犖犖迦牽犖犖謹犖犖迦牽犖萎犖犖犖巌犖о絹犢犖犖о犖萎犖迦牽犖園犖犖犖巌犖о犢犖犖迦鍵犖犖萎献犖伍犖ム鍵犖犖迦権犖犖園犖犖犖萎犖
犖犖橿犖犖犖犖迦犖犖萎犖迦犖犢犖犖 犖.犖犖犖萎犖о犖犖朽牽犖朽犖園犖犢
Coral reef ecosystem at Ko Talu and nearby coastal areas, Bang Saphannoi District, Prachuap Khiri Khan Province
The document explores the themes of the moon and its presence at night. It poses reflective questions about the moon's influence and significance. The repetition emphasizes a deep connection to the moon's beauty and mystery.
This document is a list of dates, all occurring on Saturday, May 11, 2013. There are 15 entries listing the date with no other context or information provided about the dates.
3. 2) Temperature 犖犖萎犖迦牽犖園犢犖犖犖巌犢犖犖巌犢犖犢犖犢
犖犖朽犖朽犖犖伍犖犖犖項検犖巌賢犖∇弦犢犢犖犖犢犖о 25属 C - 29属 C.
犖犖ム幻犢犖÷犖朽犢犖犢犖 Ahermatypic corals 犖犖迦検犖迦牽犖犖犖∇弦犢
犢犖犢犖犖朽犖犖伍犖犖犖項検犖 1属 C - 4属 C
27. Mechanism of reef-front
progradation by splitting and
regrowth of massive colonies
Eroded by boring organisms e.g.
Upogebia shrimp,
Pendum spondyloideum bivalves
154. rvices of coral reef ecosystem (Moberg and Folke, 199
Biotic services Biotic services biogeo
(whithin ecosystem) (between ecosystem)
n Maintenance export organic Nit
of habitat production to
pelagic foodweb
Maintenance of Ca2
biodiversity
and genetic library
159. What turns the coral white?
- As a stress response, corals expel the
symbiotic zooxanthellae from their
tissues
- The coral tissue is clear, so you see the
Healthy
coral
with
algae
Bleached
coral with
no algae
160. 犖犖犖迦犖蹩犖迦牽犖犢犢犖犖о犖萎犖迦牽犖園犖犖犖犖犖迦硯 犖÷鹸犢犖犢犢犖犖巌犖
犢犖犖巌犖犖謹犖犢犖犢犖犖犖犖園犖犢犖犖 犖犖園犖о鹸犖犖∇顕犖犖迦肩犖犖犢 犖犖園犢犖犖
犢犖犢犖 犖犖о顕犖÷犖巌犖犖犖犖犖 犖犖迦犖犖犖迦犖蹩犖迦牽犖犢 犢犖犖
犖犖萎犖迦牽犖園 犖犖犖犖犖迦硯 犖÷顕犖犖園犖犢犖犢犖犖 犖.犖. 犢犢犢犢
犢犖犖∇犖犖о犖 犖犖萎犖迦牽犖園犢犖犖巌犖犖迦牽犖犖犖犖犖迦硯 犖犖∇犖迦
犖犖о犖迦犖犖о顕犖 犖犖園犖о犖園犖犖÷見犖迦肩犖÷幻犖犖犢犖犖犖巌犖巌
Over 20% of the worlds coral
reefs have sustained damage in
the last 5-7 years from bleaching
162. 犖犖迦肩犢犖犖巌 coral bleaching 犢犖犢犖÷顕犖 犢犖÷厳犢犖
high solar radiation & temperature
clear water
calm sea, slack water during high SST
shallow water
163. Solar radiation
Both photosyntheticaly active
radiation (PAR, 400-700nm) and
ultraviolet radiation (UVR, 280-
400nm) have been implicated in
bleaching.
