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DBMS

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Anjana Mohanan
Anjana Mohanan

The document discusses the key components of a database management system (DBMS), including data models, languages for defining and manipulating data, transaction management, storage structure, the role of database administrators, and types of users. A DBMS provides logical and physical views of data that are abstracted from end users and allows for consistent data storage and retrieval through features like transaction processing, concurrency control, and a data dictionary. The document outlines the architecture of a DBMS and how various components work together to define, organize, and access the data in a database.

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CIS-552 Introduction 1
Introduction to DBMS • Purpose of Database Systems • View of Data • Data Models • Data Definition Language • Data Manipulation Language • Transaction Management • Storage Management • Database Administrator • Database Users • Overall System Structure 2
Database Management System (DMBS) • Collection of interrelated data • Set of programs to access the data • DMBS contains information about a particular enterprise • DBMS provides an environment that it both convenient and efficient to use 3
Purpose of Database Systems Database management systems were developed to handle the following difficulties of typical file- processing systems supported by conventional operating systems: • Data redundancy and inconsistency • Difficulty in accessing data • Data isolation – multiple files and formats • Integrity problems • Atomicity of updates • Concurrent access by multiple users • Security problems 4
View of Data • An architecture for a database system View level View 1 View 2 … View n Logical level Physical level 5
Levels of Abstraction • Physical level: describes how a record (e.g. customer) is stored. • Logical level: describes data stored in database, and the relationships among the data. type customer = record name: string; street: string; city: integer; end; • View level: application programs hide details of data types. Views can also hide information (e.g. salary) for security purposes. 6
Instances and Schemas • Similar to types and variables in programming languages • Schema – the logical structure of the database (e.g., set of customers and accounts and the relationship between them) • Instance – the actual content of the database at a particular point in time 7
Entity-Relationship Model Example of entity-relationship model social-security customer-street account-number customer-name customer-city balance customer depositor account 8
Relational Model Example of tabular data in the relational model: name ssn street city account-number Johnson 192-83-7465 Alma Palo Alto A-101 Smith 019-28-3746 North Rye A-215 Johnson 192-83-7465 Alma Palo Alto A-201 Jones 321-12-3123 Main Harrison A-217 Smith 019-28-3746 North Rye A-201 account-numbe r balance A-101 500 A-201 900 A-215 700 A-217 750 9
Overall System Structure naïve users application sophisticated database users (tellers, agents, etc) programmers users administrator application Application query database interface program scheme Embedded DML DDL query DML compiler interpreter processor precompiler application database- program management object code query evaluation system engine storage transaction buffer manager manager manager File manager indices Statistical data disk storage Data files Data dictionary 10
Data Definition Language (DDL) • Specification notation for defining the database schema • DDL compiler generates a set of tables stored in a data dictionary • Data dictionary contains metadata (data about data) • Data storage and definition language – special type of DDL in which the storage structure and access methods used by the database system are specified 11
Data Manipulation Language (DML) • Language for accessing and manipulating the data organized by the appropriate data model • Two classes of languages – Procedural – user specifies what data is required and how to get those data – Nonprocedural – user specifies what data is required without specifying how to get those data 12
Transaction Management • A transaction is a collection of operations that performs a single logical function in a database application. • Transaction-management component ensures that the database remains in a consistent (correct) state despite system failures (e.g. power failures and operating system crashes) and transaction failures. • Concurrency-control manager controls the interaction among the concurrent transactions, to ensure the consistency of the database. 13
Storage Management • A storage manager is a program module that provides the interface between the low-level data stored in the database and the application programs and queries submitted to the system. • The storage manager is responsible for the following tasks: – Interaction with the file manager – Efficient storing, retrieving, and updating of data 14
Database Administrator • Coordinates all the activities of the database system; the database administrator has a good understanding of the enterprise’s information resources and needs: • Database administrator’s duties include: – Schema definition – Storage structure and access method definition – Schema and physical organization modification – Granting user authority to access the database – Specifying integrity constraints – Acting as liaison with users – Monitoring performance and responding to changes in requirements 15
Database Users • Users are differentiated by the way they expect to interact with the system. • Application programmers: interact with system through DML calls. • Specialized users: write specialized database applications that do not fit into the traditional data processing framework • Sophisticated users: form requests in a database query language. • Naive users: invoke one of the permanent application programs that have been written previously 16
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DBMS

