2. Content
What is disaster management
Background
Types of disaster
Impact of fossil fuels
Principles of disaster management
Disaster impact
Disaster recovery
Future Directions
References
3. What is disaster
management ???
A disaster can be defined as any occurrence that cause
damage, ecological disruption, loss of human life,
deterioration of health and health services on a scale,
sufficient to warrant an extraordinary response from outside
the affected community or area.
(W.H.O.)
A disaster can be defined as an occurrence either nature or
manmade that causes human suffering and creates human
needs that victims cannot alleviate without assistance.
American Red
Cross (ARC)
4. What it involves ??
Dealing with and avoiding both natural and man
made disasters.
Preparedness before disaster.
Rebuilding and supporting society after natural
disasters.
5. BACKGROUND
Enormous population pressures and urbanization.
A flood, a drought or an earthquake millions of
peoples are affected each time a disaster occurs.
Large-scale displacement and the loss of life, loss of
property and agricultural crops.
6. The reasons for this are varied including:
an increasing population pressures in urban areas.
an increase in the extent of encroachment into lands,
e.g., river beds or drainage courses, low lying areas
etc.
poor or ignored zoning laws and policies
lack of proper risk management (insurance).
BACKGROUND
8. Fossil fuels
Fossil fuel, any of a class
of hydrocarbon-containing
materials of biological
origin occurring within
Earths crust that can be
used as a source of energy.
Fossil fuels
include coal, petroleum, n
atural gas, oil
shales, bitumen's, tar
sands, and heavy oils.
10. Fabrication Process & Experimental Setup
Fabrication of conventional and modified solar still Pictorial view of conventional and modified solar still
To overcome the disasters related to industrial
wastewater and environmental impact
11. Rectangular Finned Absorber Basin
Rectangular finned absorber basin
For the experimental study, energy storage
materials are added to a modified solar still. In
order to improve the absorber basin's heat
transfer rate, rectangular fins have been
installed in the basin.
The absorber basin and the rectangular fins are
fabricated from aluminum material having
strong thermal conductivity.
The aluminium fins having dimensions (length
100 mm, breadth 40 mm, height 17 mm) and
thickness 2 mm are used for absorber plate.
Total 20 fins are placed in the absorber plate
of overall dimensions equal to absorber basin.
12. Himalayan Rambaan fiber (HRF)
Photograph of naturally available HRF; (a) Matured ripe agave
leaves; (b) Cleaning and manual extraction of fleshy layers; (c)
Rambaan fiber threads
Several sample quantities of fibers are
put under the absorber basin of modified
solar still to maximize the performance
and production of distillate yield. The
fibers, as shown, are prepared as energy
storage materials.
It is the naturally available fiber that is
the least expensive. Because of the
porosity of the Rambaan fiber material, it
can be completely submerged in water
and still maintain its ability to enhance
daytime productivity.
These fibers are easily available in
Himalayan regions of Himachal Pradesh
and Uttarakhand, India.
13. Suspended Wicks
Suspended wicks under the absorber
basin water of solar still
Several suspended wicks are used as energy storage
materials and put in the absorber basin of the
modified solar still as shown in Fig. 7.
The wicks are selected to enhance the distillate yield
production for experimental days. Polystyrene and
polyurethane materials are utilized for the fabrication
of suspended wicks. Black cotton cloth and threads
are used to wrap and tied the wicks.
The utilization of wicks enhanced the rate of
evaporation which resulted to maximize the overall
distillate yield. This process increased the basin
water surface area and stored heat during early day
hours which resulted to maximize the overall day
productivity.
14. Latent Paraffin Wax
Latent paraffin wax is selected as phase change material
and filled inside the aluminium tubes having higher
thermal conductivity. As shown in Fig. 10 in the modified
solar still, the mass of paraffin wax is varied to achieve
maximum performance and distillate yield productivity.
The aluminium tubes were painted black to absorb
maximum solar radiation during peak day hours.
Due to paraffin waxs energy storage, the improved stills
basin water temperature is lower in the morning hours. As
solar intensity peaks, the modified stills basin water
temperature remained higher. The tendency of storing heat
during day time by paraffin wax, resulted as improved
night distillate production.
Pictorial view of paraffin wax filled inside
aluminum tubes
15. Disaster mitigation
This involves lessening the likely effects of emergencies.
These include depending upon the disaster, protection of vulnerable
population and structure.
Eg. improving structural qualities of schools, houses and such other
buildings so that medical causalities can be minimized.
Similarly ensuring the safety of health facilities and public health services
including water supply and sewerage system to reduce the cost of
rehabilitation and reconstruction.
This mitigation compliments the disaster preparedness and disaster
response activities.
16. DISASTER-EFFECTS
Deaths
Disability
Increase in communicable disease
Psychological problems
Food shortage
Socioeconomic losses
Shortage of drugs and medical supplies.
