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Diseases of sugarcane and their management

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DrShivamSingh

1. The document discusses 5 major diseases of sugarcane: red rot, whip smut, pokkah boeng, ratoon stunting, and grassy shoot. It describes the symptoms, causal organisms, disease cycles, and management strategies for each disease. 2. The diseases are caused by fungi, bacteria, viruses, or phytoplasmas. They can be soil-borne or transmitted by insects or planting material. Disease management involves using disease-free seedcane and resistant varieties as well as sanitation, hot water treatment, and chemicals. 3. Understanding the diseases affecting sug

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Diseases of Sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum) Dr. Shivam Singh Assistant Professor Department of Plant Pathology School of Agriculture, LPU
Important diseases of sugarcane 1. Red rot: Colletotrichum falcatum 2. Whip smut: Ustilago scitaminea 3. Pokkah Boeng: Fusarium moniliformae 4. Ratoon stunting: Clavibacter xyli 5. Grassy shoot: Phytoplasma
1. Red rot Causal organism: Colletotrichum falcatum Perfect stage: Glomerella tucumanensis Symptoms Typical symptoms of red rot are observed in the internodes of a stalk by splitting it longitudinally. The presence of cross-wise white patches are the important diagnostic character of the disease. The diseased cane also emits acidic-sour smell. As the disease advances, the stalk becomes hollow and covered with white mycelial growth. The pathogen also produces tiny reddish lesions on the upper surface of leaves with dark dots in the centre.
Diseases of sugarcane and their management
Pathogen The pathogen produces specialized structures known as acervuli, which support profuse sporulation. Conidiophores are closely packed inside the acervulus, which are short, hyaline and single celled. Spores (conidia) are hyaline (clear), oblong, single-celled and produced in a slimy matrix. Fungus also produces large number of globose and dark brown to black perithecia with a papillate ostiole.
Diseases of sugarcane and their management
Diseases of sugarcane and their management
Diseases of sugarcane and their management
Survival and Spread They rely heavily on water, particularly rainfall, for dissemination. The fungus is sett-borne and also persists in the soil on the diseased clumps and stubbles. Favourable Conditions Successive ratoon cropping. Water logged conditions and injuries caused by insects.
Management Use disease free setts. Hot water treatment at 52C for 10 mins. Use of resistant varieties viz., Co 86032, Co 86249, CoSi 95071, CoG 93076, CoC 22, CoSi 6 and CoG 5. Cut ends and setts should be dipped in 1% Bordeaux mixture. Use fungitoxic chemicals like Bavistan, Benomyl, Topsin and Aretan @0.1% for 18 min. at 52尊C for dipping setts.
2. Whip smut Causal organism: Ustilago scitaminea (Syn. Sporisorium scitamineum) Symptoms Affected plants are stunted and the central shoot is replaced by a long whip like, dusty black structure, several feet in length. In early stages this structure is covered by a thin silvery white film, which rupture exposing the mass of dense, black dust.
Diseases of sugarcane and their management
Pathogen The fungal mycelium spores are echinulate, light brown and spherical, measuring 6.5 8.5 袖 in diameter. They germinate readily in water, producing 2-3 celled promycelia. Sporidia arise terminally or laterally and are hyaline, thin walled, single celled and elliptical to linear.
Disease cycle Teliospores may survive in the soil for long periods, upto 10 years. The smut spores and dormant mycelium also present in or on the infected setts. The primary spread of the disease is through diseased seed-pieces (setts) and also present in soil, which cause soil-borne infection. The secondary spread in the field is mainly through the smut spores developed in the whips, aided by air currents.
Diseases of sugarcane and their management
Management Use disease free setts. Avoid ratoon cropping. Diseased clumps and setts must be uprooted.