犖犖橿顕犢犖犢犢犖犖巌 oxidative stress
176. Can corals recover?
-Yes, if the stress
doesnt last too long
-Some corals can eat
more zooplankton to
help survive the lack of
zooxanthellae
-Some species are more
resistant to bleaching,
and more able to
recover Photos: AIMS and GBRMPA
177. Can corals recover?
-Corals may eventually
regain color by
repopulating their
zooxanthellae
-Algae may come from
the water column
-Or they may come from
reproduction of the few
cells that remain in the
coralJeff Miller, National Park Service
183. Bleaching and coral disease
-Coral diseases are
found around the
world
-High temperatures
and bleaching can
leave corals more
vulnerable to
disease
Marilyn E. Brandt, University of Miami
187. WHITE SYNDROME
Appearance on coral: 犢犖犖犖犖朽犖迦硯 犢犖犢犖犖犖伍犖犖朽犖迦硯 犖犖犖劇賢
犖犖∇犖犖÷肩犖朽犖迦硯犖犖犢犖犢犖ム犖朽犖萎犖迦牽犖園
Coral Families affected: Pocilloporidae,
Acroporidae, Faviidae and Poritidae.
Cause : White syndrome 犢犖犢犖犖犖迦牽犢犖犖朽権犖犖犖劇犖犖犖迦犖迦牽犖犖朽犖÷元
犖ム険犖犖犖犖萎犖犖迦犖蹩犖朽犢犖犖ム犢犖犖朽権犖犖犖園 犖犖迦犖犖犖伍犖朽犢犖犖巌犖∇険犖犢犖÷犖犖犖迦犢犖犢犖犖園
犖犖∇犖迦犢犖犖犢犖犖迦検犖犖犖巌犖о犢犖犖劇犖犢犖∇厳犢犖犖犖朽犖÷元犖犖迦犖迦牽犖犖 Gram-negative
rod-shaped bacteria 犢犖犢犖犖萎犖迦牽犖園犖犖迦犖犖犖巌犖犖朽犖÷元犢犖犖犖犖朽犖犖朽権
犖犖犖巌犖犖朽犖∇険犖犖犖犖÷元犖犖迦犖迦牽犖犖犖犖 犢犖犖犢犖犖犖犖迦硯犖犖迦犖犖犖巌犖犖犢犖犖劇犖
Vibrio
Distribution and abundance: White syndrome 犖犖
犢犖 Caribbean, the Philippines, the Great Barrier
Reef, 犢犖ム鍵 Red Sea.
189. SKELETAL ERODING BAND
Appearance on coral: 犖犖迦犖迦牽犖犖ム犖迦権犖犖ム原犖犖犖園 black
band disease 犖犖∇犖迦犢犖犖犢犖犖迦検 eroding band 犖÷元犢犖犢犖犖犖犖犖
犖犖橿顕犖∇厳犢犖犖犖犖犖÷顕 犖犖ム幻犢犖÷犖朽犖犖犖犖犖迦犖犢犖犖犖ム犢犖犢犖犖劇犖犢犖∇厳犢犖犖犖園犖犢犖犖犖ム犢犖
犢犖犖犖犖犢犖迦犢犖犢犖犖犖朽犖犢犖о権
Coral families affected : Pocilloporidae,
Acroporidae, Faviidae, Poritidae, Fungiidae 犢犖ム鍵
Merulinidae.
Cause: 犖犖ム幻犢犖÷肩犖巌犖犖÷元犖犖朽硯犖巌犢犖犖ム献犢犢犖犖朽権犖 (eukyryotic protozoan:
Halofolliculina corallasia ) 犖犖犖犖伍献犖 犖犖項犖犖÷厳犖犖犢犖犢犖犖犖
Distribution and abundance: Red Sea, Indian
Ocean 犢犖ム鍵 GBR
Comments: 犢犖犖犖犖朽犖∇険犖犢犖÷犖÷元犖犖迦権犖犖迦犖犖迦 Caribbean 犖犖犖劇賢
Atlantic reefs.
191. BROWN BAND
Appearance on coral: 犢犖犖犖犖朽犖橿犖迦犖迦献 犖犖迦犖犖犖園犖犖÷元犢犖犖犖犖
犖犖迦硯犖犖犖迦犖蹩犖萎見犖о犖迦犢犖犖犖犖朽犖橿犖迦犖迦献犖犖園犢犖犖劇犖犢犖∇厳犢犖犖犖犖犖
Coral families affected: At least 18 species of
Acroporidae, and a few species of Pocilloporidae
and Favidae.
