Data base

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A table is the primary unit of physical storage for data in a database. A key attribute or set of attributes uniquely identifies an entity instance. There are different types of keys including super keys, candidate keys, primary keys, foreign keys, and simple or composite keys. A simple key consists of a single attribute while a composite key consists of more than one attribute. The primary key uniquely identifies records in a table and cannot contain null values. A foreign key in one table references the primary key in another table and is used to define relationships between tables.

Data & Analytics

“Data Base “
Name: Sana Salim
Dept: IT
M.Cs 3rd
Topic: Relational Keys

“Table”
? “A table is the primary unit of physical storage
for data in a database.”
? Usually a database contains more than one
table.

“Key Attributes”
? An attribute or set of attributes to identify an
entity instance uniquely
? Types:
– Super key
– Candidate key
– Primary key
– Foreign Key
– Simple or Composite Key

“Example of Key”
StdId StdName Address ClName CurSem
S1020 Suhail Dar Mareer Hassan MCS 4
S1038 Shoaib Baber Model Town BCS 3
S1015 Tahira Ejaz Wah Cantt MCS 2
S1018 Arif Mehmood Satellite Town BIT 4
S1025 Suhail Shah Garhi Shahoo BCS 6

$“Simple or Composite Key” ? A key consisting of single attribute is called simple key, e.g., StudID, itemNo ? A key consisting of more than one attribute is known as composite key, like {Program_Code, Course_Code}$

ProgCode CourseCode MarksAlloc CrHrs
MCS DS 100 3
MCS DBS 100 3
MBA DBS 100 3
BCS NW 100 3
OFFERING
“Example”

“Primary Key”
? Primary key is a unique identifier of records in
a table.
? None of its attributes can have NULL values
? Primary key values may be generated manually
or automatically.
? A primary key can consist of more than one
field.

“Foreign Key”
foreign key field
primary key field parent table
Directors
Movies
child tablerelationship

“Relationship Types”
? One-to-one
? One-to-many
? Many-to-many

“Super Key”
? Any set of attributes containing a super key is also a super
key since it too uniquely identifies an entity e.g. {StudID,
major}
? For example, for EMPLOYEE and STUDENT entity types
EmpID and StudID are the superkeys respectively.

“Example”
StdId StdName Address ClName CurSem
S1020 Suhail Dar Mareer Hassan MCS 4
S1038 Shoaib Baber Model Town BCS 3
S1015 Tahira Ejaz Wah Cantt MCS 2
S1018 Arif Mehmood Satellite Town BIT 4
S1025 Suhail Shah Garhi Shahoo BCS 6

“Candidate Key”
? A candidate key is the super key that does not
contain extra attributes.
? It might have more than one attribute that uniquely
identifies an entity. e.g {name, address}

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This document discusses relational database design and normalization. It outlines two major design approaches: top-down design which develops a conceptual model like an ER diagram and maps it to relational schemas, and bottom-up design which uses normalization to iteratively decompose relations. The document then describes how to map different ER model concepts like entities, attributes, and relationships to relational schemas. It also discusses functional dependencies, normalization forms, and how normalization can be used to remove redundancies and anomalies from relational schemas.

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RDBMS stands for Relational Database Management System. It stores data in tables with rows and columns and provides operators to manipulate the data. RDBMS uses SQL as its query language. The leading RDBMS products are Oracle, IBM DB2, and Microsoft SQL Server. Keys like primary keys and foreign keys are used to identify rows and relate tables through common columns. Data integrity rules constrain column values to ensure consistency.

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This document discusses different types of keys used in databases. It defines keys as attributes that help uniquely identify rows in tables. It then explains various key types including super keys, candidate keys, primary keys, alternate keys, unique keys, composite keys, foreign keys, natural keys and surrogate keys. For each key type, it provides examples from sample tables and discusses their properties and how they differ from each other. The document concludes that databases generally only contain primary, foreign, unique and surrogate keys, while other key types are conceptual, and that each table needs a unique key to guarantee reliable data access.

