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Cow transition period p82 2014 china

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国强 张
国强 张

transition cow management

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1 What is NEW in Transition Cow Management and Nutrition?? Jeff Elliott, Ph.D. 易杰夫博士易杰夫博士 Balchem Corporation 美国百尔康公司美国百尔康公司 Amarillo, Texas 阿马利乐阿马利乐 ,, 美国德州美国德州 jelliott@balchem.com 翻译：张国强翻译：张国强 LawsonLawson ZhangZhang zgqfreedom@126.comzgqfreedom@126.com 围产期奶牛营养和管理的研究进 展 2014. April 上海 (SH)/ 北京 (BJ ）
2 What’s new? 有什么新的进 展 ? What we know 我们了解哪些？ ? What we thought we knew 我们是如何想的？ ? Choline, a required nutrient? 胆碱 -- 需要的营 养 ? Monitoring subclinical ketosis 亚临床酮病监测 ? Protein nutrition of postpartum transition cow ? 产后奶牛的蛋白质营养需求 ? Cow management 奶牛管理
3 Milk Production Per Cow Has Quadrupled Since 1944! 在 牛平均 量已是现 奶 产奶 1944 年的 4 倍 Bauman, 2012 Cornell Nutr. Conf.
4 The Record Cow 牛 量奶 产奶 记录 Ever-Green-View My 1326 ET Waldo, WI 3x/365 daysAve/d 平均每天 Milk, kg 奶，公斤 84.3 Prot, kg 蛋白，公斤 2.7 Fat, kg 乳脂，公斤 3.4
5 When Cows Leave the Herd 奶牛何时被淘汰 (MN DHIA 10/96 – 10/01) Godden et al., 2003 0% 2% 4% 6% 8% 10% 12% %CowsLeavingThatLeftinthe21DayPeriod 624,614 Cows Leaving 5,749Herds 0-20 21-41 42-62 63-83 84-104 105-125 126-146 147-167 168-188 189-209 210-230 231-251 252-272 273-293 294-314 315-335 336-356 357-377 378-398 399-419 420-440 21 DIM Interval 25% leave in the first 60 days!! 约有 25% 的奶牛在产后 60 天内被淘汰
6 Glucose demand vs. supply 葡萄糖需求 / 供应 A glucose deficit post calving limits cow performance – milk and fertility (Overton, 2002) 葡萄糖供应不足限制奶牛产后的生产性能 2.5x increase 供应 需 求
7 Energy (NEL) Requirements 2 d Before Versus 2 d After Calving 产前二天与产后二天，对能量的需求比 较 725-kg Cow 575-kg Heifer Function Pre Post Pre Post Maintenance 维持 11.2 10.1 9.3 8.5 Pregnancy 怀孕 3.3 --- 2.8 --- Growth 生长 --- --- 1.9 1.7 Milk production 泌乳 --- 18.7 --- 14.9 Total (Mcal) 总的 14.5 28.8 14.0 25.1Calculated from NRC (2001). Assumes milk production of 25 kg/d for cow and 20 kg/d for heifer, each containing 4% fat. Courtesy of J. K. Drackley
8 Energy Balance for Transition Cows 围产期能量平衡
9Michigan State University SAPMACampus Study 分娩时 NEFA ↑ ____________________________________________ 脂肪在肝脏沉积 ? 血 浆 非 酯 化 脂 肪 酸 μμMM 产后天数 Plasma NEFA in Cows 奶牛血浆非酯化脂肪酸 (NEFA) 的变 化
10 Blood Flow to the Liver 流经肝脏的血液 Reynolds et al., 2003
11 Calculated NEFA uptake by liver during the transition period. (Reynolds et al., 2003) 奶牛围产期间，肝脏每天要处理的非酯化脂肪酸 的量
12 酮酮 体脂 Adipose 动员脂肪 Mobilized Fat 甘油三酯甘油三酯 TAG 脂肪酸 Fatty Acid 甘油 Glycerol NEFNEF AA NEFNEF AA VLDLVLDL COCO22 甘油三甘油三 酯酯 Stored TAGStored TAG OxidOxid AcCoAAcCoA 肝脏 The Fate of Non-Esterified Fatty Acids (NEFA) 非酯化脂肪酸 (NEFA) 的 代谢
13 Liver Triglyceride 甘油三 酯 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 Liver TG % DM basis 占干物质 基数的 % -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 Day relative to calving Vazquez-Anon et al., 1994 ? Balchem Corp. 2012
14 Strain on the Liver 使肝脏受到巨大压力 ? The liver weighs 20 lb and can accumulate over 1 lb of fat by the day after calving (Drackley, 2001). ? 肝脏重约 20 磅，产后 能够累积 1 磅的脂肪。 ? One point of BCS loss will deliver ~10-12 lb of fat to the liver! ? 体况每下降 1 个点，将 有 10-12 磅的脂肪运 输到肝脏。 Normal liver Fatty Liver
15 A healthy liver is critical to managing energy for a successful transition 拥有健康的肝脏是围产期奶牛能量管理成功的关键
16 Association of fatty liver with reproductive performance in dairy cows. 奶牛脂肪肝与其繁殖表现的关系 Parameter 项目 Association 影 响 Reference 资料来源 First ovarian activity 初次卵巢活动 ↓ ↓ Rukkwarnsuk et al., 1999 First ovulation 初次排卵 ↓ Reid et al., 1983 First estrus 初次发情 ↓ Paulova et al., 1990; Jorritsma et al., 2000 First insemination 初次授精 ↓ Reid et al., 1983 Days open 空怀天数 ↑ ↑ Heinonen et al., 1987; Paulova et al., 1990 Pregnancy rate 妊娠率 ↓ ↓ Jorritsma et al., 2000 Services/cow 头均配种次数 ↑ Shafer et al., 1988; Paulova et al., 1990G. Bobe, J. W. Young, and D. C. Beitz. J. Dairy Sci. 87:3105–3124
17 Dry Matter Intake 干物质采食量 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 Days in Milk DMI,pounds Healthy (22) Sick (24) RP/MET (10) KET/DA (13) 产奶天数 注 : Healthy 健康 ; Sick 生病 ; RP/MET 胎衣不下 / 子宫炎 ; KET/DA 酮病 / 第 4 胃异位 干 物 质 采 食 量 , 磅 Healthy cows had increased DMI over those cows that were sick by 1-7 kg. 健康牛只的采食量比病牛多 1-7 千克
18 Milk Production 产奶量 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 Days in Milk Milk,pounds Healthy (22) Sick (24) RP/MET (10) KET/DA (13) 注 : Healthy 健康 ; Sick 生病 ; RP/MET 胎衣不下 / 子宫炎 ; KET/DA 酮病 / 第 4 胃异位 产奶天数 产 奶 量 , 磅 Healthy cows produced 5-10 kg more milk than sick cows over the first 20 DIM 健康牛只在产后前 20 天的产奶量比病牛高出 5-10 千克
19 Projected 305 ME Milk 预期 305 天成熟当量产奶量 7,900 8,150 8,400 8,625 8,850 9,100 9,300 9,525 SICK 生病 (24) RP/MET 胎衣不下 / 子宫 炎 (10) DA/KET 真胃异位 / 酮 病 (13) 305Milk,kg HEALTHY 健康 (22) Healthy cows had a 305 projected ME that was 450 kg more than that of sick cows. 健康牛只的 305 天成熟当量产奶量比病牛多出 450 千克。
20 Impact of Elevated BHBA on First DHI Test Milk Yield -β 羟基丁酸 浓度提高对 DHI 初测奶量的影响 Duffield et al., 2009 BHBA 的域值（ 2 周）
21 Impact of Elevated BHBA on 305 d Milk Yield BHBA 提高对 305 天产奶量的影响 Duffield et al., 2009
22 What’s new? 有什么新的进 展 ? What we know 我们了解哪些？ ? What we thought we knew 我们是如何想的？ ? Choline, a required nutrient? 胆碱 -- 需要的营 养 ? Monitoring subclinical ketosis 亚临床酮病监测 ? Protein nutrition of postpartum transition cow ? 产后奶牛的蛋白质营养需求 ? Cow management 奶牛管理
23 Pre-fresh NFC 产前非 性 水化合物纤维 碳 Adapt Microflora 瘤胃微生物适应 Grow Papillae ( 瘤胃壁 ) 乳 突起头 生 长 More Energy 更多能量 Decrease Fat Mobilization 少体脂减 动员
24 Steam up diets are not needed. 激发日粮不是很需要 ? 6/8 Studies showed a significant increase in prepartum DMI. ? 6/8 的研究表明，产前干物质的采食量有明显增加 。 ? 0/7 Studies showed any significant effect on postpartum DMI. ? 0/7 研究表明：对产后干物质采食量无任何显著影 响 ? 0/9 Studies showed any significant effect on milk yield. ? 0/9 的研究表明：对产奶量没有任何显著影响 ? 1/5 Studies showed a significant reduction in liver fat. ? 1/5 的研究表明：对减少脂肪肝有较显著的影响。
25 Low Energy Diet 低能量日粮 ?High in poor quality forage, typically straw ?低质量的粗料，典型的稻草 / 麦秆 。 ?Cows are less insulin resistant 对胰岛素更敏感（缺抵抗力 ） – Lower rates of lipolysis 低的脂肪分解 – Less fatty liver 低的脂肪肝 – Lower BHBA 低的 BHBA ?Fewer displaced abomasums ?更少的真胃扭转。
26 Response to Feeding Goldilocks Diet or High Energy Diet Restricted 对适宜日粮或限饲高能日粮的反应 肝脏中 TG 变化
27 Response to Feeding Goldilocks Diet or High Energy Diet Restricted 对宜佳日粮或限饲高能日粮的反应 NA NA NA P<0.05 P<0.05 NS NA NS 乳脂校正奶差距
28 What’s new? 有什么新的进 展 ? What we know 我们了解哪些？ ? What we thought we knew 我们是如何想的？ ? Choline, a required nutrient? 胆碱 -- 需要的营 养 ? Monitoring subclinical ketosis 亚临床酮病监测 ? Protein nutrition of postpartum transition cow ? 产后奶牛的蛋白质营养需求 ? Cow management 奶牛管理
29 Reashure 瑞信胆碱 Rumen Protected Choline Does Reashure affect transition cows at the 瑞信胆碱对围产期奶牛，有没有发挥作 用？ ?whole animal level? ?整体奶牛层面 ?
