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Denis Roe

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Avocados Australia

This document discusses avocado production in South Africa and the performance of different avocado rootstocks. It notes that the largest avocado producer in South Africa, Westfalia Technological Services, has been breeding and testing rootstocks for disease resistance and yield. Their rootstock called Dusa has dominated sales and plantings in South Africa and California due to its excellent performance and tolerance to Phytophthora root rot. Commercial evaluations on farms show higher yields from trees grafted to Dusa compared to other rootstocks like Duke 7. Westfalia will continue breeding programs to develop improved rootstocks.

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PERFORMANCE OF AVOCADO CLONAL ROOTSTOCKS IN SOUTH AFRICA Denis Roe Westfalia Technological Services (WTS) denisr@westfalia.co.za
Avocado production Westfalia areas in SA Everdon
South African Avocado Industry 12 400 ha of avocado orchards Production: Total 70 000-100 000 t Export: 35 000-50 000 t (50-60%) Local market: 20 000-30 000 t Processed 13 000t
Nursery tree sales 2003-4: Scion Cultivars Hass Ryan Fuerte Ander Other Lamb Hass Pinkerton Reed Source: SA Avocado Growers Association
Nursery tree sales 2007-8: Scion Cultivars Hass Fuerte Ryan Maluma Hass Rinton Pinkerton Lamb Hass Reed Zutano Gem Other Source: SA Avocado Growers Association
Nursery tree sales 2007-8:Avocado rootstocks, approx 350 000 Dusa planted to date. (SA Avocado Growers Association) Duke 7 seedling Edranol seedling 2% 2% Velvick seedling 17% Dusa 36% Zutano seedling 3% Bounty 13% Duke 7 27%
Westfalia: SAs largest avocado grower 1312 ha Avocado orchards 887 ha conventional 425 ha certified organic SAs largest exporter of avocado (together with outgrowers) 賊50% of SA crop EU 2nd largest importer of avocado (40-50 kt)
Vertically integrated company with own: R&D company nursery, orchards, packing houses, marketing companies in SA and EU, Ripe-&-Ready-To-Eat pre-packing units (SA and EU) Processing units Avocado oil (culinary and cosmetic) Avocado pulp and Guacamole
Westfalia Technological Services (WTS) Research into avocado and mango Horticulture Pathology Entomology Well known internationally for avocado rootstock breeding, screening, selection and evaluation.
Avocado rootstock breeding & screening at WTS Breeding Block Screening of seedlings in P.c. infested substrate
Results after 6 weeks of P.c. exposure Healthy seedling selections cloned
WTS rootstock evaluation orchard (high P.c. pressure, no treatment) Block 1 Block 2 Block 3
Rootstock Evaluation Block 8-year old Hass trees on various rootstocks 100 2.5 Cumulative Yield (t/ha) 80 2.0 Health Rating (0-10) 60 1.5 40 1.0 20 0.5 0 0.0 R0.06 Latas速 Duke 7 2003 Rootstock 2005 2004 2006 2007 2008 Tree health
Commercial evaluation Farm Climate, soil, altitude Rootstocks compared Tzaneen Warm moist, clay soils, Alt. Dusa速 Latas 800m. Mooketsi Hot dry, sandy loam soil, Alt. Dusa速 (Root- 500m. stock A) Soekmekaar Cool moist, Clay loam soil, Dusa速 Duke 7 Alt. 1200m. Politsi Valley Cool wet, Clay oxisols, Alt. Dusa速 Duke 7 1000m. Schagen Cool climate, sandy-clay loam Dusa速 Latas (Root- Alt. 800m. stock A)
Yield of commercial orchards with different rootstocks (unpublished data, Z. van Rooyen, 2009)
Dusa Dusa Duke 7 Duke 7
堰温壊壊/禽顎壊温 堰温壊壊/禽顎壊温 Hass/Duke 7 Mooketsi, South Africa, 2009
California Merensky 2 (Dusa); Merensky 1 (Latas) Excellent results obtained by Menge (UC) led to commercial release in California 2002. Now the leading clonal rootstock in Ca. (Brokaw) Dusa is currently the standard Pc-tolerant rootstock in UC rootstock evaluations.
Taylor Ranch, California
Australia (D. Le Lagadec, 2009) Avg cumulative yields - Has on clonal roots s tocks 250 200 Avg Yield (kg/tree) 150 100 50 0 Duke 7 Velvick C BC62 BC101 BM2 BC197 BC16 BC19 BC7 BM1 BC128 2006 2007 2008 2009
Dusa Dusa Latas
Conclusions Clonal rootstocks continue to dominate SA rootstock sales and plantings. Merensky2 (Dusa) continues to dominate SA and Californian clonal rootstock plantings. No one rootstock is optimal for all conditions The use of superior genetics remains the most sustainable way to increase yields and live with Phytophthora cinnamomi and other diseases. Westfalia to continue its breeding programme so that improved rootstocks become available for future use.
THE END

