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Descriptive research and Correlational Research

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DepEd Santa Rosa
DepEd Santa Rosa

Descriptive and correlational research aim to observe and describe characteristics or relationships between variables. Descriptive research provides an accurate portrayal of characteristics or behaviors, while correlational research examines relationships between two or more variables without manipulation. Both approaches are non-experimental and can be used to explore phenomena, identify problems or form hypotheses for future research. The document outlines the nature, aims, types, steps and examples of descriptive and correlational research methods.

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PART 1 DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH WHO, WHAT, WHERE, WHEN, HOW AND HOW MANY
THE DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH describes what exists and may help to uncover new facts and meaning. This approach is used to describe variables rather than to test a predicted relationship between variables. Polit D.F., Hungler B.P. (1999) Nursing Research: Principles and Methods (6th Ed.) Philadelphia, Lippincott Set to seek out accurate information and adequate descriptions of activities, objects, processes and persons. Allison, B., Race P. (2004) The Students Guide to Dissertation Preparation and Theses. (2nd Ed.) RoutledgeFalmer. London devoted to the gathering of information about prevailing conditions or situations for the purpose of description and interpretation. Dr. Y.P. Aggarwal (2008). Statistics of Education. (2nd Ed.) Sterling . Delhi.
NATURE OF DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH It is the best methods for collecting information to demonstrate relationships and describe the world as it exists and are often done before an experiment to know what specific things to manipulate and include in an experiment Bickman, L., & Rog, D.J. (1998). Handbook of Applied Social Research Methods. Newbury Park, CA. because it can answer what is and what was the nature of a situation as it exists at the time of the study and to explore the causes of particular phenomena through the collection of census data.Travers R. (1978) Introduction to Educational Research. (4th ed.). McMillan. London useful when it is impossible to test and measure the large population which is the subject of quantitative types of experimentation.
NATURE OF DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH descriptive research may be more analytic. It often focuses on a particular variable or factor. low on the "control or manipulation of research context" scale. It is non-intrusive and deals with naturally occurring phenomena. http://linguistics.byu.edu/faculty/henrichsenl/ResearchMethods/RM_2_05.html The answer in a descriptive research can no way be definitive. https://explorable.com/descriptive-research-design
AIMS OF A DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH provides a knowledge base which can be a springboard for other types of quantitative research methods because it maps the terrain of a specific phenomenon. contribute in the formation of principles and generalization in behavioral sciences contribute in the establishment of standard norms of conduct, behavior, or performance. reveal problems or abnormal conditions ; and if correctly interpreted, the data gathered can provide useful insight which may lead to hypothesis formation. Travers R. (1978) Introduction to Educational Research. (4th ed.). McMillan. London
TYPES OF DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH AND EXAMPLES Observational Method - animal and human behavior is closely observed which can be in a natural environment or in a laboratory Is Food Intake Associated with Pre-Adolescent Obesity? An Observational Study in Metro Manila, Philippines.* Case Study Method - involves an in-depth study of an individual or group of individuals and is often leads to testable hypotheses which allows for a study of a rare phenomena. Water Pollution Control - A Guide to the Use of Water Quality Management Principles: A Case Study of the Pasig River** Jackson, S.L. (2009). Research Methods and Statistics: A Critical Thinking Approach 3rd edition. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth. *http://scialert.net/abstract/?doi=ajcn.2009.107.119 **http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/resourcesquality/wpccasestudy3.pdf
TYPES OF DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH AND EXAMPLES Causal Comparative describes the extent of relationship between two or more variables. Language Learning Strategies of Students at Different Levels of Speaking Proficiency - examines the use of language learning strategies by high school students when speaking in class, and factors affecting such strategy use. http://journals.upd.edu.ph/index.php/edq/article/viewFile/2131/2049 Correlational Method - Explores relationships that exist among variables; sometimes predictions are made on the basis of the relationships. Relationship Between Dietary Pattern and Body Mass Index Among Primary School Children http://scialert.net/abstract/?doi=ajcn.2009.107.119
