2018). Eiffel Tower: 40 Fascinating Facts. [online] The Telegraph. Available at: https://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/destinations/europe/france/paris/articles/Eiffel-Tower-facts/ [Accessed 12 Aug. 2020].
Gustave Eiffel and Ligaran (2015). La Tour Eiffel En 1900. Erscheinungsort Nicht Ermittelbar] Primento Digital Publishing Ann Arbor, Michigan Proquest. Structurae. (n.d.). Emile Nouguier (1840 - 1898). [online] Available at: https://structurae.net/fr/personnes/emile-nouguier [Accessed 5 Aug. 2020]. Structurae. (n.d.). Gustave Eiffel (1832 - 1923). [online] Available at: https://structurae.net/en/persons/alexandre-gustave-eiffel [Accessed 5 Aug. 2020b]. Structurae. (n.d.). Maurice Koechlin (1856 - 1946). [online] Available at: https://structurae.net/en/persons/Maurice-koechlin [Accessed 5 Aug. 2020c]. Eiffel Tower. (2013). In A. Ballantyne, Key buildings from prehistory to the present: plans, sections and elevations. [Online]. London: Laurence King. Available from: https://login.ezproxy.bolton.ac.uk/login?url=https://search.credoreference.com/content/entry/lk ingbfpp/eiffel_tower/0?institutionId=3065 [Accessed 17 August 2020]. Eiffel Tower. (2018). In Helicon (Ed.), The Hutchinson unabridged encyclopedia with atlas and weather guide. [Online]. Abington: Helicon. Available from: https://login.ezproxy.bolton.ac.uk/login?url=https://search.credoreference.com/content/entry/h eliconhe/eiffel_tower/0?institutionId=3065 [Accessed 17 August 2020]. Reference

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Construction of Eiffel tower

  • 1. The Eiffel Tower A Dame de Fer, "the Iron Lady."
  • 2. TableofContents 1. History 2. Lead Engineers 3. Key Events 4. criticism 5. Schedule 6. Design 7. Workshop 8. Worksite 9. Construction
  • 3. History The Eiffel tower was built by Gustave Eiffels engineering firm. Gustave, Maurice and Emile came with the original design of the tower, for the purpose of submitting the plans to a contest that would determine the centerpiece of the 1889 Worlds Fair in Paris which also marked the 100th anniversary of the French Revolution.
  • 4. LeadEngineers Emile Nouguier (1840 1897) French civil engineer and architect Gustave Eiffel (1832 1923) French civil engineer and architect Maurice Koechlin (1856 1946) Structural engineer (Structurae, n.d.)(trako.arch.rwth-aachen.de, n.d.)
  • 5. KeyEvents Main attraction of the Paris Worlds Fair in 1889. First 300 meter Tower. Held the title The worlds tallest man- made structure for 41 years. The most visited paid-for monument in the world. The tower comprises 18,000 metallic parts, joined together by 2.5 million rivets. Multiple entries in Guinness world record (Smith, 2018)
  • 9. 250,000,000 People visited since the opening of the tower
  • 10. criticism Capability Doubts of the tower reaching 300m using heavy metal Perception Artists protested against building Eiffel Tower Health and Safety Compromising the safety of workers on such high tower (La Tour Eiffel, 2019)
  • 11. Originally intended as a temporary structure, the Eiffel Tower was going to be demolished after 20 years. But in 1909, the decision was made to keep the tower, as it had become a useful radio antenna. This helped during World War I, as the tower was used to send vital orders to French troops while its transmitters successfully jammed German communications. The Eiffel Tower was a strategic player during World War II as well.
  • 12. Gustave Eiffel specified the Towers purpose to be for meteorological and astronomical observations, physics experiments, a strategic vantage point, an optical telegraph communications point, a beacon for electric lighting and wind studies. Gustave Eiffel stated, It will be for everyone an observatory and a laboratory the likes of which has never before been available to science. It is the reason why, from day one, all of our scientists have encouraged me with their utmost sympathies.
  • 13. MAINTAINING THE EIFFEL 66 Tons Of lead-free paint 35 Miles Of climbing rope 25 Painters 18 Months of painting
  • 14. Schedule Phase 1 Phase 3 Phase 2 Phase 4 Workshops Construction Design Worksite
  • 15. Design Emile and Maurice idea of a very tall tower in 1884. Gustave Eiffel supporting Emile and Maurice idea. Material choice. Vertical and wind forces. Hiring architect Stephen Sauvestre to work on the appearance of the tower.
  • 18. All buildings until the mid-nineteenth century are stone or masonry. But Eiffel tower is 300 meters high, and masonry is heavy, so at a height of 300 meters, the foundation wont be able to support the upper part, and eventually the structure will fracture. Cast iron couldnt be used, it had good resistance for compression, but it wasnt flexible like stretching steel, and steel couldnt be used because the tower would wobbly uncomfortably. Puddled iron was finally chosen to be used to build the tower, because of its resistance and flexibility.
