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Digital Development and Digital Inclusion

Mark Graham
Mark Graham

Presented at 18th Session of the United Nations Commission on Science and Technology for Development May 6, 2015 Mark Graham, University of Oxford

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Digital Development and Digital Inclusion 18th Session of the United Nations Commission on Science and Technology for Development May 6, 2015 Professor Mark Graham Oxford Internet Institute University of Oxford web: www.geospace.co.uk email: mark.graham@oii.ox.ac.uk twitter: @geoplace
Image: Copyright Roger Bamber
2009 manypossibilities.net
2012 manypossibilities.net
all the worlds citizens will have the potential to access unlimited knowledge, to express themselves freely, and to contribute to and enjoy the benefits of the knowledge society. Dr. Hamadoun I. Tour辿, Secretary-General of the International Telecommunication Union. November 2012
Digital Development and Digital Inclusion
www.ihub.co.ke/blog/
Digital Development and Digital Inclusion
Digital gold farming in Cambodia
METHODS - Transaction data from the worlds largest online work platform - Interviews with hundreds of digital workers in Southeast Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa - Interviews with 80 managers in the Kenyan and Rwandan BPO sectors. - African innovation hubs
Disintermediation
Disintermediation
Geographic reach
Upgrading
Combination of those things
1) Macro-level patterns 2) Firm-level findings 3) Worker-level findings
Digital Development and Digital Inclusion
Digital Development and Digital Inclusion
Digital Development and Digital Inclusion
number of buyers per country
number of sellers per country
balance of payments
median wages
East African findings
Re-intermediation
Local market focus
Skills
Late-follower challenges
Factors that contribute to wage depression Clients expect low rates Clients decide on (low) rates Workers have a lack of bargaining power due to competition Platform policies influencing rate setting Imperfect market information Alienation and inability to upgrade Discrimination Feelings of powerlessness
Summary The digital is an important enabler of a range of new connectivity-based businesses that can be done from anywhere. But the digital is only one of many enablers that include: affordable and reliable power, easy and affordable access to requisite technology and capital goods, a supportive regulatory environment, programmes for skills development, and an ability to make trusted and verifiable payments.
Implications The importance of skills, learning and combinations of local and global knowledge Social connectivity and trust as necessary conditions for the digital to bridge distance Domestic and regional markets as opportunities Gateways and gatekeeping
Moving Forwards Adopt a multi-pronged digital economy strategy. Harness the critical mass of digital adoption. Encourage knowledge spillovers from foreign BPO/ITES work. Build the local digital brand. Financially supporting local SMEs. A need for relevant research and training. Ensuring that digital work is not done outside of the scope of national labour laws and taxation regimes.
thank you (many of our outputs are available at geonet.oii.ox.ac.uk) Professor Mark Graham Oxford Internet Institute University of Oxford w: geospace.co.uk w: zerogeography.net e: mark@geospace.co.uk t: @geoplace

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Digital Development and Digital Inclusion

  • 1. Digital Development and Digital Inclusion 18th Session of the United Nations Commission on Science and Technology for Development May 6, 2015 Professor Mark Graham Oxford Internet Institute University of Oxford web: www.geospace.co.uk email: mark.graham@oii.ox.ac.uk twitter: @geoplace
  • 5. all the worlds citizens will have the potential to access unlimited knowledge, to express themselves freely, and to contribute to and enjoy the benefits of the knowledge society. Dr. Hamadoun I. Tour辿, Secretary-General of the International Telecommunication Union. November 2012
  • 9. Digital gold farming in Cambodia
  • 10. METHODS - Transaction data from the worlds largest online work platform - Interviews with hundreds of digital workers in Southeast Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa - Interviews with 80 managers in the Kenyan and Rwandan BPO sectors. - African innovation hubs
  • 16. 1) Macro-level patterns 2) Firm-level findings 3) Worker-level findings
  • 20. number of buyers per country
  • 21. number of sellers per country
  • 29. Factors that contribute to wage depression Clients expect low rates Clients decide on (low) rates Workers have a lack of bargaining power due to competition Platform policies influencing rate setting Imperfect market information Alienation and inability to upgrade Discrimination Feelings of powerlessness
  • 30. Summary The digital is an important enabler of a range of new connectivity-based businesses that can be done from anywhere. But the digital is only one of many enablers that include: affordable and reliable power, easy and affordable access to requisite technology and capital goods, a supportive regulatory environment, programmes for skills development, and an ability to make trusted and verifiable payments.
  • 31. Implications The importance of skills, learning and combinations of local and global knowledge Social connectivity and trust as necessary conditions for the digital to bridge distance Domestic and regional markets as opportunities Gateways and gatekeeping
  • 32. Moving Forwards Adopt a multi-pronged digital economy strategy. Harness the critical mass of digital adoption. Encourage knowledge spillovers from foreign BPO/ITES work. Build the local digital brand. Financially supporting local SMEs. A need for relevant research and training. Ensuring that digital work is not done outside of the scope of national labour laws and taxation regimes.
  • 33. thank you (many of our outputs are available at geonet.oii.ox.ac.uk) Professor Mark Graham Oxford Internet Institute University of Oxford w: geospace.co.uk w: zerogeography.net e: mark@geospace.co.uk t: @geoplace