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Keys play an important role in relational databases by uniquely identifying rows and establishing relationships between tables. There are several types of keys including primary keys, super keys, candidate keys, alternate keys, foreign keys, compound keys, and composite keys. A primary key uniquely identifies each row in a table and cannot be null, while other keys like alternate and foreign keys link data between tables or can uniquely identify rows without being designated as the primary key.

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This document defines and provides examples of different types of keys in a database table: 1) A super key is an attribute or combination of attributes that can identify records, but it may contain redundant data. A candidate key is a minimal super key that uniquely identifies each record. 2) The primary key is the candidate key chosen by the database designer to uniquely identify each record. It can consist of one or more attributes. 3) A foreign key is an attribute in one table that references the primary key of another table, enforcing referential integrity between the tables. 4) If the primary key contains multiple attributes, it is called a composite or compound key.

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The document provides an overview of the relational database model, initially proposed by E.F. Codd, detailing how data is organized into tables with attributes. It explains key terminologies such as relation schema, tuples, keys (primary, candidate, foreign, and composite), and how they function to uniquely identify records within a table. The rules and examples for creating primary and foreign keys, along with the significance of maintaining data integrity in relational databases, are also discussed.

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The document provides an overview of the relational model and entity-relationship model for database design. It explains key concepts, such as attributes, tables, tuples, primary keys, foreign keys, and integrity constraints, emphasizing their roles in maintaining data relationships and ensuring data integrity. Overall, it highlights the simplicity and widespread use of the relational model in modern database products.

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Data base

1. “Data Base “ Name: Sana Salim Dept: IT M.Cs 3rd Topic: Relational Keys

2. “Table” ? “A table is the primary unit of physical storage for data in a database.” ? Usually a database contains more than one table.

3. “Key Attributes” ? An attribute or set of attributes to identify an entity instance uniquely ? Types: – Super key – Candidate key – Primary key – Foreign Key – Simple or Composite Key

4. “Example of Key” StdId StdName Address ClName CurSem S1020 Suhail Dar Mareer Hassan MCS 4 S1038 Shoaib Baber Model Town BCS 3 S1015 Tahira Ejaz Wah Cantt MCS 2 S1018 Arif Mehmood Satellite Town BIT 4 S1025 Suhail Shah Garhi Shahoo BCS 6

5. “Simple or Composite Key” ? A key consisting of single attribute is called simple key, e.g., StudID, itemNo ? A key consisting of more than one attribute is known as composite key, like {Program_Code, Course_Code}

6. ProgCode CourseCode MarksAlloc CrHrs MCS DS 100 3 MCS DBS 100 3 MBA DBS 100 3 BCS NW 100 3 OFFERING “Example”

7. “Primary Key” ? Primary key is a unique identifier of records in a table. ? None of its attributes can have NULL values ? Primary key values may be generated manually or automatically. ? A primary key can consist of more than one field.

8. “Foreign Key” foreign key field primary key field parent table Directors Movies child tablerelationship

9. “Relationship Types” ? One-to-one ? One-to-many ? Many-to-many

10. “Super Key” ? Any set of attributes containing a super key is also a super key since it too uniquely identifies an entity e.g. {StudID, major} ? For example, for EMPLOYEE and STUDENT entity types EmpID and StudID are the superkeys respectively.

11. “Example” StdId StdName Address ClName CurSem S1020 Suhail Dar Mareer Hassan MCS 4 S1038 Shoaib Baber Model Town BCS 3 S1015 Tahira Ejaz Wah Cantt MCS 2 S1018 Arif Mehmood Satellite Town BIT 4 S1025 Suhail Shah Garhi Shahoo BCS 6

12. “Candidate Key” ? A candidate key is the super key that does not contain extra attributes. ? It might have more than one attribute that uniquely identifies an entity. e.g {name, address}

13. “Example” StdId StdName Address ClName CurSem S1020 Suhail Dar Mareer Hassan MCS 4 S1038 Shoaib Baber Model Town BCS 3 S1015 Tahira Ejaz Wah Cantt MCS 2 S1018 Arif Mehmood Satellite Town BIT 4 S1025 Suhail Shah Garhi Shahoo BCS 6

14. Thank you!

狠狠撸

Data base

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