30 Meta Analysis of 13 Transition Cow Studies Examining Supplementation of Ruminally Protected Choline- Objective: 来自 13 个围产期奶牛 过瘤胃胆碱的研究报告的 Meta 分析。
31 Studies Included 研究包括 Study 研究者 Choline Dose 胆碱用量 Product 产物 Duration 时间阶段 Exp. Unit 试验分 组 Parity 胎次 Hartwell et al. 0,6,12 Capshure -21 to 120 24 M Zom et al. 0,15 ReaShure -21 to 42 19 M Lima et al. #1 0,15 ReaShure -25 to 80 4 (pen) M, P Lima et al. #2 0,15 ReaShure -22 to 0 5 (pen) P Oelrichs et al. 0,15 ReaShure -28 to 100 32 M, P Zahra et al. 0,14 ReaShure -25 to28 91 M, P Piepenbrink et al. 0,11,15, 19 ReaShure -21 to 63 12 M Janovick et al. 0,15 ReaShure -21 to 21 21 M Elek et al. 0,25/50 Norcol-25 -25 to 60 16 M, P Ardalan et al. 0,14 Col 24 -28 to 70 20 M, P Pinotte et al. 0,20 Overcholine 45% -14 to 30 13 M Xu et al. #1 0,7.5 Not reported -7 to 21 7 M Xu et al. #2 0,11,22,33 Not reported -15 to 15 9 M, P
32 Milk Yield 产奶量 , kg/d P < .0001, SEd = .34
33 ECM Yield （能量校正奶 量产 ） , kg/d P = .0038, SEd = .72
34 Milk Yield (kg/d) by Study 各组研究的产奶量 Average Response = 2.2 kg/d P < 0.0001 平均增加 2.2 公斤奶 / 天
35 Effect of RPC on Health P = .72 .33 .77 .06 .001 .05 * Includes clinical ketosis Lima et al., 2007, 2012 包被胆碱对奶牛健康的影响
36 RPC Field Demo – Herd Size 包被胆碱田间验证试验 -- 牛群大小 ? 46 participating herds ? 46 个参加试验的牛群 ? 115,377 cows 11 万 5377 头奶牛 ? 2,508 average herd size ? 平均牛场大小 2508 头。 ? 36.1 average ReaShure feeding days per cow ? 平均每个试验牛，喂瑞信胆碱 36.1 天 。
37 RPC – Field Demo Results 包被胆碱 --- 田间验证试验结果 (28) (12) (39) (35) (38) (26) (32) %orlb/d -39.7% -66.2% -41.2% -18.2% -45.1% +5.6% -23.5% () # of herds reporting data 酮病
38 Reashure 瑞信胆碱 Rumen Protected Choline Does Reashure affect transition cows at the 瑞信胆碱对围产期奶牛，有没有发挥作 用？ ?organ level? Fatty Liver ?器官层面？脂肪肝？
39 酮酮 体脂 Adipose 动员脂肪 Mobilized Fat 甘油三酯甘油三酯 TAG 脂肪酸 Fatty Acid 甘油 Glycerol NEFNEF AA NEFNEF AA VLDLVLDL COCO22 甘油三甘油三 酯酯 Stored TAGStored TAG OxidOxid AcCoAAcCoA 肝脏 Strategies to Help Transition Cow Deal with Extensive Fat Mobilization 帮助处理围产期奶牛体脂动员的策 略
40 – Choline is required for phoshpatidylcholine synthesis which is required for fat export out of the liver as very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) – 胆碱是合成磷脂酰胆碱所必 须的成份，这样可以做为极 低密度脂蛋白（ VLDL ）的组 成成份之一，同时将 TG （ 脂肪） 也运出肝脏。 TG Protein VLDL C CEPC 　 Choline 　胆碱 NEFA from adipose tissue 来自体脂产生的 NEFA Liver 肝 Mammary Tissue 乳腺组织Cole et al., 2011
41 UW-Two Experiments (Cook et al., 2007) 两个试验 Feed restrict dry cow to see if choline: – slows liver TG accumulation – enhances depletion of liver TG 干奶牛限饲试验，研究： — 胆碱是否会减缓肝脏 TG 的蓄积 — 胆碱加速肝脏 TG 消耗
42 Liver TG – Induction 肝脏 TG— 诱导试验 P < 0.02 Cooke et al., 2007 对照组 胆碱组
43 Liver TG – Depletion 肝脏—消耗试验 Choline, P < 0.02 Time x treatment, P < 0.05 Covariate adjusted Cooke et al., 2007
44 Wageningen University and Research Center Zom et al., 2011 ? Liver metabolism: 肝新陈代谢 –16 cows from performance study –16 头奶牛 –Liver biopsy at wks -3, 1, 3 and 6 –在 -3,1,3 和 6 周进行肝活组织检查 –TAG 甘油三酯
45 Feeding 60 g/d RPC from 3 wk Precalving to 6 wk Post Reduces Liver Triglyceride 补饲 60 克每天的包被胆碱，从产前 3 周到产后 6 周， 可以减少肝脏中的甘油三酯 Zom et al., 2011 * *
46 Reashure 瑞信胆碱 Rumen Protected Choline Does Reashure affect transition cows at the 瑞信胆碱对围产期奶牛，有没有发挥作 用？ ?molecular level? ?（细胞）分子层面？
47 MTTP Gene Expression 微粒体甘油三酸酯转移蛋白 （ MTTP ） 基因表达 Goselink et al., 2012, submitted to J. Dairy Sci. P < 0.05 Dotted line = control 对照 Solid line = choline 胆碱
48 Jilin University, China Liu et al., 2014 中国吉林大学的刘姓学者 （ 2014) ? Effects of NEFA on the synthesis and assembly of VLDL in bovine hepatocytes in vitro ? 体外试验观察， NEFA （非酯化脂肪 酸）对牛肝脏细胞合成及组装 VLDL 的 影响。 ? Cow liver 奶牛肝脏
49 Liu et al., 2014 Content of VLDL in NEFA-treated hepatocytes was significantly decreased. 非酯化脂肪酸 (NEFA) 处理过的肝细胞，其 VLDL 的含量明显降低。 非酯化脂肪酸
50 TG content in NEFA-treated hepatocytes was significantly increased. 非酯化脂肪酸 (NEFA) 处理过的肝细胞，其 TG 的含量明显上升 Liu et al., 2014 非酯化脂肪酸
51 Lei et al., 2014, Jilin University, China 中国吉林大学的刘姓学者 （ 2014) 非酯化脂肪酸 (NEFA) 和 VLDL 的表达? “A high concentration of NEFA significantly inhibited the expression of ApoB100, ApoE, MTP, and LDLR, thereby decreasing the synthesis and assembly of VLDL and inducingTG accumulation in bovine hepatocytes” ? 高浓度的非酯化脂肪酸 (NEFA) 明显抑制 了 ApoB100, ApoE, MTP, and LDLR 的表达，因此降低了 VLDL 的合 成和组装，导致 TG 在肝脏细胞中的蓄积 。
52 Does Reashure affect transition cows? 瑞信胆碱对围产奶牛有什么作用 ？Evidence indicates that Reashure affects transition cows at the: 直接的证据表明具有以下功效（三个层面 / 水平） ： ?whole animal level - milk, health, and reproduction 整体奶牛水平 -- 产奶量，健康，繁殖 ?organ level – reduces liver fat 器官水平 -- 减少脂肪肝 ?molecular level – VLDL gene expression 分子水平 ---VLDL 基因的表达
53 What’s new? 有什么新的进 展 ? What we know 我们了解哪些？ ? What we thought we knew 我们是如何想的？ ? Choline, a required nutrient? 胆碱 -- 需要的营养 ? Monitoring subclinical ketosis 亚临床酮病监 测 ? Protein nutrition of postpartum transition cow ? 产后奶牛的蛋白质营养需求 ? Cow management 奶牛管理
54 Hand-held Cow-side Meter 手执式奶牛检测仪 ?Designed for human diabetes management 设计用于人饮食管理 ?Validated for use in dairy cattle ?也可以用于奶牛 ?Requires 1.5 ul of whole blood ?只需要 1.5ul 的全血 ?Quantitative results in 10 seconds ?10 秒钟就出检测结果
55 Monitoring Tools: SCK 对亚临床酮病的检测工具 ? Precision Xtra (USA) – Measures blood BHBA 检测血 中 BHBA –Hand-held meter 手执式检 测仪 –Meter is $100 RMB; strips $10 RMB each in the USA –仪器值 100RMB ，每条试纸 约 10RMB.