3. Pokkah boeng Causal organism: Fusarium moniliforme or F. andiyazi or F. sachhari or F. subglutinans Symptoms The general symptoms of Pokkah boeng are mainly of three types: 1. Chlorotic Phase: The earliest symptom is a chlorotic condition towards the base of the young leaves and occasionally on the other parts of the leaf blades. Frequently, a pronounced wrinkling, twisting and shortening of the leaves accompanied the malformation or distortion of the young leaves. First reported from Java in 1896.
2. Acute Phase or Top-Rot Phase: The most advanced and serious stage is a top rot phase. The young spindles are killed and the entire top dies. Leaf infection sometimes continued to downward and penetrates in the stalk. Later, the entire base of the spindle and even growing point showed a malformation of leaves, pronounced wrinkling, twisting and rotting of spindle leaves. Red specks and stripes also developed. 3. Knife-cut Phase: It is characterized by one or two or even more transverse cuts in the rind of the stalk /stem in such a uniform manner as if, the tissues are removed with a sharp knife.
Chlorotic Phase
Top Rot Phase
Knife-cut Phase
Survival and spread This is an air-borne disease and primarily transmitted through the air-currents and secondary transmission is through the infected setts, irrigation water, splashed rains and soil. Favourable conditions 20-30属C temperature and the average relative humidity higher than 70 to 80% with a cloudy weather, drizzling rains favors the growth of pathogen.
Management Removal of plant debris. Use of resistant varieties. Spraying of different fungicides like Bavistin (0.1%) or Blitox (0.2%) or Copper oxychloride or Dithane M-45 (0.3%).
4. Ratoon stunting Causal organism: Clavibacter xyli (Syn. Leifsonia xyli) Symptoms The affected plants are stunted, the stunting being most severe in stubble and ratoon crops. In infected stocks, the presence of pin head like orange coloured dots of bacteria on the internal soft tissue in the nodal region. The setts taken from diseased plants germinate poorly and the few shoots that are emerged grow very slowly.
Diseases of sugarcane and their management
Etiology Colonies on semi-solid media are circular with entire margins, convex and non-pigmented. They are small, thin and rod shaped. Non-motile. Gram-positive.
Management Planting of healthy and disease free seed cane. Growing resistant varieties. Hot water treatment of the seed cane @51属C for 2-3 hours. Chemical disinfectants that may be used on cane cutting knives includes, Lysol, Dettol, ethanol, Mirrol and Roccal.
5. Grassy shoot Causal organism: Phytoplasma (MLO) Symptoms Initial symptom appears in the young crop of 3-4 months age as thin papery white young leaves at the top of the cane. Later, white or yellow tillers appear in large number below these leaves (profuse tillering). The cane becomes stunted with reduced internodal length with axillary bud sprouting. Cane formation rarely occurs.
Diseases of sugarcane and their management
Etiology Two types of bodies are seen in ultrathin sections of phloem cells of infected plants. The spherical bodies of 300-400 nm diameter and filamentous bodies of 30-53 nm diameter. Disease cycle The primary spread of the phytoplasma is through diseased setts and cutting knifes. The pathogen is transmitted secondarily by aphids viz., Rhopalosiphum maydis, Melanaphis sacchari and M. idiosacchari. Sorghum and maize serves as natural collateral hosts.
Management Eradication of diseased parts as soon as symptoms are seen. Avoid selection of setts from diseased area. Pre-treating the healthy setts with hot water @52属C for 1 hour before planting Treating them with hot air @54属C for 8 hours. Spraying the crop twice a month with insecticides. Application of tetracyclin.
Other diseases 1. Sett Rot/ Pineapple disease: Ceratocystis paradoxa 2. Red stripe/Top rot: Pseudomonas rubrilineans 3. Gummosis: Xanthomonas compestris pv. vasculorum 4. Leaf scald: Xanthomonas albileneans 5. Sugarcane Mosaic: Sugarcane mosaic potyvirus

