C.s.r observaion of pharmaceutical sector. (1)
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The document summarizes a study of CSR activities in the pharmaceutical sector in India. Researchers analyzed publicly available information from 10 companies over the last 3 years and attempted to contact them by phone, email, and in-person visits. However, most companies did not respond or allow meetings to discuss their CSR activities. Only one company met with the researchers. The document notes that the 2% profit requirement for CSR could lead to forced philanthropy or manipulation of data. It also observes that smaller companies find it difficult to plan and monitor CSR spending due to lack of specialist teams.
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Anatomy of the Larynx
Larynx is a cartilaginous structure located in the **anterior neck** at the level of **C3C6 vertebrae**.
* Also called the **voice box**responsible for **phonation**, **airway protection**, and **breathing regulation**.
**Cartilages of the Larynx**
**Unpaired Cartilages:**
1. **Thyroid cartilage**:
* Largest cartilage; forms the **Adams apple (laryngeal prominence)**.
* Composed of two laminae that fuse anteriorly.
2. **Cricoid cartilage**:
* Ring-shaped; **only complete ring** around the airway.
* Located below thyroid cartilage; articulates with thyroid & arytenoid cartilages.
3. **Epiglottis**:
* Leaf-shaped elastic cartilage.
* Covers the laryngeal inlet during swallowing.
**Paired Cartilages:**
1. **Arytenoid**:
* Pyramid-shaped; sit on top of cricoid.
* Attach vocal cords and muscles.
2. **Corniculate**:
* Small cartilages sitting atop the arytenoids.
3. **Cuneiform**:
* Embedded in the aryepiglottic folds; provide structural support.
**Intrinsic Muscles of the Larynx**
> Responsible for controlling **vocal cord movement**.
| Muscle | Action | Nerve Supply |
| **Cricothyroid** | Tenses vocal cords | External laryngeal nerve |
| **Thyroarytenoid** | Relaxes vocal cords | Recurrent laryngeal nerve |
| **Posterior cricoarytenoid** | Abducts vocal cords (opens glottis) | Recurrent laryngeal nerve |
| **Lateral cricoarytenoid** | Adducts vocal cords | Recurrent laryngeal nerve |
| **Transverse & oblique arytenoids** | Closes the posterior glottis | Recurrent laryngeal nerve |
| **Vocalis** | Fine-tunes pitch | Recurrent laryngeal nerve | **Nerve Supply*
* **Motor**:
* All intrinsic muscles (except cricothyroid): **Recurrent laryngeal nerve** (branch of vagus nerve).
* Cricothyroid: **External branch of superior laryngeal nerve**.
* **Sensory**:
* Above vocal cords: **Internal branch of superior laryngeal nerve**.
* Below vocal cords: **Recurrent laryngeal nerve**.
**Blood Supply**
* **Superior laryngeal artery** (branch of superior thyroid artery).
* **Inferior laryngeal artery** (branch of inferior thyroid artery).
**Laryngeal Cavity & Folds**
Divided into 3 regions:
1. **Vestibule** from inlet to vestibular folds (false cords).
2. **Ventricle** between vestibular and vocal folds.
3. **Infraglottic cavity** below vocal cords to trachea.
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Design of cosmeceuticals products;sunprotection,sunscreens
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Ad
C.s.r observaion of pharmaceutical sector. (1)
- 1. 1 CSR OBSERVATION OF PHARMACEUTICAL SECTOR METHOD- For the purposeof this study, 10 companies from pharmaceutical sectorwas selected, according to corporateoffice present in Delhi and NCR area. From the publicly available information (Accessible through websites, Business Responsibility Reports, Annual Reports)over the last 3 financial years was analyzed to map CSR initiatives supported by companies. Step 1- Phone calls was made to corporate offices in order to get Email id of concern person. Step 2- Mail was sent to gate appointment. Step 3- Went physically to corporateoffices. RESULT- No reply of mails forwarded to different companies.Companies didnt allowed to meet their C.S.R team, they are least concern to discuss about C.S.R throughout the project.Only one company out of 10 allowed to meet with H.R head . OBSERVATION- The 2% investment of net profit rule could lead to forced philanthropy, tokenism or even corruption, and masking of data to avoid such type of activity. We don'tas yet know what kind of government monitoring is there to monitor how well this money is used. Spending 2% on CSR is a lot, especially for companies that are trying to scale up in these difficult times. Companies will try to manipulate the data. Few companies are implementing there CSR activities on its own, through its non- profit foundation or through independently registered non-profit organizations that have a record of at least three years in similar activities. The CSR activity of the companies is designed to do indirect marketing. While the larger companies typically have CSR teams to carry out evaluations and monitor the spends.
- 2. 2 The small and medium size companies without a specialist team assigned for this find it difficult to plan and monitor the spends. Pooling of resources by SMEs could help to streamline the CSR investments. Choosing the right from large number of NGOs present in India is not easy. Some organizations such as Samhita Social Ventures and HelpYournNGO are trying to facilitate this process bysetting up online portals to assist. SUGGESTION- 1. Should wait till government is forming any monitoring bodyfor C.S.R activities. 2. Can improve presence through the web site. 3. Can advertise the presence to different SMEs, who are going to achieve C.S.R requirement, according to Indian government norms. 4. Can target small companies who want to form C.S.R team and can work as a consultant to guide them.