  • 21. Workshops All parts prepared at Levallois-Perret factory 18,038 Metallic parts 5,300 Workshop designs 150 Workers 2,500,000 Rivets 7,300 Tonnes of iron. (toureiffel, 2017)
  • 24. Worksite Modest steam cranes Hydraulic supports Stopping pylon Sandbags 150 workers 1 accident
  • 25. Modest steam cranes Between 150 and 300 well-supervised workers were enough to assemble all the metal parts. Stopping pylons are pyramid looking scaffolds that supported the pillars before they were connected. Sandbags were placed between the pylons and iron structure. Angelo Scagliottis death.
  • 28. Hydraulic jacks were under the different legs of the tower, they were used to lower or raise each side to make sure that all 4 crossbow legs meet at the same horizontal level at the first floor.
  • 29. Angelo Scagliottis slipped and fell to his death after working hours. Which was the reason for the death not to be counted as a work related incident.
  • 30. Construction Ground investigation Foundation Metal work erection 1nd floor 2nd floor Upper Level The Top
  • 33. North and West Pillars Land close to river consists of soft and mucky soil. Not suitable for a massive tower. South and East Pillars Soil further from the river side, made of sand and gravel, its firm and suitable for a massive tower.
  • 34. South and East Pillars Soil further from the river side, made of sand and gravel, its firm and suitable for a massive tower. Concrete foundations installed a few meters below ground-level on top of a layer of compacted gravel (Nogu竪s, 2013)
  • 35. North and West Pillars Land close to river consists of soft and mucky soil. Not suitable for a massive tower. On the river side of the construction, the builders used watertight metal caissons and injected compressed air, so that they were able to work below the level of the water (Nogu竪s, 2013)
  • 39. Personal Goals With the knowledge I gained from researching about the Eiffel Tower, my interests in structural engineering and on-site working were widened. I have developed an interest in managing and planning of design and construction. I would say my personal goal is to become a project manager.
  • 42. Reference The Biggest Meccano Set in the World. (2009). New Scientist, 204(2736), pp.6566. Nogu竪s, O. (2013). Construction of the Eiffel tower. [online] Wonders-of-the-world.net. Available at: https://www.wonders-of-the-world.net/Eiffel-Tower/Construction-of-the-Eiffel-tower.php [Accessed 6 Aug. 2020]. Nogu竪s, O. (2013). Workshop Work. [online] www.wonders-of-the-world.net. Available at: https://www.wonders-of-the-world.net/Eiffel-Tower/Workshop.php [Accessed 5 Aug. 2020]. Zhang, M. (2018). Eiffel Tower: Animated Construction Timelapse. YouTube. Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7RXC9GeKUvY [Accessed 10 Aug. 2020]. Structurae. (n.d.). Eiffel Tower (Paris ( 7 Th ), 1889). [online] Available at: https://structurae.net/en/structures/eiffel-tower [Accessed 11 Aug. 2020]. trako.arch.rwth-aachen.de. (n.d.). Maurice Koechlin - The real inventor of the Eiffel tower - RWTH AACHEN UNIVERSITY Chair of Structures and Structural Design - English. [online] Available at: https://trako.arch.rwth-aachen.de/cms/TRAKO/Forschung/Bautechnikgeschichte/~mmso/Maurice- Koechlin-der-eigentliche-Erfin/lidx/1/ [Accessed 11 Aug. 2020]. Smith, O. (2018). Eiffel Tower: 40 Fascinating Facts. [online] The Telegraph. Available at: https://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/destinations/europe/france/paris/articles/Eiffel-Tower-facts/ [Accessed 12 Aug. 2020].
  • 43. Gustave Eiffel and Ligaran (2015). La Tour Eiffel En 1900. Erscheinungsort Nicht Ermittelbar] Primento Digital Publishing Ann Arbor, Michigan Proquest. Structurae. (n.d.). Emile Nouguier (1840 - 1898). [online] Available at: https://structurae.net/fr/personnes/emile-nouguier [Accessed 5 Aug. 2020]. Structurae. (n.d.). Gustave Eiffel (1832 - 1923). [online] Available at: https://structurae.net/en/persons/alexandre-gustave-eiffel [Accessed 5 Aug. 2020b]. Structurae. (n.d.). Maurice Koechlin (1856 - 1946). [online] Available at: https://structurae.net/en/persons/Maurice-koechlin [Accessed 5 Aug. 2020c]. Eiffel Tower. (2013). In A. Ballantyne, Key buildings from prehistory to the present: plans, sections and elevations. [Online]. London: Laurence King. Available from: https://login.ezproxy.bolton.ac.uk/login?url=https://search.credoreference.com/content/entry/lk ingbfpp/eiffel_tower/0?institutionId=3065 [Accessed 17 August 2020]. Eiffel Tower. (2018). In Helicon (Ed.), The Hutchinson unabridged encyclopedia with atlas and weather guide. [Online]. Abington: Helicon. Available from: https://login.ezproxy.bolton.ac.uk/login?url=https://search.credoreference.com/content/entry/h eliconhe/eiffel_tower/0?institutionId=3065 [Accessed 17 August 2020]. Reference