56 Cornell and University of Wisconsin 康耐 和威斯康星大学尔 Multi-Herd Farm Study: 多个 牛 的研究奶 场 ? BHBA testing: BHBA 检测 –3 days to 16 DIM 后产 3---16 天 – Alarm rate > 1.2 mmol/L. 警戒线 :>1.2 mmol/L ? 40.3% incidence (from 3-16 DIM) (McArt et al., 2012) ? 发生率达到 40.3% （产后 3--16 天）。 Nydam et al., WDMC, 2013
57 Incidence of Subclinical Ketosis by DIM McArt et al., JDS 95:5056, 2012 Monitoring Subclinical Ketosis 监测亚临床酮病 亚临床酮病在各个泌乳天数的发生率 泌乳天数
58 Cost of Subclinical Ketosis 亚临床酮病的损失 (McArt et al., 2012) ? 40.3% incidence (from 3-16 DIM) ? 发生率达到 40.3% 。 ? Milk loss- 3.4% 量 失产奶 损 --3.4% ? 19.3x greater risk of DA 真胃变位发生率增加 19.3 倍 ? 3x greater chance for removal from herd by 30d ? 产后 30 天内被淘汰的机率增加 3 倍。 ? $67/case 每个病例损失平均 67 美金。
59 Cornell and University of Wisconsin 康耐 和威斯康星大学尔 Multi-Herd Farm Study: 多个 牛 的研究奶 场 (Nydam et al., WDMC, 2013): ? Cows that tested positive for SCK were: – 6 times more likely to develop a DA – 这些奶牛容易发生真胃扭转的可能性是普通 奶牛的 6 倍。 – 4.5 times more likely to be removed from the herd – 这些奶牛被淘汰的可能性是普通的 4.5 倍。 – 0.7 times as likely to conceive at first service – 些 牛首次配 受孕的可能性只有这 奶 种 0.7 。 ? Cows produced 2.3 kg/d less milk for the first 30 DIM ? 在 后第一个产 30 天内， 天要少每 产 2.3 公斤 。奶
60 What’s new? 有什么新的进 展 ? What we know 我们了解哪些？ ? What we thought we knew 我们是如何想的？ ? Choline, a required nutrient? 胆碱 -- 需要的营养 ? Monitoring subclinical ketosis 亚临床酮病监测 ? Protein nutrition of postpartum transition cow ?产后奶牛的蛋白质营养需 求 ? Cow management 奶牛管理
61 Postfresh Transition Cow Protein 新生奶牛对蛋白需求 ? VERY LITTLE RESEARCH 非常有限的研究 ? Similar to energy 与能量相似 – Need for AA/MP/CP is high due to lactation – 由于泌乳，对氨基酸 / 可代谢蛋白 / 粗蛋白需求很高 – DMI intake is low 采食量很低 ? Different than energy 不同与能量之处 – Limits to amount of corn and fat that can be fed –受限于可摄入的玉米和脂肪 – No real limits to “protein or AA density” of diets –不真正受限于日粮中蛋白或氨基酸的密度 。 61
62 Predicted MP-Milk Production (AMTS) 预测可代谢蛋白与产奶量（ AMTS 软件） 0.0 5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0 30.0 35.0 40.0 45.0 50.0 Day7 Day21 Day7 Day21 PredictedMP-Milk,kg/day 32 kg cow 45.5 kg cow 3.8% Fat, 3.2% True Protein 17% CP Diet 15.5% CP Diet
63 Larson and Kristensen, 2012 ? Their research indicates a cow mobilize 5 kg EAA in first month of lactation! – 他们的研究说明，在头一个月泌乳期间，奶牛动用了 5 公斤的必需氨基酸。 ? Experiment 试验 – D1 PP, 360 g abomasal infusion of casein – 第一天，真胃灌注酪蛋白 360 克 – D2 PP, 720 g abomasal infustion of casein – 第二天，真胃灌注酪蛋白 720 克。 – D2 to D29 PP, amount gradually reduced to 194 g/d – 从第 2 天到第 29 天，量逐渐降低至 194 克 / 天。
64 36.6 vs 43.8 kg mil/day 天 量每 产奶 36.6 与 43.8 公斤 1212 vs 1664 g milk protein/d 天乳蛋白每 1212 与 1664 克 Feed intake was not different 饲料采食量没有不同，
65 Can You Get a Response from Amino Acids?? 添加氨基酸有效果吗？ Day relative to calving Methionine added to achieve Lys:Met 2.8:1 (as a percentage of MP) Osorio et al., 2013 对照组 MS 蛋氨酸 SM 蛋氨酸
66 Can You Get a Response from Amino Acids?? 添加氨基酸有效果吗？ Control 对照组 Met+Smart 蛋氨酸组 P Value Milk, lb/d 产奶量 78.6 86.0 0.08 Milk Protein, % 奶蛋白 % 3.04 3.22 0.05 Milk Protein yield, g/d 奶蛋白产量 （克 / 天） 1110 1235 0.03 ECM, lb/d 能量校正奶 （磅 / 天） 90.3 98.9 0.03 Osorio et al., 2013
67 Potential Deficiency in MP-Met? (AMTS) 可代谢 -- 蛋 酸的潜在缺口氨 -15 -13 -11 -9 -7 -5 -3 -1 1 3 5 7 9 11 Day 7 Day 21 Day 7 Day 21 PredictedDeficiencyMP-Met,g/day 70 lb cow 100 lb cow 17% CP Diet w/o met 17% CP Diet +met (lys:met 2.8) 3.8% Fat, 3.2% True Protein
68 Postpartum Transition Cow Protein Feeding 产后奶牛的蛋白饲喂方案 ? Need for AA/MP/CP is high due to lactation ? 由于泌乳，对氨基酸 / 可代谢蛋白 / 粗蛋 白需求很高 ? Consider feeding rumen protected AA to reduce CP/RUP/MP and create space for energy. ? 可以考虑使用保护性氨基酸，以减少粗蛋 白 / 瘤胃未降解蛋白 / 可代谢蛋白在日粮 中的用量，这样可节省空间，用于提供更 多的能量。 68
69 What’s new? 有什么新的进 展 ? What we know 我们了解哪些？ ? What we thought we knew 我们是如何想的？ ? Choline, a required nutrient? 胆碱 -- 需要的营 养 ? Monitoring subclinical ketosis 亚临床酮病监测 ? Protein nutrition of postpartum transition cow ? 产后奶牛的蛋白质营养需求 ? Cow management 奶牛管理
70 Postpartum Transition Cow Management 产后奶牛的蛋白饲喂方案 Proudfoot et al., JDS. 2012 – Unable to determine when the best time to move a cow before calving, but it is clear that moving cows to individual pens during labor resulted in longer labor probably due to less time lying down. 由于不能准 何 将待 牛搬入 房确预测 时 产奶 产 是最佳的。但是若在 ，将牛搬 到 独产犊时 迁 单 的 房 需要花 更 的 ， 将 致 牛产 时 费 长 时间 这 导 奶 下休息的 少。躺 时间减 70
71 Effect of length of maternity pen stays 在产房停留时间对牛只的影响 Length of Stay 停留时间 Outcome 结果 <48 h >72 h Advantage 好处 Herd 1 牛群 1 Calvings 112 182 产犊数 Sold or dead by 60 DIM 3.6% 9.3% 2.6 X 产后 60 天内淘汰或死亡 ME Milk 1st test 20,777 20,205 +577 lbs DHI 初次测定成熟当量奶量 Herd 2 牛群 1 Calvings 34 129 产犊数 Sold or dead by 85 DIM 2.9% 9.3% 3.1 X 产后 85 天内淘汰或死亡 SCK % 6.9% 16% 2.3 X 生病 % DA % 2.9% 5.4% 1.9 X 真胃异位 % Oetzel, 2003
72 Postpartum Transition Cow Management 产后奶牛的蛋白饲喂方案 ? Weiss and St. Pierre: – Most profitable grouping: 0-21 and >21 –最有益的分群是 0-21 天和大于 21 天 – 21 day postfresh pen allows brief period of high CP/MP. –产后 0--21 天，允许使用高含量的粗 蛋白 / 可代谢蛋白。72
73 Facilities 设备 Space per cow ? Free stalls - one per cow, 1.3 m wide ? Bedded pack – Far off - 15 m2 /cow – Close up - 30 m2 /cow ? Maternity pen - >43 m2 Overton, Boomer Gorden 2009 每头牛的空间每头牛的空间 – 自由散栏自由散栏 -- 每头牛每头牛 1.31.3 米宽米宽 – 垫料牛舍垫料牛舍 ?干奶前期干奶前期 - 15- 15 平方米平方米 // 头头 ++ 饲饲 料走道及饲槽料走道及饲槽 ?干奶后期干奶后期 (( 围产前期围产前期 )- 30)- 30 平平 方米方米 // 头头 ++ 饲料走道及饲槽饲料走道及饲槽 – 产房产房 - 43- 43 平方米平方米