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Denis Roe

  • 1. PERFORMANCE OF AVOCADO CLONAL ROOTSTOCKS IN SOUTH AFRICA Denis Roe Westfalia Technological Services (WTS) denisr@westfalia.co.za
  • 2. Avocado production Westfalia areas in SA Everdon
  • 3. South African Avocado Industry 12 400 ha of avocado orchards Production: Total 70 000-100 000 t Export: 35 000-50 000 t (50-60%) Local market: 20 000-30 000 t Processed 13 000t
  • 4. Nursery tree sales 2003-4: Scion Cultivars Hass Ryan Fuerte Ander Other Lamb Hass Pinkerton Reed Source: SA Avocado Growers Association
  • 5. Nursery tree sales 2007-8: Scion Cultivars Hass Fuerte Ryan Maluma Hass Rinton Pinkerton Lamb Hass Reed Zutano Gem Other Source: SA Avocado Growers Association
  • 6. Nursery tree sales 2007-8:Avocado rootstocks, approx 350 000 Dusa planted to date. (SA Avocado Growers Association) Duke 7 seedling Edranol seedling 2% 2% Velvick seedling 17% Dusa 36% Zutano seedling 3% Bounty 13% Duke 7 27%
  • 7. Westfalia: SAs largest avocado grower 1312 ha Avocado orchards 887 ha conventional 425 ha certified organic SAs largest exporter of avocado (together with outgrowers) 賊50% of SA crop EU 2nd largest importer of avocado (40-50 kt)
  • 8. Vertically integrated company with own: R&D company nursery, orchards, packing houses, marketing companies in SA and EU, Ripe-&-Ready-To-Eat pre-packing units (SA and EU) Processing units Avocado oil (culinary and cosmetic) Avocado pulp and Guacamole
  • 9. Westfalia Technological Services (WTS) Research into avocado and mango Horticulture Pathology Entomology Well known internationally for avocado rootstock breeding, screening, selection and evaluation.
  • 10. Avocado rootstock breeding & screening at WTS Breeding Block Screening of seedlings in P.c. infested substrate
  • 11. Results after 6 weeks of P.c. exposure Healthy seedling selections cloned
  • 12. WTS rootstock evaluation orchard (high P.c. pressure, no treatment) Block 1 Block 2 Block 3
  • 13. Rootstock Evaluation Block 8-year old Hass trees on various rootstocks 100 2.5 Cumulative Yield (t/ha) 80 2.0 Health Rating (0-10) 60 1.5 40 1.0 20 0.5 0 0.0 R0.06 Latas速 Duke 7 2003 Rootstock 2005 2004 2006 2007 2008 Tree health
  • 14. Commercial evaluation Farm Climate, soil, altitude Rootstocks compared Tzaneen Warm moist, clay soils, Alt. Dusa速 Latas 800m. Mooketsi Hot dry, sandy loam soil, Alt. Dusa速 (Root- 500m. stock A) Soekmekaar Cool moist, Clay loam soil, Dusa速 Duke 7 Alt. 1200m. Politsi Valley Cool wet, Clay oxisols, Alt. Dusa速 Duke 7 1000m. Schagen Cool climate, sandy-clay loam Dusa速 Latas (Root- Alt. 800m. stock A)
  • 15. Yield of commercial orchards with different rootstocks (unpublished data, Z. van Rooyen, 2009)
  • 16. Dusa Dusa Duke 7 Duke 7
  • 17. 堰温壊壊/禽顎壊温 堰温壊壊/禽顎壊温 Hass/Duke 7 Mooketsi, South Africa, 2009
  • 18. California Merensky 2 (Dusa); Merensky 1 (Latas) Excellent results obtained by Menge (UC) led to commercial release in California 2002. Now the leading clonal rootstock in Ca. (Brokaw) Dusa is currently the standard Pc-tolerant rootstock in UC rootstock evaluations.
  • 20. Australia (D. Le Lagadec, 2009) Avg cumulative yields - Has on clonal roots s tocks 250 200 Avg Yield (kg/tree) 150 100 50 0 Duke 7 Velvick C BC62 BC101 BM2 BC197 BC16 BC19 BC7 BM1 BC128 2006 2007 2008 2009
  • 21. Dusa Dusa Latas
  • 22. Conclusions Clonal rootstocks continue to dominate SA rootstock sales and plantings. Merensky2 (Dusa) continues to dominate SA and Californian clonal rootstock plantings. No one rootstock is optimal for all conditions The use of superior genetics remains the most sustainable way to increase yields and live with Phytophthora cinnamomi and other diseases. Westfalia to continue its breeding programme so that improved rootstocks become available for future use.