Deadlock.pptx
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A deadlock occurs when processes are waiting for resources held by other waiting processes, resulting in a circular wait. For deadlock to occur, four conditions must hold simultaneously: mutual exclusion, hold and wait, no preemption, and circular wait. A resource-allocation graph models processes and resources as vertices with request and assignment edges. A deadlock exists if the graph contains a cycle with only one instance of each resource type. Methods to handle deadlocks include prevention, avoidance, recovery after the fact, or ignoring the problem.
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Deadlock.pptx
- 1. Deadlocks
- 2. System Model • System consists of resources • Resource types R1, R2, . . ., Rm CPU cycles, memory space, I/O devices • Each resource type Ri has Wi instances. • Each process utilizes a resource as follows: • request • use • release
- 3. Deadlock Characterization • Deadlock can arise if these four conditions hold simultaneously. • Mutual exclusion: only one process at a time can use a resource • Hold and wait: a process holding at least one resource is waiting to acquire additional resources held by other processes • No preemption: a resource can be released only voluntarily by the process holding it, after that process has completed its task • Circular wait: there exists a set {P0, P1, …, Pn} of waiting processes such that P0 is waiting for a resource that is held by P1, P1 is waiting for a resource that is held by P2, …, Pn–1 is waiting for a resource that is held by Pn, and Pn is waiting for a resource that is held by P0.
- 4. Resource-Allocation Graph • A set of vertices V and a set of edges E. • V is partitioned into two types: • P = {P1, P2, …, Pn}, the set consisting of all the processes in the system • R = {R1, R2, …, Rm}, the set consisting of all resource types in the system • request edge – directed edge Pi  Rj • assignment edge – directed edge Rj  Pi
- 5. Resource-Allocation Graph(Cont.) • Process • Resource Type with 4 instances • Pi requests instance of Rj • Pi is holding an instance of Rj Pi Pi Rj Rj
- 6. Example of a Resource Allocation Graph
- 7. Resource Allocation Graph With A Deadlock
- 8. Graph With A Cycle But No Deadlock
- 9. Basic Facts • If graph contains no cycles  no deadlock • If graph contains a cycle  • if only one instance per resource type, then deadlock • if several instances per resource type, possibility of deadlock
- 10. Methods for Handling Deadlocks • Ensure that the system will never enter a deadlock state: • Deadlock prevention • Deadlock avoidence • Allow the system to enter a deadlock state and then recover • Ignore the problem and pretend that deadlocks never occur in the system; used by most operating systems, including UNIX