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This document discusses key concepts related to electric force and electric fields. It defines electric field intensity as the force per unit charge exerted on a test charge placed at a point in space. The electric field near a single point charge is calculated using Coulomb's law. Gauss's law relates the electric flux through a closed surface to the net charge enclosed by the surface. Examples show how to calculate electric field intensity using these relationships.

Electric field ddJohn Nikko Sasa

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The document discusses electric field lines and their properties. It provides examples of electric field line patterns for single and multiple point charges of both positive and negative polarity. Key points made include: - Electric field lines extend radially outward from positive point charges and radially inward towards negative point charges. - Between two same polarity charges, field lines point from one charge to the other with an absence of lines between. Between opposite charges, lines begin on one and end on the other. - The number of field lines is proportional to charge magnitude. Higher line density means stronger field. Field direction is tangent to lines.

Arriving Early To The Challenges of AutomationThe Economist Media Businesses

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The document discusses the early adoption of real-time information and automation in the transport sector, highlighting New York's innovative traffic management system and London's computerised signalling. It reveals that 40% of transport executives have integrated real-time data into their operations significantly more than the cross-industry average, with challenges identified in decision automation. Ultimately, the aim is to utilize predictive analytics to enhance efficiency and prevent operational issues before they arise.

ChecklistLewisTowse7

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Electric Charges,Forces and Fieldsavocado1111

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1) Electric charge is a fundamental property of matter that comes in two types: positive and negative. Like charges repel and unlike charges attract, as described by Coulomb's Law. 2) An electric field is a physical quantity that permeates space and is created by electric charges. It exerts force on other charges and is a vector field. The electric field is proportional to the charge creating it and inversely proportional to the distance from that charge. 3) When multiple charges are present, the net electric field is the vector sum of the individual electric fields according to the superposition principle. Electric field lines provide a pictorial representation of electric fields, with density and direction corresponding to field strength and direction.

Fungi 2Shakira Sulehri

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FungiShakira Sulehri

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The document proposes a scheme for how Saccharomyces cerevisiae CNCM I-1077 interacts with fiber-degrading gut microbiota. S. cerevisiae colonizes lignin and hemicelluloses in the gut, increasing the density of cellulolytic microbes like Ruminococcus Flavefaecin that break down cellulose. It also boosts hemicellulolytic microbes like Fibrobacter succinogenes that degrade hemicelluloses. This supports fiber degradation in the gastrointestinal tract.

Gene silencing by shakira sulehri 2013Shakira Sulehri

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Gene silencing refers to turning off a gene's expression without genetic modification. A gene that would normally be expressed is suppressed by cellular machinery. Scientists have explored strategies to selectively silence specific genes in diseased tissues over the past 30 years using various agents. These include antisense oligodeoxynucleotides in the 1980s, ribozymes in the 1990s, and RNA interference using small interfering RNA in the 2000s. The document compares different gene silencing strategies and their mechanisms of action, such as binding to or cleaving target mRNA to inhibit translation or degrade the mRNA.

Ruminants ( Shakira sulehri)Shakira Sulehri

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The document discusses the digestion process in ruminants, focusing on the rumen's microbial ecosystem, including bacteria, protozoa, and fungi that facilitate the breakdown of fibrous food through fermentation. It covers the compositional details of rumen microbes and their roles in digestion, highlighting different microbial populations and methods for manipulating these communities to enhance animal nutrition and production. The document also addresses the challenges in characterizing these microbes and the importance of environmental factors affecting their growth.

Presentation on cell lines by shakira sulehriShakira Sulehri

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This document provides an overview of cell culture techniques. It discusses areas where cell culture is used, including cancer research, genetics, and virology. Primary cell culture involves culturing cells directly from tissue, while continuous cell lines can be passaged indefinitely. Adherent cells are grown on a surface and detached using trypsin, while suspension cells remain in solution. Safety protocols include working in a sterile environment, avoiding cross-contamination of cell lines, and properly storing and handling cell cultures. Overall, the document outlines best practices for culturing and maintaining different cell types.