TYPES OF DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH AND EXAMPLES Developmental Studies - the systematic study of designing, developing, and evaluating instructional programs, processes Terman Study of the Gifted began in 1921 and is still running today Wikipedia.com Survey Method - participants answer questions administered through interviews or questionnaires. After participants answer the questions, researchers describe the responses given. A Survey on the Filipinos Acceptance of the K to 12 curriculum, SWS June 2011 March 2012. Official Gazette . http://www.gov.ph/
ADVANTAGES OF DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH gives researchers the opportunity to use both quantitative and qualitative data in order to find data and characteristics about the population or phenomenon that is being studied, The data collection for descriptive research presents a number of advantages as it can provide a very multifaceted approach. Data can include case studies, observation or surveys and give several angles on the information. http://science.blurtit.com/316422/what-are-some-advantages-and-disadvantages-of-descriptive-research
DISADVANTAGES OF DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH Confidentiality - Confidentiality is the primary weakness of descriptive research. Often subjects are not truthful as they feel the need to tell the researcher what they think the researcher wants to hear. Objectivity and error - Descriptive research also presents the possibility for error and subjectivity. For example, when a researcher designs a questionnaire, questions are predetermined and prescriptive. Furthermore, the study may contain errors, as the researcher may record what she wants to hear and ignore data that does not conform to the research project's hypothesis. http://science.blurtit.com/316422/what-are-some-advantages-and-disadvantages-of-descriptive-research
CONDUCTING A DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH Step One: Define a Problem to Research Step Two: Write a Research Question and Sub-questions Step Three: Design and Develop a Survey/Questionnaire Step Four: Create a Cover Letter Step Five: Select a Sample Step Six: Pilot the Survey Step Seven: Administer the Survey Step Eight: Analyze Data https://www.aea267.k12.ia.us/system/assets/uploads/files/1470/descriptiveresearch.pdf
PART 2 CORRELATIONAL RESEARCH WHAT, WHY AND WHAT IF
NATURE OF CORRELATIONAL RESEARCH Sometimes called associational research It is a more complicated from of descriptive research Collects data and investigates to what degree is the relationship between two or more quantifiable variables without any attempt of manipulation. The relationship between variables are can be describe using the correlation coefficient (the most common of which is the Pearson Product Moment of Correlation Coefficient).* http://www.unm.edu/~marley/methppt/fall07/ppt/day10.pdf *http://stattrek.com/statistics/correlation.aspx
AIMS OF CORRELATIONAL RESEARCH Used to either explore the extents to which two or more variables co-vary, that is, where changes in one variable are reflected in changes in the other when purpose of the study is to predict certain outcomes in one variable from another variable that serves as the predictor. Creswell, J. (2008). Educational Research: Planning, Conducting, and Evaluating Quantitative and Qualitative Research. New Jersey: Pearson: Merrill Prentice Hall.
TYPES OF CORRELATIONAL RESEARCH Used to either explore the extents to which two or more variables co-vary, that is, where changes in one variable are reflected in changes in the other when purpose of the study is to predict certain outcomes in one variable from another variable that serves as the predictor. Creswell, J. (2008). Educational Research: Planning, Conducting, and Evaluating Quantitative and Qualitative Research. New Jersey: Pearson: Merrill Prentice Hall.
TYPES OF VARIABLES (PREDICTION DESIGN) PREDICTOR VARIABLE used to make a forecast or prediction CRITERION VARIABLE : the anticipated outcome that is being predicted Predicting Satisfaction in Physical Education Classes: A Study Based on Self-Determination Theory* Predicting Success for Virtual School Students: Putting Research-based Models into Practice** Creswell, J. (2008). Educational Research: Planning, Conducting, and Evaluating Quantitative and Qualitative Research. New Jersey: Pearson: Merrill Prentice Hall. *http://benthamscience.com/ **http://www.westga.edu/~distance/ojdla/winter114/roblyer114.html
TYPES OF VARIABLES (PREDICTION DESIGN) PREDICTOR VARIABLE used to make a forecast or prediction CRITERION VARIABLE : the anticipated outcome that is being predicted Predicting Satisfaction in Physical Education Classes: A Study Based on Self-Determination Theory* Predicting Success for Virtual School Students: Putting Research-based Models into Practice** Creswell, J. (2008). Educational Research: Planning, Conducting, and Evaluating Quantitative and Qualitative Research. New Jersey: Pearson: Merrill Prentice Hall. *http://benthamscience.com/ **http://www.westga.edu/~distance/ojdla/winter114/roblyer114.html
STEPS IN CORRELATIONAL STUDIES Step One: Selection of the problem Step Two: Selection of the sample and the tools Step Three: Design and procedure Step Four: Interpretation of the Findings Creswell, J. (2008). Educational Research: Planning, Conducting, and Evaluating Quantitative and Qualitative Research. New Jersey: Pearson: Merrill Prentice Hall.