74 Stocking Density 牛群密度 ? Lying time decreased with increasing stocking density (Telezhenko et al. 2012). ? For each 10% increase in stocking rate >80% = . 75 kg/day reduction in milk yield for 1st calf heifers (Oeztal, 2007). 牛群密度增加牛群密度增加 ,, 躺卧时间就减少躺卧时间就减少 。。 饲养密度饲养密度 >80%,>80%, 每增加每增加 10%10% 密度密度 = 0.75= 0.75 千克千克 // 天奶天奶 量损失量损失 (( 头胎牛头胎牛 ))
75 产前栏舍空间大小与产后产奶量的关系 产前喂养密度每增加 10% ，会导致掉奶 1.6 磅每头每天
76 Heifers Cows Heifers eat ~ 5 lb/d less DM when housed with cows 胎待 牛，若是和 牛混群 ，头 产 经产奶 饲养 会 致采食少导 5 磅 / 天
77 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Test Day Milk Lactation Curves by Month of Calving 3rd+ Lacts. Month of Lactation LBS. July Composite Reference July 记录奶牛的泌乳曲线（按月）
78 Sept already below expected production 产奶量比预期的要低 - heat stress during the dry period 干奶期处于热应激 记录奶牛的泌乳曲线（按月）
79 Cow Comfort 奶牛舒适度 Cooling Dry Cows 干奶牛也要降 温 ? Four recent studies at the University of Florida ? 佛罗里达大学最近的四个试验研究 ? Cows dried off at 45 d prepartum 干奶从产前 45 天 开始 ? Control vs cooled 对照组与降温组 – Fans and sprinklers when temperature reached 70 F –当温度达到 70 F 时，开风机和喷淋。 ? After calving all cows treated the same (cooled) ? 奶牛产后都要采取降温措施。
80 Cooling Dry Cows 干奶牛也要降温 +6.5 kg milk/d and 9.3 kg FCM/d +2.3 kg milk/d and 5.1 kgFCM/d +6.25 kg milk/d +5.0 kg milk/d Do Amaral et al., 2009 Do Amaral et al., 2011 Tao et al., 2011 Tao et al., 2012
81 Cows have 25% greater blood flow when lying relative to standing. 牛只趴卧时其血液流量比站立时高 25%
82 Summary 小结 ? 25-50% of cows leave the herd within the first 60 DIM. ? 约有 25--50% 的奶牛是在产后 60 天内被淘汰的。 ? Management of fat mobilization at the liver are key to a successful transition program. ? 管控肝脏脂肪的代谢，是围产期管理成功的重要因素。 ? Cows are clearly deficient in choline as evidenced by the increase in liver fat and the ability of supplemental choline to moderate the increase! ? 很明显奶牛缺乏胆碱会增加脂肪的发生，补充有效胆碱可以减轻症 状。 ? Consider feeding RPAA to offset MP deficiency in early lacatation. ? 在泌乳早期，可考虑添加过瘤胃保护氨基酸（ RPAA ）弥补可代谢 蛋白质（ MP ）的不足。 ? Don’t forget about cow comfort ? 千万不要忘了奶牛舒适度。

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Cow transition period p82 2014 china

  • 1. 1 What is NEW in Transition Cow Management and Nutrition?? Jeff Elliott, Ph.D. 易杰夫博士易杰夫博士 Balchem Corporation 美国百尔康公司美国百尔康公司 Amarillo, Texas 阿马利乐阿马利乐 ,, 美国德州美国德州 jelliott@balchem.com 翻译：张国强翻译：张国强 LawsonLawson ZhangZhang zgqfreedom@126.comzgqfreedom@126.com 围产期奶牛营养和管理的研究进 展 2014. April 上海 (SH)/ 北京 (BJ ）
  • 2. 2 What’s new? 有什么新的进 展 ? What we know 我们了解哪些？ ? What we thought we knew 我们是如何想的？ ? Choline, a required nutrient? 胆碱 -- 需要的营 养 ? Monitoring subclinical ketosis 亚临床酮病监测 ? Protein nutrition of postpartum transition cow ? 产后奶牛的蛋白质营养需求 ? Cow management 奶牛管理
  • 3. 3 Milk Production Per Cow Has Quadrupled Since 1944! 在 牛平均 量已是现 奶 产奶 1944 年的 4 倍 Bauman, 2012 Cornell Nutr. Conf.
  • 4. 4 The Record Cow 牛 量奶 产奶 记录 Ever-Green-View My 1326 ET Waldo, WI 3x/365 daysAve/d 平均每天 Milk, kg 奶，公斤 84.3 Prot, kg 蛋白，公斤 2.7 Fat, kg 乳脂，公斤 3.4
  • 5. 5 When Cows Leave the Herd 奶牛何时被淘汰 (MN DHIA 10/96 – 10/01) Godden et al., 2003 0% 2% 4% 6% 8% 10% 12% %CowsLeavingThatLeftinthe21DayPeriod 624,614 Cows Leaving 5,749Herds 0-20 21-41 42-62 63-83 84-104 105-125 126-146 147-167 168-188 189-209 210-230 231-251 252-272 273-293 294-314 315-335 336-356 357-377 378-398 399-419 420-440 21 DIM Interval 25% leave in the first 60 days!! 约有 25% 的奶牛在产后 60 天内被淘汰
  • 6. 6 Glucose demand vs. supply 葡萄糖需求 / 供应 A glucose deficit post calving limits cow performance – milk and fertility (Overton, 2002) 葡萄糖供应不足限制奶牛产后的生产性能 2.5x increase 供应 需 求
  • 7. 7 Energy (NEL) Requirements 2 d Before Versus 2 d After Calving 产前二天与产后二天，对能量的需求比 较 725-kg Cow 575-kg Heifer Function Pre Post Pre Post Maintenance 维持 11.2 10.1 9.3 8.5 Pregnancy 怀孕 3.3 --- 2.8 --- Growth 生长 --- --- 1.9 1.7 Milk production 泌乳 --- 18.7 --- 14.9 Total (Mcal) 总的 14.5 28.8 14.0 25.1Calculated from NRC (2001). Assumes milk production of 25 kg/d for cow and 20 kg/d for heifer, each containing 4% fat. Courtesy of J. K. Drackley
  • 8. 8 Energy Balance for Transition Cows 围产期能量平衡
  • 9. 9Michigan State University SAPMACampus Study 分娩时 NEFA ↑ ____________________________________________ 脂肪在肝脏沉积 ? 血 浆 非 酯 化 脂 肪 酸 μμMM 产后天数 Plasma NEFA in Cows 奶牛血浆非酯化脂肪酸 (NEFA) 的变 化
  • 10. 10 Blood Flow to the Liver 流经肝脏的血液 Reynolds et al., 2003
  • 11. 11 Calculated NEFA uptake by liver during the transition period. (Reynolds et al., 2003) 奶牛围产期间，肝脏每天要处理的非酯化脂肪酸 的量
  • 12. 12 酮酮 体脂 Adipose 动员脂肪 Mobilized Fat 甘油三酯甘油三酯 TAG 脂肪酸 Fatty Acid 甘油 Glycerol NEFNEF AA NEFNEF AA VLDLVLDL COCO22 甘油三甘油三 酯酯 Stored TAGStored TAG OxidOxid AcCoAAcCoA 肝脏 The Fate of Non-Esterified Fatty Acids (NEFA) 非酯化脂肪酸 (NEFA) 的 代谢
  • 13. 13 Liver Triglyceride 甘油三 酯 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 Liver TG % DM basis 占干物质 基数的 % -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 Day relative to calving Vazquez-Anon et al., 1994 ? Balchem Corp. 2012
  • 14. 14 Strain on the Liver 使肝脏受到巨大压力 ? The liver weighs 20 lb and can accumulate over 1 lb of fat by the day after calving (Drackley, 2001). ? 肝脏重约 20 磅，产后 能够累积 1 磅的脂肪。 ? One point of BCS loss will deliver ~10-12 lb of fat to the liver! ? 体况每下降 1 个点，将 有 10-12 磅的脂肪运 输到肝脏。 Normal liver Fatty Liver
  • 15. 15 A healthy liver is critical to managing energy for a successful transition 拥有健康的肝脏是围产期奶牛能量管理成功的关键
  • 16. 16 Association of fatty liver with reproductive performance in dairy cows. 奶牛脂肪肝与其繁殖表现的关系 Parameter 项目 Association 影 响 Reference 资料来源 First ovarian activity 初次卵巢活动 ↓ ↓ Rukkwarnsuk et al., 1999 First ovulation 初次排卵 ↓ Reid et al., 1983 First estrus 初次发情 ↓ Paulova et al., 1990; Jorritsma et al., 2000 First insemination 初次授精 ↓ Reid et al., 1983 Days open 空怀天数 ↑ ↑ Heinonen et al., 1987; Paulova et al., 1990 Pregnancy rate 妊娠率 ↓ ↓ Jorritsma et al., 2000 Services/cow 头均配种次数 ↑ Shafer et al., 1988; Paulova et al., 1990G. Bobe, J. W. Young, and D. C. Beitz. J. Dairy Sci. 87:3105–3124