Environmental disruption
17. DISASTER RECOVERY
Successful Recovery Preparation
Be vigilant in Health teaching
Psychological support
Referrals to hospital as needed
Remain alert for environmental health
Nurse must be attentive to the danger
18. Major Disasters in India
1984 Bhopal Gas Tragedy
2001 Gujarat earthquake
2004 Indian Ocean tsunami
2008 Mumbai attacks
19. Indias Vulnerability to Disasters
57% land is vulnerable to earthquakes. Of these, 12% is
vulnerable to severe earthquakes.
68% land is vulnerable to drought.
12% land is vulnerable to floods.
8% land is vulnerable to cyclones.
Apart from natural disasters, some cities in India are also
vulnerable to chemical and industrial disasters and man-made
disasters.
20. Areas of Concern
Activating an Early Warning System network and its close
monitoring.
Mechanisms for integrating the scientific, technological and
administrative agencies for effective disaster management.
Terrestrial communication links which collapse in the event of
a rapid onset disaster.
Vulnerability of critical infrastructures (power supply,
communication, water supply, transport, etc.) to disaster events.
21. Contd
Absence of a national level, state level, and district level directory of
experts and inventory of resources.
Absence of a National Disaster Management Plan, and State level and
district level disaster management plans.
Sustainability of efforts
Effective Inter Agency Co-ordination and Standard Operating
Procedures for stakeholder groups, especially critical first responder
agencies.
Emergency medicine, critical care medicine, triage, first aid
22. Nodal Agencies for Disaster Management
Floods : Ministry of Water Resources, CWC
Cyclones : Indian Meteorological Department
Earthquakes : Indian Meteorological Department
Epidemics : Ministry of Health and Family Welfare
Avian Flu: Ministry of Health, Ministry of Environment,
Ministry of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry
23. Chemical Disasters : Ministry of Environment and Forests
Industrial Disasters : Ministry of Labour
Rail Accidents : Ministry of Railways
Air Accidents : Ministry of Civil Aviation
Fire : Ministry of Home Affairs
Nuclear Incidents : Department of Atomic Energy
Mine Disasters : Department of Mines
Nodal Agencies for Disaster Management
24. Dynamics of Disasters
There is a high probability or a low probability for an event
happening somewhere sometime soon
The unpredictability of disaster events and the high risk and
vulnerability profiles make it imperative to strengthen disaster
preparedness, mitigation and enforcement of guidelines,
building codes and restrictions on construction of buildings in
flood-prone areas and storm surge prone coastal areas.
25. New Directions for Disaster Management in
India
The National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) has been set
up as the apex body for Disaster Management in India, with the
Prime Minister as its Chairman.
Disaster Management Authorities will be set up at the State and
District Levels to be headed by the Chief Ministers and
Collectors/Zilla Parishad Chairmen respectively.
26. New Directions for Disaster Management in
India
A National Disaster Mitigation Fund will be administerd by NDMA. States and
districts will administer mitigation funds.
A National Disaster Response Fund will be administerd by NDMA through the
National Executive Committee. States and Districts will administer state
Disaster Response Fund and Disaster Response Fund respectively.
8 Battalions of National Disaster Response Force (NDRF) are being trained and
deployed with CSSR and MFR equipments and tools in eight strategic locations.
A National Disaster Management Policy and National Disaster Response Plan
will also be drawn up.
27. Lessons Learnt
Be Prepared : Preparedness and Mitigation is bound to yield
more effective returns than distributing relief after a
disaster.
Create a Culture of Preparedness and Prevention.
Evolve a code of conduct for all stake-.holders
28. Future Directions
Encourage and consolidate knowledge networks.
Mobilise and train disaster volunteers for more effective
preparedness, mitigation and response (NSS, NCC, Scouts
and Guides, NYK, Civil Defence, Homeguards).
Increased capacity building leads to faster vulnerability
reduction.
Learn from best practices in disaster preparedness,
mitigation and disaster response.
#5: 1.India is a country highly vulnerable to natural disasters.
2.Enormous population pressures and urbanization have forced people to live on marginal lands or in cities where they are at greater risk to disasters.
3.Whether it is a flood, a drought or an earthquake, millions of peoples are affected each time a disaster occurs.
In addition to large-scale displacement and the loss of life, these events result in the loss of property and agricultural crops worth thousand of Crores of rupees annually.
#6: The reasons for this are varied including:
an increasing population pressures in urban areas
an increase in the extent of encroachment into lands, e.g., river beds or drainage courses, low lying areas etc.
poor or ignored zoning laws and policies
lack of proper risk management (insurance)
In India the primary responsibility for responding to disasters lies at the State level.
Many states have yet to prepare Disaster Management Plans.
Section 11 of DM Act provides that There shall be drawn up a plan for Disaster Management for the whole of the Country to be called National Plan.
The National Response Plan to be prepared by an Inter Ministerial Central Team formed by the NEC in the MHA Spanning all the Central Ministries/Departments.
The Mitigation and Preparedness Plans
The National Human Resource and Capacity Building Plan To be prepared by National Institute of Disaster Management,