OTHER SOURCES: http://psych.csufresno.edu/psy144/Content/Design/Nonexperimental/observation.html http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:http://www.mu.ac.in/myweb_test/Rese arch%2520Methadology-Paper-3/Chapter-5.pdf http://ori.hhs.gov/education/products/sdsu/res_des1.htm https://www.aea267.k12.ia.us/system/assets/uploads/files/1470/descriptiveresearch.pdf

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Descriptive research and Correlational Research

  • 1. PART 1 DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH WHO, WHAT, WHERE, WHEN, HOW AND HOW MANY
  • 2. THE DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH describes what exists and may help to uncover new facts and meaning. This approach is used to describe variables rather than to test a predicted relationship between variables. Polit D.F., Hungler B.P. (1999) Nursing Research: Principles and Methods (6th Ed.) Philadelphia, Lippincott Set to seek out accurate information and adequate descriptions of activities, objects, processes and persons. Allison, B., Race P. (2004) The Students Guide to Dissertation Preparation and Theses. (2nd Ed.) RoutledgeFalmer. London devoted to the gathering of information about prevailing conditions or situations for the purpose of description and interpretation. Dr. Y.P. Aggarwal (2008). Statistics of Education. (2nd Ed.) Sterling . Delhi.
  • 3. NATURE OF DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH It is the best methods for collecting information to demonstrate relationships and describe the world as it exists and are often done before an experiment to know what specific things to manipulate and include in an experiment Bickman, L., & Rog, D.J. (1998). Handbook of Applied Social Research Methods. Newbury Park, CA. because it can answer what is and what was the nature of a situation as it exists at the time of the study and to explore the causes of particular phenomena through the collection of census data.Travers R. (1978) Introduction to Educational Research. (4th ed.). McMillan. London useful when it is impossible to test and measure the large population which is the subject of quantitative types of experimentation.
  • 4. NATURE OF DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH descriptive research may be more analytic. It often focuses on a particular variable or factor. low on the "control or manipulation of research context" scale. It is non-intrusive and deals with naturally occurring phenomena. http://linguistics.byu.edu/faculty/henrichsenl/ResearchMethods/RM_2_05.html The answer in a descriptive research can no way be definitive. https://explorable.com/descriptive-research-design
  • 5. AIMS OF A DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH provides a knowledge base which can be a springboard for other types of quantitative research methods because it maps the terrain of a specific phenomenon. contribute in the formation of principles and generalization in behavioral sciences contribute in the establishment of standard norms of conduct, behavior, or performance. reveal problems or abnormal conditions ; and if correctly interpreted, the data gathered can provide useful insight which may lead to hypothesis formation. Travers R. (1978) Introduction to Educational Research. (4th ed.). McMillan. London
  • 6. TYPES OF DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH AND EXAMPLES Observational Method - animal and human behavior is closely observed which can be in a natural environment or in a laboratory Is Food Intake Associated with Pre-Adolescent Obesity? An Observational Study in Metro Manila, Philippines.* Case Study Method - involves an in-depth study of an individual or group of individuals and is often leads to testable hypotheses which allows for a study of a rare phenomena. Water Pollution Control - A Guide to the Use of Water Quality Management Principles: A Case Study of the Pasig River** Jackson, S.L. (2009). Research Methods and Statistics: A Critical Thinking Approach 3rd edition. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth. *http://scialert.net/abstract/?doi=ajcn.2009.107.119 **http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/resourcesquality/wpccasestudy3.pdf
  • 7. TYPES OF DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH AND EXAMPLES Causal Comparative describes the extent of relationship between two or more variables. Language Learning Strategies of Students at Different Levels of Speaking Proficiency - examines the use of language learning strategies by high school students when speaking in class, and factors affecting such strategy use. http://journals.upd.edu.ph/index.php/edq/article/viewFile/2131/2049 Correlational Method - Explores relationships that exist among variables; sometimes predictions are made on the basis of the relationships. Relationship Between Dietary Pattern and Body Mass Index Among Primary School Children http://scialert.net/abstract/?doi=ajcn.2009.107.119
  • 8. TYPES OF DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH AND EXAMPLES Developmental Studies - the systematic study of designing, developing, and evaluating instructional programs, processes Terman Study of the Gifted began in 1921 and is still running today Wikipedia.com Survey Method - participants answer questions administered through interviews or questionnaires. After participants answer the questions, researchers describe the responses given. A Survey on the Filipinos Acceptance of the K to 12 curriculum, SWS June 2011 March 2012. Official Gazette . http://www.gov.ph/