Cause: brown band 犢犖犖巌犖犖迦犖犖巌犖犖÷元犖犖朽硯犖巌犢犖犖ム献犢犢犖犖朽権犖
Helicostoma nonatum 犖犖о犖犖朽犖犖萎犖巌犖犖迦見犖犢犖迦権犢犖犖ム献犢犢犖犖朽権犖
犢犖犢犖犖劇犖犢犖∇厳犢犖
Distribution and abundance: 犖∇険犖犖÷元犖犖迦権犖犖迦犖犢犖犖
Comments: Brown band was recorded for the
first time on the Great Barrier Reef in 2003.
193. BLACK NECROSING
SYNDROME
Appearance on coral: Dead, black
patches eating away tissue and leaving a
white skeleton.
Coral Families affected: Gorgonacea
Cause: A fungus that has not yet been
identified.
Distribution and abundance: Found on
many gorgonian corals on mid-shelf and
outer-shelf reefs in the northern Great Ba
rrier Reef.
Comments: Gorgonians, or sea fans, are
194. PINK SPOT
Appearance on coral: 犖犖犖迦犖蹬犖犢犖犖犖朽犖÷犖
Coral species affected: Porites compressa
Cause: Pink spot 犢犖犖巌犖犖迦犖犖迦牽犖迦肩犖巌犖犖犖犖犖犖園硯犢犖犖
Podocotyloides stenometra 犖犖о犖犖朽犖÷元犖о犖犖犖犖朽硯犖巌犖犖迦検犖犢犖о
犖犢犖о犢犖犖犖犖萎犖犢犖犖犖迦牽犖迦肩犖巌犖犖犖犖犖 犢犖犖犖犖萎犖朽犖犢犖о犖犖朽犖犖犖犖犖
犢犖犢犖迦犖犖犖∇弦犢犢犖犢犖犖劇犖犢犖∇厳犢犖犖犖萎犖迦牽犖園犖犖橿顕犢犖犢犢犖犖劇犖犢犖∇厳犢犖犖犖犖犖犖萎犖迦牽犖園
犖犖犖迦犖蹬犖犢犖犖犖朽犖÷犖 犖犖謹犖犖犖橿顕犢犖犢犖犖ム顕犖犖朽犖犖劇犖犢犖犢犖迦検犖迦犖巌犢犖犖劇犖犢犖∇厳犢犖
犖犖萎犖迦牽犖園 犖犖迦犖犖園犖犖犢犖犖萎犖犢犖迦犖犖犖∇弦犢犢犖犖犖ム顕犖犖朽犖犖劇犖犢犖犢犖犖犖萎権犖萎肩犖伍犖犢犖迦権
Distribution and abundance: Pink spot has only
recently been recorded on the Great Barrier
Reef.
Comments: Once the infected polyp has been
eaten by the butterfly fish, healthy polyps
regenerate from the coral.
196. CORAL TUMORS
Appearance on coral: 犖犖犖迦犖蹬犖犢犖犖犖迦牽
犖犖о検犖犖犖犖犖巌硯犖犢犖迦犖犖
Coral species affected: Tumours 犖犢犖о
犖÷顕犖犢犖犖巌犢犖犖犖萎犖迦牽犖園犖犖項犖犖犖犢犖犖犖犖÷賢犖 犖÷元犖犖
犖犢犖迦犖犖犖犖萎犖迦牽犖園犢犖犖迦犖о顕犖
Cause:犖犖迦犖犖犖伍犖朽犢犖犢犖犖園犖犖園犢犖÷犖犖犖迦 犢犖犢
犢犖犖劇犖犢犖∇厳犢犖犖犖犖巌犖о犖犖朽犖犖о検犖÷元犖犖迦牽犢犖犖巌犢犖犖犖朽犖犖о犢犖犢犖
犖犖迦犖о犖迦犖犖巌犖犖迦犖犖迦牽犖犖橿顕犖犖迦犖犖犖犢犖犖ム献犢犖犖朽犖犖巌犖犖犖犖
Distribution and abundance: 犖∇険犖犖÷元犖犖迦牽
犖犖園犖犖謹犖犢犖犖 犖犢犖о犖÷顕犖犖÷元犖犖迦権犖犖迦犖犖迦 GBR
199. It is called an extraoral feeder since in order to
feed it forces its stomach through its mouth.
The stomach then is thought to secrete an
enzyme which breaks down the coral tissue, The
feeding process may take from 4-6 hours. Once
digestion is completed the stomach is retracted
and the starfish moves off leaving behind a
white coral skeleton
Crown-of-thorns starfish have been estimated to