�ݺ�ߣ

The Ladder of Citizen Participation outlines 8 levels of citizen involvement in decision-making, ranging from nonparticipation to citizen control. The lowest rungs describe manipulation and therapy, where powerholders allow citizens to advise or consult but maintain control themselves. The middle rungs involve assigning token power to citizens through representation on committees. The top rungs empower citizens through partnership, delegated power, and citizen control.