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Covalent bond

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Shammas Shamsudheen

A covalent bond involves the sharing of electron pairs between atoms. There are two types of covalent bonding: non-polar, with equal sharing, and polar, with unequal sharing. A non-polar bond forms between like atoms that share electrons equally, while a polar bond forms between different atoms where one atom attracts the electrons more than the other due to differing electronegativity. Examples of non-polar molecules are H2, Cl2, and O2, where the atoms share electrons equally. Examples of polar molecules are HCl and H2O, where the more electronegative atom (Cl or O) attracts the electrons slightly more, giving it a partial negative charge and leaving the other atom with

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PRATHYUSH SHAMMAS COVALENT BOND
? covalent bond is a chemical bond that involves the sharing of electron pairs between atoms. These electron pairs are known as shared pairs or bonding pairs and the stable balance of attractive and repulsive forces between atoms when they share electrons is known as covalent bonding. COVALENT BONDING
? There are two types of covalent bonding: ? 1. Non-polar bonding with an equal sharing of electrons. ? 2. Polar bonding with an unequal sharing of electrons. The number of shared electrons depends on the number of electrons needed to complete the octet. TYPES OF COVALENT BONDING
? A covalent bond formed between two like atoms is known as Non-polar bond. Since difference of electro negativity is zero therefore, both atoms attract electron pair equally and no charge appears on any atom and the whole molecule becomes neutral. ? Examples: H - H Cl - Cl F - F NON POLAR COVALENT BOND
? IODINE: ? Iodine forms a diatomic non-polar covalent molecule. The graphic on the bottom right shows that iodine has 7 electrons in the outer shell. Since 8 electrons are needed for an octet, two iodine atoms EQUALLY share 2 electrons. EXAMPLES OF NON POLAR BOND
? OXYGEN: ? Molecules of oxygen, present in about 20% concentration in air are also a covalent molecules . See the graphic on the left the Lewis symbols. ? There are 6 electrons in the outer shell, therefore, 2 electrons are needed to complete the octet. The two oxygen atoms share a total of four electrons in two separate bonds, called double bonds. ? The two oxygen atoms equally share the four electrons. EXAMPLES OF NON POLAR BOND
EXAMPLES OF NON POLAR BOND
? A covalent bond formed between two different atoms is known as Polar covalent bond. ? For example when a Covalent bond is formed between H and Cl , it is polar in nature because Cl is more electronegative than H atom . Therefore, electron cloud is shifted towards Cl atom. Due to this reason a partial -ve charge appeared on Cl atom and an equal +ve charge on H atom POLAR COVALENT BOND
? WATER: ? Water, the most universal compound on all of the earth, has the property of being a polar molecule. As a result of this property, the physical and chemical properties of the compound are fairly unique. ? Hydrogen Oxide or water forms a polar covalent molecule. The graphic on the left shows that oxygen has 6 electrons in the outer shell. Hydrogen has one electron in its outer energy shell. Since 8 electrons are needed for an octet, they share the electrons. EXAMPLES OF POLAR BOND
EXAMPLES OF POLAR BOND
Covalent bond

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Covalent bond

  • 2. ? covalent bond is a chemical bond that involves the sharing of electron pairs between atoms. These electron pairs are known as shared pairs or bonding pairs and the stable balance of attractive and repulsive forces between atoms when they share electrons is known as covalent bonding. COVALENT BONDING
  • 3. ? There are two types of covalent bonding: ? 1. Non-polar bonding with an equal sharing of electrons. ? 2. Polar bonding with an unequal sharing of electrons. The number of shared electrons depends on the number of electrons needed to complete the octet. TYPES OF COVALENT BONDING
  • 4. ? A covalent bond formed between two like atoms is known as Non-polar bond. Since difference of electro negativity is zero therefore, both atoms attract electron pair equally and no charge appears on any atom and the whole molecule becomes neutral. ? Examples: H - H Cl - Cl F - F NON POLAR COVALENT BOND
  • 5. ? IODINE: ? Iodine forms a diatomic non-polar covalent molecule. The graphic on the bottom right shows that iodine has 7 electrons in the outer shell. Since 8 electrons are needed for an octet, two iodine atoms EQUALLY share 2 electrons. EXAMPLES OF NON POLAR BOND
  • 6. ? OXYGEN: ? Molecules of oxygen, present in about 20% concentration in air are also a covalent molecules . See the graphic on the left the Lewis symbols. ? There are 6 electrons in the outer shell, therefore, 2 electrons are needed to complete the octet. The two oxygen atoms share a total of four electrons in two separate bonds, called double bonds. ? The two oxygen atoms equally share the four electrons. EXAMPLES OF NON POLAR BOND
  • 7. EXAMPLES OF NON POLAR BOND
  • 8. ? A covalent bond formed between two different atoms is known as Polar covalent bond. ? For example when a Covalent bond is formed between H and Cl , it is polar in nature because Cl is more electronegative than H atom . Therefore, electron cloud is shifted towards Cl atom. Due to this reason a partial -ve charge appeared on Cl atom and an equal +ve charge on H atom POLAR COVALENT BOND
  • 9. ? WATER: ? Water, the most universal compound on all of the earth, has the property of being a polar molecule. As a result of this property, the physical and chemical properties of the compound are fairly unique. ? Hydrogen Oxide or water forms a polar covalent molecule. The graphic on the left shows that oxygen has 6 electrons in the outer shell. Hydrogen has one electron in its outer energy shell. Since 8 electrons are needed for an octet, they share the electrons. EXAMPLES OF POLAR BOND