  • 1. CIS-552 Introduction 1
  • 2. Introduction to DBMS • Purpose of Database Systems • View of Data • Data Models • Data Definition Language • Data Manipulation Language • Transaction Management • Storage Management • Database Administrator • Database Users • Overall System Structure 2
  • 3. Database Management System (DMBS) • Collection of interrelated data • Set of programs to access the data • DMBS contains information about a particular enterprise • DBMS provides an environment that it both convenient and efficient to use 3
  • 4. Purpose of Database Systems Database management systems were developed to handle the following difficulties of typical file- processing systems supported by conventional operating systems: • Data redundancy and inconsistency • Difficulty in accessing data • Data isolation – multiple files and formats • Integrity problems • Atomicity of updates • Concurrent access by multiple users • Security problems 4
  • 5. View of Data • An architecture for a database system View level View 1 View 2 … View n Logical level Physical level 5
  • 6. Levels of Abstraction • Physical level: describes how a record (e.g. customer) is stored. • Logical level: describes data stored in database, and the relationships among the data. type customer = record name: string; street: string; city: integer; end; • View level: application programs hide details of data types. Views can also hide information (e.g. salary) for security purposes. 6
  • 7. Instances and Schemas • Similar to types and variables in programming languages • Schema – the logical structure of the database (e.g., set of customers and accounts and the relationship between them) • Instance – the actual content of the database at a particular point in time 7
  • 8. Entity-Relationship Model Example of entity-relationship model social-security customer-street account-number customer-name customer-city balance customer depositor account 8
  • 9. Relational Model Example of tabular data in the relational model: name ssn street city account-number Johnson 192-83-7465 Alma Palo Alto A-101 Smith 019-28-3746 North Rye A-215 Johnson 192-83-7465 Alma Palo Alto A-201 Jones 321-12-3123 Main Harrison A-217 Smith 019-28-3746 North Rye A-201 account-numbe r balance A-101 500 A-201 900 A-215 700 A-217 750 9
  • 10. Overall System Structure naïve users application sophisticated database users (tellers, agents, etc) programmers users administrator application Application query database interface program scheme Embedded DML DDL query DML compiler interpreter processor precompiler application database- program management object code query evaluation system engine storage transaction buffer manager manager manager File manager indices Statistical data disk storage Data files Data dictionary 10
  • 11. Data Definition Language (DDL) • Specification notation for defining the database schema • DDL compiler generates a set of tables stored in a data dictionary • Data dictionary contains metadata (data about data) • Data storage and definition language – special type of DDL in which the storage structure and access methods used by the database system are specified 11
  • 12. Data Manipulation Language (DML) • Language for accessing and manipulating the data organized by the appropriate data model • Two classes of languages – Procedural – user specifies what data is required and how to get those data – Nonprocedural – user specifies what data is required without specifying how to get those data 12
  • 13. Transaction Management • A transaction is a collection of operations that performs a single logical function in a database application. • Transaction-management component ensures that the database remains in a consistent (correct) state despite system failures (e.g. power failures and operating system crashes) and transaction failures. • Concurrency-control manager controls the interaction among the concurrent transactions, to ensure the consistency of the database. 13
  • 14. Storage Management • A storage manager is a program module that provides the interface between the low-level data stored in the database and the application programs and queries submitted to the system. • The storage manager is responsible for the following tasks: – Interaction with the file manager – Efficient storing, retrieving, and updating of data 14
  • 15. Database Administrator • Coordinates all the activities of the database system; the database administrator has a good understanding of the enterprise’s information resources and needs: • Database administrator’s duties include: – Schema definition – Storage structure and access method definition – Schema and physical organization modification – Granting user authority to access the database – Specifying integrity constraints – Acting as liaison with users – Monitoring performance and responding to changes in requirements 15
  • 16. Database Users • Users are differentiated by the way they expect to interact with the system. • Application programmers: interact with system through DML calls. • Specialized users: write specialized database applications that do not fit into the traditional data processing framework • Sophisticated users: form requests in a database query language. • Naive users: invoke one of the permanent application programs that have been written previously 16
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