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Diseases of sugarcane and their management

  • 2. Diseases of Sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum) Dr. Shivam Singh Assistant Professor Department of Plant Pathology School of Agriculture, LPU
  • 3. Important diseases of sugarcane 1. Red rot: Colletotrichum falcatum 2. Whip smut: Ustilago scitaminea 3. Pokkah Boeng: Fusarium moniliformae 4. Ratoon stunting: Clavibacter xyli 5. Grassy shoot: Phytoplasma
  • 4. 1. Red rot Causal organism: Colletotrichum falcatum Perfect stage: Glomerella tucumanensis Symptoms Typical symptoms of red rot are observed in the internodes of a stalk by splitting it longitudinally. The presence of cross-wise white patches are the important diagnostic character of the disease. The diseased cane also emits acidic-sour smell. As the disease advances, the stalk becomes hollow and covered with white mycelial growth. The pathogen also produces tiny reddish lesions on the upper surface of leaves with dark dots in the centre.
  • 6. Pathogen The pathogen produces specialized structures known as acervuli, which support profuse sporulation. Conidiophores are closely packed inside the acervulus, which are short, hyaline and single celled. Spores (conidia) are hyaline (clear), oblong, single-celled and produced in a slimy matrix. Fungus also produces large number of globose and dark brown to black perithecia with a papillate ostiole.
  • 10. Survival and Spread They rely heavily on water, particularly rainfall, for dissemination. The fungus is sett-borne and also persists in the soil on the diseased clumps and stubbles. Favourable Conditions Successive ratoon cropping. Water logged conditions and injuries caused by insects.
  • 11. Management Use disease free setts. Hot water treatment at 52C for 10 mins. Use of resistant varieties viz., Co 86032, Co 86249, CoSi 95071, CoG 93076, CoC 22, CoSi 6 and CoG 5. Cut ends and setts should be dipped in 1% Bordeaux mixture. Use fungitoxic chemicals like Bavistan, Benomyl, Topsin and Aretan @0.1% for 18 min. at 52尊C for dipping setts.
  • 12. 2. Whip smut Causal organism: Ustilago scitaminea (Syn. Sporisorium scitamineum) Symptoms Affected plants are stunted and the central shoot is replaced by a long whip like, dusty black structure, several feet in length. In early stages this structure is covered by a thin silvery white film, which rupture exposing the mass of dense, black dust.
  • 14. Pathogen The fungal mycelium spores are echinulate, light brown and spherical, measuring 6.5 8.5 袖 in diameter. They germinate readily in water, producing 2-3 celled promycelia. Sporidia arise terminally or laterally and are hyaline, thin walled, single celled and elliptical to linear.
  • 15. Disease cycle Teliospores may survive in the soil for long periods, upto 10 years. The smut spores and dormant mycelium also present in or on the infected setts. The primary spread of the disease is through diseased seed-pieces (setts) and also present in soil, which cause soil-borne infection. The secondary spread in the field is mainly through the smut spores developed in the whips, aided by air currents.
  • 17. Management Use disease free setts. Avoid ratoon cropping. Diseased clumps and setts must be uprooted.
  • 18. 3. Pokkah boeng Causal organism: Fusarium moniliforme or F. andiyazi or F. sachhari or F. subglutinans Symptoms The general symptoms of Pokkah boeng are mainly of three types: 1. Chlorotic Phase: The earliest symptom is a chlorotic condition towards the base of the young leaves and occasionally on the other parts of the leaf blades. Frequently, a pronounced wrinkling, twisting and shortening of the leaves accompanied the malformation or distortion of the young leaves. First reported from Java in 1896.
  • 19. 2. Acute Phase or Top-Rot Phase: The most advanced and serious stage is a top rot phase. The young spindles are killed and the entire top dies. Leaf infection sometimes continued to downward and penetrates in the stalk. Later, the entire base of the spindle and even growing point showed a malformation of leaves, pronounced wrinkling, twisting and rotting of spindle leaves. Red specks and stripes also developed. 3. Knife-cut Phase: It is characterized by one or two or even more transverse cuts in the rind of the stalk /stem in such a uniform manner as if, the tissues are removed with a sharp knife.
  • 23. Survival and spread This is an air-borne disease and primarily transmitted through the air-currents and secondary transmission is through the infected setts, irrigation water, splashed rains and soil. Favourable conditions 20-30属C temperature and the average relative humidity higher than 70 to 80% with a cloudy weather, drizzling rains favors the growth of pathogen.
  • 24. Management Removal of plant debris. Use of resistant varieties. Spraying of different fungicides like Bavistin (0.1%) or Blitox (0.2%) or Copper oxychloride or Dithane M-45 (0.3%).
  • 25. 4. Ratoon stunting Causal organism: Clavibacter xyli (Syn. Leifsonia xyli) Symptoms The affected plants are stunted, the stunting being most severe in stubble and ratoon crops. In infected stocks, the presence of pin head like orange coloured dots of bacteria on the internal soft tissue in the nodal region. The setts taken from diseased plants germinate poorly and the few shoots that are emerged grow very slowly.
  • 27. Etiology Colonies on semi-solid media are circular with entire margins, convex and non-pigmented. They are small, thin and rod shaped. Non-motile. Gram-positive.
  • 28. Management Planting of healthy and disease free seed cane. Growing resistant varieties. Hot water treatment of the seed cane @51属C for 2-3 hours. Chemical disinfectants that may be used on cane cutting knives includes, Lysol, Dettol, ethanol, Mirrol and Roccal.
  • 29. 5. Grassy shoot Causal organism: Phytoplasma (MLO) Symptoms Initial symptom appears in the young crop of 3-4 months age as thin papery white young leaves at the top of the cane. Later, white or yellow tillers appear in large number below these leaves (profuse tillering). The cane becomes stunted with reduced internodal length with axillary bud sprouting. Cane formation rarely occurs.
  • 31. Etiology Two types of bodies are seen in ultrathin sections of phloem cells of infected plants. The spherical bodies of 300-400 nm diameter and filamentous bodies of 30-53 nm diameter. Disease cycle The primary spread of the phytoplasma is through diseased setts and cutting knifes. The pathogen is transmitted secondarily by aphids viz., Rhopalosiphum maydis, Melanaphis sacchari and M. idiosacchari. Sorghum and maize serves as natural collateral hosts.
  • 32. Management Eradication of diseased parts as soon as symptoms are seen. Avoid selection of setts from diseased area. Pre-treating the healthy setts with hot water @52属C for 1 hour before planting Treating them with hot air @54属C for 8 hours. Spraying the crop twice a month with insecticides. Application of tetracyclin.
  • 33. Other diseases 1. Sett Rot/ Pineapple disease: Ceratocystis paradoxa 2. Red stripe/Top rot: Pseudomonas rubrilineans 3. Gummosis: Xanthomonas compestris pv. vasculorum 4. Leaf scald: Xanthomonas albileneans 5. Sugarcane Mosaic: Sugarcane mosaic potyvirus