  • 9. ADVANTAGES OF DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH gives researchers the opportunity to use both quantitative and qualitative data in order to find data and characteristics about the population or phenomenon that is being studied, The data collection for descriptive research presents a number of advantages as it can provide a very multifaceted approach. Data can include case studies, observation or surveys and give several angles on the information. http://science.blurtit.com/316422/what-are-some-advantages-and-disadvantages-of-descriptive-research
  • 10. DISADVANTAGES OF DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH Confidentiality - Confidentiality is the primary weakness of descriptive research. Often subjects are not truthful as they feel the need to tell the researcher what they think the researcher wants to hear. Objectivity and error - Descriptive research also presents the possibility for error and subjectivity. For example, when a researcher designs a questionnaire, questions are predetermined and prescriptive. Furthermore, the study may contain errors, as the researcher may record what she wants to hear and ignore data that does not conform to the research project's hypothesis. http://science.blurtit.com/316422/what-are-some-advantages-and-disadvantages-of-descriptive-research
  • 11. CONDUCTING A DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH Step One: Define a Problem to Research Step Two: Write a Research Question and Sub-questions Step Three: Design and Develop a Survey/Questionnaire Step Four: Create a Cover Letter Step Five: Select a Sample Step Six: Pilot the Survey Step Seven: Administer the Survey Step Eight: Analyze Data https://www.aea267.k12.ia.us/system/assets/uploads/files/1470/descriptiveresearch.pdf
  • 13. NATURE OF CORRELATIONAL RESEARCH Sometimes called associational research It is a more complicated from of descriptive research Collects data and investigates to what degree is the relationship between two or more quantifiable variables without any attempt of manipulation. The relationship between variables are can be describe using the correlation coefficient (the most common of which is the Pearson Product Moment of Correlation Coefficient).* http://www.unm.edu/~marley/methppt/fall07/ppt/day10.pdf *http://stattrek.com/statistics/correlation.aspx
  • 14. AIMS OF CORRELATIONAL RESEARCH Used to either explore the extents to which two or more variables co-vary, that is, where changes in one variable are reflected in changes in the other when purpose of the study is to predict certain outcomes in one variable from another variable that serves as the predictor. Creswell, J. (2008). Educational Research: Planning, Conducting, and Evaluating Quantitative and Qualitative Research. New Jersey: Pearson: Merrill Prentice Hall.
  • 15. TYPES OF CORRELATIONAL RESEARCH Used to either explore the extents to which two or more variables co-vary, that is, where changes in one variable are reflected in changes in the other when purpose of the study is to predict certain outcomes in one variable from another variable that serves as the predictor. Creswell, J. (2008). Educational Research: Planning, Conducting, and Evaluating Quantitative and Qualitative Research. New Jersey: Pearson: Merrill Prentice Hall.
  • 16. TYPES OF VARIABLES (PREDICTION DESIGN) PREDICTOR VARIABLE used to make a forecast or prediction CRITERION VARIABLE : the anticipated outcome that is being predicted Predicting Satisfaction in Physical Education Classes: A Study Based on Self-Determination Theory* Predicting Success for Virtual School Students: Putting Research-based Models into Practice** Creswell, J. (2008). Educational Research: Planning, Conducting, and Evaluating Quantitative and Qualitative Research. New Jersey: Pearson: Merrill Prentice Hall. *http://benthamscience.com/ **http://www.westga.edu/~distance/ojdla/winter114/roblyer114.html
  • 17. TYPES OF VARIABLES (PREDICTION DESIGN) PREDICTOR VARIABLE used to make a forecast or prediction CRITERION VARIABLE : the anticipated outcome that is being predicted Predicting Satisfaction in Physical Education Classes: A Study Based on Self-Determination Theory* Predicting Success for Virtual School Students: Putting Research-based Models into Practice** Creswell, J. (2008). Educational Research: Planning, Conducting, and Evaluating Quantitative and Qualitative Research. New Jersey: Pearson: Merrill Prentice Hall. *http://benthamscience.com/ **http://www.westga.edu/~distance/ojdla/winter114/roblyer114.html
  • 18. STEPS IN CORRELATIONAL STUDIES Step One: Selection of the problem Step Two: Selection of the sample and the tools Step Three: Design and procedure Step Four: Interpretation of the Findings Creswell, J. (2008). Educational Research: Planning, Conducting, and Evaluating Quantitative and Qualitative Research. New Jersey: Pearson: Merrill Prentice Hall.
  • 19. OTHER SOURCES: http://psych.csufresno.edu/psy144/Content/Design/Nonexperimental/observation.html http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:http://www.mu.ac.in/myweb_test/Rese arch%2520Methadology-Paper-3/Chapter-5.pdf http://ori.hhs.gov/education/products/sdsu/res_des1.htm https://www.aea267.k12.ia.us/system/assets/uploads/files/1470/descriptiveresearch.pdf