  • 17. 17 Dry Matter Intake 干物质采食量 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 Days in Milk DMI,pounds Healthy (22) Sick (24) RP/MET (10) KET/DA (13) 产奶天数 注 : Healthy 健康 ; Sick 生病 ; RP/MET 胎衣不下 / 子宫炎 ; KET/DA 酮病 / 第 4 胃异位 干 物 质 采 食 量 , 磅 Healthy cows had increased DMI over those cows that were sick by 1-7 kg. 健康牛只的采食量比病牛多 1-7 千克
  • 18. 18 Milk Production 产奶量 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 Days in Milk Milk,pounds Healthy (22) Sick (24) RP/MET (10) KET/DA (13) 注 : Healthy 健康 ; Sick 生病 ; RP/MET 胎衣不下 / 子宫炎 ; KET/DA 酮病 / 第 4 胃异位 产奶天数 产 奶 量 , 磅 Healthy cows produced 5-10 kg more milk than sick cows over the first 20 DIM 健康牛只在产后前 20 天的产奶量比病牛高出 5-10 千克
  • 19. 19 Projected 305 ME Milk 预期 305 天成熟当量产奶量 7,900 8,150 8,400 8,625 8,850 9,100 9,300 9,525 SICK 生病 (24) RP/MET 胎衣不下 / 子宫 炎 (10) DA/KET 真胃异位 / 酮 病 (13) 305Milk,kg HEALTHY 健康 (22) Healthy cows had a 305 projected ME that was 450 kg more than that of sick cows. 健康牛只的 305 天成熟当量产奶量比病牛多出 450 千克。
  • 20. 20 Impact of Elevated BHBA on First DHI Test Milk Yield -β 羟基丁酸 浓度提高对 DHI 初测奶量的影响 Duffield et al., 2009 BHBA 的域值（ 2 周）
  • 21. 21 Impact of Elevated BHBA on 305 d Milk Yield BHBA 提高对 305 天产奶量的影响 Duffield et al., 2009
  • 22. 22 What’s new? 有什么新的进 展 ? What we know 我们了解哪些？ ? What we thought we knew 我们是如何想的？ ? Choline, a required nutrient? 胆碱 -- 需要的营 养 ? Monitoring subclinical ketosis 亚临床酮病监测 ? Protein nutrition of postpartum transition cow ? 产后奶牛的蛋白质营养需求 ? Cow management 奶牛管理
  • 23. 23 Pre-fresh NFC 产前非 性 水化合物纤维 碳 Adapt Microflora 瘤胃微生物适应 Grow Papillae ( 瘤胃壁 ) 乳 突起头 生 长 More Energy 更多能量 Decrease Fat Mobilization 少体脂减 动员
  • 24. 24 Steam up diets are not needed. 激发日粮不是很需要 ? 6/8 Studies showed a significant increase in prepartum DMI. ? 6/8 的研究表明，产前干物质的采食量有明显增加 。 ? 0/7 Studies showed any significant effect on postpartum DMI. ? 0/7 研究表明：对产后干物质采食量无任何显著影 响 ? 0/9 Studies showed any significant effect on milk yield. ? 0/9 的研究表明：对产奶量没有任何显著影响 ? 1/5 Studies showed a significant reduction in liver fat. ? 1/5 的研究表明：对减少脂肪肝有较显著的影响。
  • 25. 25 Low Energy Diet 低能量日粮 ?High in poor quality forage, typically straw ?低质量的粗料，典型的稻草 / 麦秆 。 ?Cows are less insulin resistant 对胰岛素更敏感（缺抵抗力 ） – Lower rates of lipolysis 低的脂肪分解 – Less fatty liver 低的脂肪肝 – Lower BHBA 低的 BHBA ?Fewer displaced abomasums ?更少的真胃扭转。
  • 26. 26 Response to Feeding Goldilocks Diet or High Energy Diet Restricted 对适宜日粮或限饲高能日粮的反应 肝脏中 TG 变化
  • 27. 27 Response to Feeding Goldilocks Diet or High Energy Diet Restricted 对宜佳日粮或限饲高能日粮的反应 NA NA NA P<0.05 P<0.05 NS NA NS 乳脂校正奶差距
  • 28. 28 What’s new? 有什么新的进 展 ? What we know 我们了解哪些？ ? What we thought we knew 我们是如何想的？ ? Choline, a required nutrient? 胆碱 -- 需要的营 养 ? Monitoring subclinical ketosis 亚临床酮病监测 ? Protein nutrition of postpartum transition cow ? 产后奶牛的蛋白质营养需求 ? Cow management 奶牛管理
  • 29. 29 Reashure 瑞信胆碱 Rumen Protected Choline Does Reashure affect transition cows at the 瑞信胆碱对围产期奶牛，有没有发挥作 用？ ?whole animal level? ?整体奶牛层面 ?
  • 30. 30 Meta Analysis of 13 Transition Cow Studies Examining Supplementation of Ruminally Protected Choline- Objective: 来自 13 个围产期奶牛 过瘤胃胆碱的研究报告的 Meta 分析。
  • 31. 31 Studies Included 研究包括 Study 研究者 Choline Dose 胆碱用量 Product 产物 Duration 时间阶段 Exp. Unit 试验分 组 Parity 胎次 Hartwell et al. 0,6,12 Capshure -21 to 120 24 M Zom et al. 0,15 ReaShure -21 to 42 19 M Lima et al. #1 0,15 ReaShure -25 to 80 4 (pen) M, P Lima et al. #2 0,15 ReaShure -22 to 0 5 (pen) P Oelrichs et al. 0,15 ReaShure -28 to 100 32 M, P Zahra et al. 0,14 ReaShure -25 to28 91 M, P Piepenbrink et al. 0,11,15, 19 ReaShure -21 to 63 12 M Janovick et al. 0,15 ReaShure -21 to 21 21 M Elek et al. 0,25/50 Norcol-25 -25 to 60 16 M, P Ardalan et al. 0,14 Col 24 -28 to 70 20 M, P Pinotte et al. 0,20 Overcholine 45% -14 to 30 13 M Xu et al. #1 0,7.5 Not reported -7 to 21 7 M Xu et al. #2 0,11,22,33 Not reported -15 to 15 9 M, P
  • 32. 32 Milk Yield 产奶量 , kg/d P < .0001, SEd = .34
  • 33. 33 ECM Yield （能量校正奶 量产 ） , kg/d P = .0038, SEd = .72
  • 34. 34 Milk Yield (kg/d) by Study 各组研究的产奶量 Average Response = 2.2 kg/d P < 0.0001 平均增加 2.2 公斤奶 / 天
  • 35. 35 Effect of RPC on Health P = .72 .33 .77 .06 .001 .05 * Includes clinical ketosis Lima et al., 2007, 2012 包被胆碱对奶牛健康的影响
  • 36. 36 RPC Field Demo – Herd Size 包被胆碱田间验证试验 -- 牛群大小 ? 46 participating herds ? 46 个参加试验的牛群 ? 115,377 cows 11 万 5377 头奶牛 ? 2,508 average herd size ? 平均牛场大小 2508 头。 ? 36.1 average ReaShure feeding days per cow ? 平均每个试验牛，喂瑞信胆碱 36.1 天 。
  • 37. 37 RPC – Field Demo Results 包被胆碱 --- 田间验证试验结果 (28) (12) (39) (35) (38) (26) (32) %orlb/d -39.7% -66.2% -41.2% -18.2% -45.1% +5.6% -23.5% () # of herds reporting data 酮病
  • 38. 38 Reashure 瑞信胆碱 Rumen Protected Choline Does Reashure affect transition cows at the 瑞信胆碱对围产期奶牛，有没有发挥作 用？ ?organ level? Fatty Liver ?器官层面？脂肪肝？
  • 39. 39 酮酮 体脂 Adipose 动员脂肪 Mobilized Fat 甘油三酯甘油三酯 TAG 脂肪酸 Fatty Acid 甘油 Glycerol NEFNEF AA NEFNEF AA VLDLVLDL COCO22 甘油三甘油三 酯酯 Stored TAGStored TAG OxidOxid AcCoAAcCoA 肝脏 Strategies to Help Transition Cow Deal with Extensive Fat Mobilization 帮助处理围产期奶牛体脂动员的策 略
  • 40. 40 – Choline is required for phoshpatidylcholine synthesis which is required for fat export out of the liver as very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) – 胆碱是合成磷脂酰胆碱所必 须的成份，这样可以做为极 低密度脂蛋白（ VLDL ）的组 成成份之一，同时将 TG （ 脂肪） 也运出肝脏。 TG Protein VLDL C CEPC 　 Choline 　胆碱 NEFA from adipose tissue 来自体脂产生的 NEFA Liver 肝 Mammary Tissue 乳腺组织Cole et al., 2011
  • 41. 41 UW-Two Experiments (Cook et al., 2007) 两个试验 Feed restrict dry cow to see if choline: – slows liver TG accumulation – enhances depletion of liver TG 干奶牛限饲试验，研究： — 胆碱是否会减缓肝脏 TG 的蓄积 — 胆碱加速肝脏 TG 消耗
  • 42. 42 Liver TG – Induction 肝脏 TG— 诱导试验 P < 0.02 Cooke et al., 2007 对照组 胆碱组
  • 43. 43 Liver TG – Depletion 肝脏—消耗试验 Choline, P < 0.02 Time x treatment, P < 0.05 Covariate adjusted Cooke et al., 2007
  • 44. 44 Wageningen University and Research Center Zom et al., 2011 ? Liver metabolism: 肝新陈代谢 –16 cows from performance study –16 头奶牛 –Liver biopsy at wks -3, 1, 3 and 6 –在 -3,1,3 和 6 周进行肝活组织检查 –TAG 甘油三酯
  • 45. 45 Feeding 60 g/d RPC from 3 wk Precalving to 6 wk Post Reduces Liver Triglyceride 补饲 60 克每天的包被胆碱，从产前 3 周到产后 6 周， 可以减少肝脏中的甘油三酯 Zom et al., 2011 * *
  • 46. 46 Reashure 瑞信胆碱 Rumen Protected Choline Does Reashure affect transition cows at the 瑞信胆碱对围产期奶牛，有没有发挥作 用？ ?molecular level? ?（细胞）分子层面？
  • 47. 47 MTTP Gene Expression 微粒体甘油三酸酯转移蛋白 （ MTTP ） 基因表达 Goselink et al., 2012, submitted to J. Dairy Sci. P < 0.05 Dotted line = control 对照 Solid line = choline 胆碱
  • 48. 48 Jilin University, China Liu et al., 2014 中国吉林大学的刘姓学者 （ 2014) ? Effects of NEFA on the synthesis and assembly of VLDL in bovine hepatocytes in vitro ? 体外试验观察， NEFA （非酯化脂肪 酸）对牛肝脏细胞合成及组装 VLDL 的 影响。 ? Cow liver 奶牛肝脏
  • 49. 49 Liu et al., 2014 Content of VLDL in NEFA-treated hepatocytes was significantly decreased. 非酯化脂肪酸 (NEFA) 处理过的肝细胞，其 VLDL 的含量明显降低。 非酯化脂肪酸
  • 50. 50 TG content in NEFA-treated hepatocytes was significantly increased. 非酯化脂肪酸 (NEFA) 处理过的肝细胞，其 TG 的含量明显上升 Liu et al., 2014 非酯化脂肪酸
  • 51. 51 Lei et al., 2014, Jilin University, China 中国吉林大学的刘姓学者 （ 2014) 非酯化脂肪酸 (NEFA) 和 VLDL 的表达? “A high concentration of NEFA significantly inhibited the expression of ApoB100, ApoE, MTP, and LDLR, thereby decreasing the synthesis and assembly of VLDL and inducingTG accumulation in bovine hepatocytes” ? 高浓度的非酯化脂肪酸 (NEFA) 明显抑制 了 ApoB100, ApoE, MTP, and LDLR 的表达，因此降低了 VLDL 的合 成和组装，导致 TG 在肝脏细胞中的蓄积 。
  • 52. 52 Does Reashure affect transition cows? 瑞信胆碱对围产奶牛有什么作用 ？Evidence indicates that Reashure affects transition cows at the: 直接的证据表明具有以下功效（三个层面 / 水平） ： ?whole animal level - milk, health, and reproduction 整体奶牛水平 -- 产奶量，健康，繁殖 ?organ level – reduces liver fat 器官水平 -- 减少脂肪肝 ?molecular level – VLDL gene expression 分子水平 ---VLDL 基因的表达
  • 53. 53 What’s new? 有什么新的进 展 ? What we know 我们了解哪些？ ? What we thought we knew 我们是如何想的？ ? Choline, a required nutrient? 胆碱 -- 需要的营养 ? Monitoring subclinical ketosis 亚临床酮病监 测 ? Protein nutrition of postpartum transition cow ? 产后奶牛的蛋白质营养需求 ? Cow management 奶牛管理
  • 54. 54 Hand-held Cow-side Meter 手执式奶牛检测仪 ?Designed for human diabetes management 设计用于人饮食管理 ?Validated for use in dairy cattle ?也可以用于奶牛 ?Requires 1.5 ul of whole blood ?只需要 1.5ul 的全血 ?Quantitative results in 10 seconds ?10 秒钟就出检测结果
  • 55. 55 Monitoring Tools: SCK 对亚临床酮病的检测工具 ? Precision Xtra (USA) – Measures blood BHBA 检测血 中 BHBA –Hand-held meter 手执式检 测仪 –Meter is $100 RMB; strips $10 RMB each in the USA –仪器值 100RMB ，每条试纸 约 10RMB.
  • 56. 56 Cornell and University of Wisconsin 康耐 和威斯康星大学尔 Multi-Herd Farm Study: 多个 牛 的研究奶 场 ? BHBA testing: BHBA 检测 –3 days to 16 DIM 后产 3---16 天 – Alarm rate > 1.2 mmol/L. 警戒线 :>1.2 mmol/L ? 40.3% incidence (from 3-16 DIM) (McArt et al., 2012) ? 发生率达到 40.3% （产后 3--16 天）。 Nydam et al., WDMC, 2013
  • 57. 57 Incidence of Subclinical Ketosis by DIM McArt et al., JDS 95:5056, 2012 Monitoring Subclinical Ketosis 监测亚临床酮病 亚临床酮病在各个泌乳天数的发生率 泌乳天数
  • 58. 58 Cost of Subclinical Ketosis 亚临床酮病的损失 (McArt et al., 2012) ? 40.3% incidence (from 3-16 DIM) ? 发生率达到 40.3% 。 ? Milk loss- 3.4% 量 失产奶 损 --3.4% ? 19.3x greater risk of DA 真胃变位发生率增加 19.3 倍 ? 3x greater chance for removal from herd by 30d ? 产后 30 天内被淘汰的机率增加 3 倍。 ? $67/case 每个病例损失平均 67 美金。
  • 59. 59 Cornell and University of Wisconsin 康耐 和威斯康星大学尔 Multi-Herd Farm Study: 多个 牛 的研究奶 场 (Nydam et al., WDMC, 2013): ? Cows that tested positive for SCK were: – 6 times more likely to develop a DA – 这些奶牛容易发生真胃扭转的可能性是普通 奶牛的 6 倍。 – 4.5 times more likely to be removed from the herd – 这些奶牛被淘汰的可能性是普通的 4.5 倍。 – 0.7 times as likely to conceive at first service – 些 牛首次配 受孕的可能性只有这 奶 种 0.7 。 ? Cows produced 2.3 kg/d less milk for the first 30 DIM ? 在 后第一个产 30 天内， 天要少每 产 2.3 公斤 。奶
  • 60. 60 What’s new? 有什么新的进 展 ? What we know 我们了解哪些？ ? What we thought we knew 我们是如何想的？ ? Choline, a required nutrient? 胆碱 -- 需要的营养 ? Monitoring subclinical ketosis 亚临床酮病监测 ? Protein nutrition of postpartum transition cow ?产后奶牛的蛋白质营养需 求 ? Cow management 奶牛管理
  • 61. 61 Postfresh Transition Cow Protein 新生奶牛对蛋白需求 ? VERY LITTLE RESEARCH 非常有限的研究 ? Similar to energy 与能量相似 – Need for AA/MP/CP is high due to lactation – 由于泌乳，对氨基酸 / 可代谢蛋白 / 粗蛋白需求很高 – DMI intake is low 采食量很低 ? Different than energy 不同与能量之处 – Limits to amount of corn and fat that can be fed –受限于可摄入的玉米和脂肪 – No real limits to “protein or AA density” of diets –不真正受限于日粮中蛋白或氨基酸的密度 。 61
  • 62. 62 Predicted MP-Milk Production (AMTS) 预测可代谢蛋白与产奶量（ AMTS 软件） 0.0 5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0 30.0 35.0 40.0 45.0 50.0 Day7 Day21 Day7 Day21 PredictedMP-Milk,kg/day 32 kg cow 45.5 kg cow 3.8% Fat, 3.2% True Protein 17% CP Diet 15.5% CP Diet
  • 63. 63 Larson and Kristensen, 2012 ? Their research indicates a cow mobilize 5 kg EAA in first month of lactation! – 他们的研究说明，在头一个月泌乳期间，奶牛动用了 5 公斤的必需氨基酸。 ? Experiment 试验 – D1 PP, 360 g abomasal infusion of casein – 第一天，真胃灌注酪蛋白 360 克 – D2 PP, 720 g abomasal infustion of casein – 第二天，真胃灌注酪蛋白 720 克。 – D2 to D29 PP, amount gradually reduced to 194 g/d – 从第 2 天到第 29 天，量逐渐降低至 194 克 / 天。
  • 64. 64 36.6 vs 43.8 kg mil/day 天 量每 产奶 36.6 与 43.8 公斤 1212 vs 1664 g milk protein/d 天乳蛋白每 1212 与 1664 克 Feed intake was not different 饲料采食量没有不同，
  • 65. 65 Can You Get a Response from Amino Acids?? 添加氨基酸有效果吗？ Day relative to calving Methionine added to achieve Lys:Met 2.8:1 (as a percentage of MP) Osorio et al., 2013 对照组 MS 蛋氨酸 SM 蛋氨酸
  • 66. 66 Can You Get a Response from Amino Acids?? 添加氨基酸有效果吗？ Control 对照组 Met+Smart 蛋氨酸组 P Value Milk, lb/d 产奶量 78.6 86.0 0.08 Milk Protein, % 奶蛋白 % 3.04 3.22 0.05 Milk Protein yield, g/d 奶蛋白产量 （克 / 天） 1110 1235 0.03 ECM, lb/d 能量校正奶 （磅 / 天） 90.3 98.9 0.03 Osorio et al., 2013
  • 67. 67 Potential Deficiency in MP-Met? (AMTS) 可代谢 -- 蛋 酸的潜在缺口氨 -15 -13 -11 -9 -7 -5 -3 -1 1 3 5 7 9 11 Day 7 Day 21 Day 7 Day 21 PredictedDeficiencyMP-Met,g/day 70 lb cow 100 lb cow 17% CP Diet w/o met 17% CP Diet +met (lys:met 2.8) 3.8% Fat, 3.2% True Protein
  • 68. 68 Postpartum Transition Cow Protein Feeding 产后奶牛的蛋白饲喂方案 ? Need for AA/MP/CP is high due to lactation ? 由于泌乳，对氨基酸 / 可代谢蛋白 / 粗蛋 白需求很高 ? Consider feeding rumen protected AA to reduce CP/RUP/MP and create space for energy. ? 可以考虑使用保护性氨基酸，以减少粗蛋 白 / 瘤胃未降解蛋白 / 可代谢蛋白在日粮 中的用量，这样可节省空间，用于提供更 多的能量。 68
  • 69. 69 What’s new? 有什么新的进 展 ? What we know 我们了解哪些？ ? What we thought we knew 我们是如何想的？ ? Choline, a required nutrient? 胆碱 -- 需要的营 养 ? Monitoring subclinical ketosis 亚临床酮病监测 ? Protein nutrition of postpartum transition cow ? 产后奶牛的蛋白质营养需求 ? Cow management 奶牛管理
  • 70. 70 Postpartum Transition Cow Management 产后奶牛的蛋白饲喂方案 Proudfoot et al., JDS. 2012 – Unable to determine when the best time to move a cow before calving, but it is clear that moving cows to individual pens during labor resulted in longer labor probably due to less time lying down. 由于不能准 何 将待 牛搬入 房确预测 时 产奶 产 是最佳的。但是若在 ，将牛搬 到 独产犊时 迁 单 的 房 需要花 更 的 ， 将 致 牛产 时 费 长 时间 这 导 奶 下休息的 少。躺 时间减 70
  • 71. 71 Effect of length of maternity pen stays 在产房停留时间对牛只的影响 Length of Stay 停留时间 Outcome 结果 <48 h >72 h Advantage 好处 Herd 1 牛群 1 Calvings 112 182 产犊数 Sold or dead by 60 DIM 3.6% 9.3% 2.6 X 产后 60 天内淘汰或死亡 ME Milk 1st test 20,777 20,205 +577 lbs DHI 初次测定成熟当量奶量 Herd 2 牛群 1 Calvings 34 129 产犊数 Sold or dead by 85 DIM 2.9% 9.3% 3.1 X 产后 85 天内淘汰或死亡 SCK % 6.9% 16% 2.3 X 生病 % DA % 2.9% 5.4% 1.9 X 真胃异位 % Oetzel, 2003
  • 72. 72 Postpartum Transition Cow Management 产后奶牛的蛋白饲喂方案 ? Weiss and St. Pierre: – Most profitable grouping: 0-21 and >21 –最有益的分群是 0-21 天和大于 21 天 – 21 day postfresh pen allows brief period of high CP/MP. –产后 0--21 天，允许使用高含量的粗 蛋白 / 可代谢蛋白。72
  • 73. 73 Facilities 设备 Space per cow ? Free stalls - one per cow, 1.3 m wide ? Bedded pack – Far off - 15 m2 /cow – Close up - 30 m2 /cow ? Maternity pen - >43 m2 Overton, Boomer Gorden 2009 每头牛的空间每头牛的空间 – 自由散栏自由散栏 -- 每头牛每头牛 1.31.3 米宽米宽 – 垫料牛舍垫料牛舍 ?干奶前期干奶前期 - 15- 15 平方米平方米 // 头头 ++ 饲饲 料走道及饲槽料走道及饲槽 ?干奶后期干奶后期 (( 围产前期围产前期 )- 30)- 30 平平 方米方米 // 头头 ++ 饲料走道及饲槽饲料走道及饲槽 – 产房产房 - 43- 43 平方米平方米
  • 74. 74 Stocking Density 牛群密度 ? Lying time decreased with increasing stocking density (Telezhenko et al. 2012). ? For each 10% increase in stocking rate >80% = . 75 kg/day reduction in milk yield for 1st calf heifers (Oeztal, 2007). 牛群密度增加牛群密度增加 ,, 躺卧时间就减少躺卧时间就减少 。。 饲养密度饲养密度 >80%,>80%, 每增加每增加 10%10% 密度密度 = 0.75= 0.75 千克千克 // 天奶天奶 量损失量损失 (( 头胎牛头胎牛 ))
  • 76. 76 Heifers Cows Heifers eat ~ 5 lb/d less DM when housed with cows 胎待 牛，若是和 牛混群 ，头 产 经产奶 饲养 会 致采食少导 5 磅 / 天
  • 77. 77 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Test Day Milk Lactation Curves by Month of Calving 3rd+ Lacts. Month of Lactation LBS. July Composite Reference July 记录奶牛的泌乳曲线（按月）
  • 78. 78 Sept already below expected production 产奶量比预期的要低 - heat stress during the dry period 干奶期处于热应激 记录奶牛的泌乳曲线（按月）
  • 79. 79 Cow Comfort 奶牛舒适度 Cooling Dry Cows 干奶牛也要降 温 ? Four recent studies at the University of Florida ? 佛罗里达大学最近的四个试验研究 ? Cows dried off at 45 d prepartum 干奶从产前 45 天 开始 ? Control vs cooled 对照组与降温组 – Fans and sprinklers when temperature reached 70 F –当温度达到 70 F 时，开风机和喷淋。 ? After calving all cows treated the same (cooled) ? 奶牛产后都要采取降温措施。
  • 80. 80 Cooling Dry Cows 干奶牛也要降温 +6.5 kg milk/d and 9.3 kg FCM/d +2.3 kg milk/d and 5.1 kgFCM/d +6.25 kg milk/d +5.0 kg milk/d Do Amaral et al., 2009 Do Amaral et al., 2011 Tao et al., 2011 Tao et al., 2012
  • 81. 81 Cows have 25% greater blood flow when lying relative to standing. 牛只趴卧时其血液流量比站立时高 25%
  • 82. 82 Summary 小结 ? 25-50% of cows leave the herd within the first 60 DIM. ? 约有 25--50% 的奶牛是在产后 60 天内被淘汰的。 ? Management of fat mobilization at the liver are key to a successful transition program. ? 管控肝脏脂肪的代谢，是围产期管理成功的重要因素。 ? Cows are clearly deficient in choline as evidenced by the increase in liver fat and the ability of supplemental choline to moderate the increase! ? 很明显奶牛缺乏胆碱会增加脂肪的发生，补充有效胆碱可以减轻症 状。 ? Consider feeding RPAA to offset MP deficiency in early lacatation. ? 在泌乳早期，可考虑添加过瘤胃保护氨基酸（ RPAA ）弥补可代谢 蛋白质（ MP ）的不足。 ? Don’t forget about cow comfort ? 千万不要忘了奶牛舒适度。

Editor's Notes

  • #4: Due to better genetics, nutrition, management, and health
  • #5: Typical transition cows have a difficult time meeting the energy challenge. It will not get any easier going into the future!
  • #6: A recent presentation by Dr. Garry (CSU) suggests 50% of deaths first 60 days and 25% first 15 days
  • #7: And to remember the major challenge for her is to meet the glucose demands that are dramatically being placed on her at the time of parturition …in fact you can see that her demands actually escalate 2and a half fold more from pre to post partum. 2.5x increase Prior to calving – glucose supplies (splanchnic – primarily from propionic) can meet glucose demand 1000-1100 g/d last 21 days of gestation After calving – glucose demand exceeds glucose supply - at 21 d post calving estimated to be 2500 g/d (has to be met via gluconeogenesis – from intestinally absorbed aa and from endogenous substances: aa (ala, glu) and other gluconeogenic aa , lactate, glycerol) {insulin declines- signals liver to increase gluconeogenesis} So there is a deficit of glucose in today’s high producing dairy cow This glucose deficit signals the adipose tissue that energy thereby decreasing lipogenesis and an increase in lipolysis is needed to mobilize – NEFA are released Liver metabolism of glucose and fat are closely linked - as is metabolism of aa, This deficit limits cow performance – milk and fertility …….it must be supplied from gluconeogenesis by the liver The liver has to step up its production of glucose Overton, 2002 Notice how this also mirrors the negative energy balance slide shown earlier
  • #8: Generalized metabolic responses to negative energy (nutrient) balance Mobilize body fat and replace oxidative glucose use with NEFA and ketone bodies where possible. Increase hepatic gluconeogenesis from propionate (limited by DMI) and amino acids. Mobilize amino acids from body protein (muscle) for glucose and milk protein.
  • #9: When do cows reach positive EB - Grummer and Rastani, 2003: Literature Survey- 20 studies, 52 treatments Mean = 45 d Range = 7 to 105 d
  • #10: Ketosis NEFA ↑ at calving which can lead to calving Liver Fat may accumulate at NEFA concentrations above 400 uM. Fatty liver appears to predisposes the cow to additional metabolic problems Impaired glucose synthesis (Mills et al., JDS 69:362, 1986) Ketosis Seems to be a 1-3 week delay in the occurence of clinical ketosis after fat accumulation has occured Energy requirements of the liver after calving are greater therefore less fat appears to accumulate at the same NEFA concentration After calving, the liver is growing, therefore, some additional fat accumulation may not be as detrimental (Gibb et al.) Cows with lower Energy intakes (more negative energy balance) have higher NEFA concentrations prepartum Prepartum diets with varying energy and protein density were fed to 40 Holstein cows and 40 Holstein heifers (only energy effects shown) Close-up dry diets fed free-choice for 3 wks Treatments were Energy DietMcal ME/lbProtein, % Low 1.0 12 Medium 1.13 14 or 16 High 1.22 16
  • #11: The other major factor affecting how much NEFA is taken up by the liver is the amount of blood that flows to the liver. Blood flow increases two-fold as the cow transitions from the dry period to lactation.
  • #12: Since NEFA concentration increases and blood flow increases, NEFA uptake by the liver increases. Here you can see about a 13 fold increase in NEFA uptake on the day of calving!!!!! Again, this increase occurs in ALL COWS (granted there is biological variation among cows, therefore, the magnitude of increase is variable).
  • #14: As a consequence of the dramatic increase in NEFA uptake by the liver, there is fat (triglyceride) deposition in the liver. Note that the rate of fat accumulation is greatest during peak NEFA. Fat accumulation can continue to increase after calving due to negative energy balance and continued elevation of NEFA. The biology discussed in the last few slides describes the NORMAL BIOLOGY of transition dairy cows and is not restricted to “problem cows”
  • #15: Jim Drackley (Univ. Illinois) calculated that the liver can accumulate 1 lb of fat during the surge in NEFA at calving. The typical liver weighs 20 lbs, so that means liver fat content increases approximately 5% just due to the natural calving process. As a bench mark, cows whose livers contain 5-10% fat are considered to have “moderate” fatty liver. If a cow experiences 1 BCS loss, 10-12 lbs of fat will be delivered to the liver. Not all of this fat will be stored. Some will be oxidized, some will be converted to ketones, some will be exported as part of a low density lipoprotein. Nevertheless, this points out the continued potential for additional fat deposition in the liver.
  • #17: 狠狠撸 contains information from the Bobe et al. Iowa State University review. There is abundant data to suggest a negative relationship between fat in the liver and reproduction. Therefore, it is logical to hypothesize that reducing fat in the liver would lead to improvements in reproduction.
  • #18: Healthy cows had increased DMI over those cows that were sick from 2-14 pounds (1-7 kg) of dry matter intake difference depending on the day.
  • #19: Healthy cows produced 10-20 pounds more milk than sick cows over the first 20 DIM Healthy cows produced 5-10 kg more milk than sick cows over the first 20 DIM
  • #20: Healthy cows had a 305 projected ME that was 1000 pounds more than that of sick cows. Healthy cows had a 305 projected ME that was 450 kg more than that of sick cows.
  • #31: There are a total of 13 transition cow studies in which rumen-protected choline was fed. ReaShure was fed in 7 of them.
  • #32: Studies highlighted in gray are ones that I have manuscripts for, but have not been published in a peer-reviewed journal.
  • #34: Although there was no significant effect of milk components, there were slight increases which led to the ECM yield response being slightly greater than the milk yield response.
  • #35: The consistency of a response provides evidence that choline may be a limiting nutrient for transition cows.
  • #36: When all health orders were combined, there was a reduction due to ReaShure. Hepatic lipidosis (HL) was determined on a subset of cows and defined as 5% fat or more in the liver. Note the dramatic reduction in the prevalence of HL.
  • #41: Cole et al., (Biochim Biophys Acta, online prepublication) reviews the essentiality of choline for PC synthesis and VLDL export
  • #46: Substantial evidence indicates that feeding ReaShure affects transition cows at the “whole animal” level, i.e., milk production, health, and reproduction (Oelrichs et al., 2004; Grummer, 2012; Lima et al., 2012). Additionally, previous research indicates that feeding ReaShure affects transition cows at the “organ” level, i.e., reduces liver fat during the transition period and negative energy balance (Cooke et al., 2007; Zom et al., 2011). The current study from Wageningen UR Livestock Research provides the first evidence that feeding ReaShure affects transition cows at the “molecular level”. The effects observed at the molecular level are very consistent with previous observations at the organ or whole animal level. Choline-enhanced expression of genes involved in VLDL assembly and secretion correlates with lower liver TG content; alteration of genes involved with carbohydrate metabolism correlates with higher liver glycogen content and enhanced milk production..
  • #48: Microsomal triglyceride transfer protein (MTTP) is required for assembly of VLDL in the liver. Feeding ReaShure during the transition period increased its gene expression which provides direct evidence that supplemental choline enhances fat export out of the liver.
  • #50: Liu et al., 2014 Content of VLDL in NEFA-treated hepatocytes was significantly decreased.
  • #60: Positive is &amp;gt; 1.2 mmol
  • #64: Recent work out of Denmark provided additional MP by postruminal infusion of casein during the first 4 weeks of lactation. Casein represented ideal AA profile
  • #65: increased milk production by 7.5 kg /day(16 lb). In this study cows did not respond by increasing intake, instead FA mobilization was increased. Feeding RPAA may be a strategy to help meet AA requirements and create more space in ration for energy
  • #74: Translate title
  • #76: 12 cm, 9.6 cm, 8 cm For each 10% increase in stocking rate &amp;gt;80% = .75 kg/day reduction in milk yield for 1st calf heifers
  • #79: Note that cows that calved in Sept were also already below expected production on their first test which more strongly suggests that heat stress during the dry period caused some carryover into lactation. Courtesy of Land O’Lakes
  • #82: This means we want her lying down unless eating, drinking, or milking. There are postural effects on mammary blood flow, and cows have improved mammary gland perfusion when they are lying down vs. standing. Cows had about 25% greater blood flow to the mammary gland when lying down relative to standing. This suggests that from a management perspective, we want to maximize the amount of time cows spend lying down to optimize milk yield.