Presentation on cell line by Shakira 2Shakira Sulehri

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This document provides information on cell culture and handling of cell lines. It defines cell culture as the in vitro cultivation of cells under controlled conditions using an incubator and growth medium. It discusses the types of cell culture including primary cultures derived directly from tissue, cell lines that can be subcultured for a limited number of times, and continuous cell lines that can be subcultured indefinitely. The document describes the basic equipment used in cell culture like laminar flow hoods, incubators, centrifuges, microscopes. It covers topics like cell morphology, confluency, contamination, cryopreservation and provides the advantages and disadvantages of cell culture.

Pestedes petits ruminants in Pakistan by Shakira sulehriShakira Sulehri

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Peste des Petits Ruminants (PPR) is a contagious viral disease affecting small ruminants like sheep and goats. It causes fever, oral lesions, diarrhea, and pneumonia, with mortality rates as high as 80-100%. The virus is in the same family as measles. Transmission occurs through contact with secretions. While it only infects small ruminants, PPR poses economic threats and limits livestock trade and production. Vaccination provides effective protection. Control relies on quarantine of infected herds, vaccination of surrounding animals, and strict sanitation measures.

2013 polymerase chain-reaction-shakira sulehriShakira Sulehri

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The document discusses polymerase chain reaction (PCR). It describes PCR as a technique that amplifies specific DNA sequences using DNA polymerase. The key components of a PCR reaction are a template DNA, primers, DNA polymerase, nucleotides, and buffer. Through repeated heating and cooling cycles, the target DNA is amplified exponentially. The document outlines the three phases of PCR - exponential, linear, and plateau. It also discusses various types of PCR like real-time PCR, nested PCR, and their applications in fields like genetics, forensics, and disease diagnosis.

Nutrient by shakira sulehriShakira Sulehri

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This document discusses the nutrient categories and composition of various feedstuffs. It begins by outlining the main nutrient categories: proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, minerals, vitamins, and water. It then provides details on the composition and characteristics of specific feedstuffs, focusing on corn/maize. Corn is described as the world's most important feed grain due to its high energy content, palatability, and yield. While high in energy, corn protein is noted to be lower quality and deficient in certain amino acids.

Use of low quality crop residues by shakira sulehriShakira Sulehri

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This document discusses ways to improve the utilization of low-quality crop residues through chemical and physical treatments. It summarizes that these crop residues are highly lignified and contain insufficient nitrogen for microbial growth. Chemical treatments like ammoniation can dissolve lignin and improve fiber digestibility. Ammoniation increases digestibility but risks toxicity if temperatures exceed 70°C. Physical treatments like grinding can increase digestibility but risk rapid rumen passage. The document also reviews various feed additives used in livestock feeding and their advantages in improving performance and economics.

Use of low quality crop residues by shakira (Pakistan)Shakira Sulehri

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The document discusses various treatments to improve the utilization of low quality crop residues as animal feed, including chemical, physical, and biological treatments. Chemical treatments like ammoniation can dissolve lignin and improve fiber digestibility. However, ammoniation of feeds with abundant carbohydrates can produce toxins. Physical treatments like grinding can reduce feed wastage but also rapid rumen passage. Supplementing poor quality feeds with alfalfa or bypass protein can improve the rumen environment. The document also discusses various feed additives used in livestock feeding like antibiotics, hormones, enzymes, probiotics and their effects.

Antioxidants by SHAKIRA SULEHRIShakira Sulehri

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Antioxidants are used to prevent oxidation of feeds which causes rancidity and loss of vitamins and nutritional value. Natural antioxidants include vitamin E and ascorbic acid, while synthetic ones include ethoxyquin, BHA, and BHT. Mycotoxin binders help reduce the harmful effects of toxins produced by fungi like aflatoxins and zearalenone. Anti-caking agents prevent clumping in dry mixes and include calcium stearate and sodium aluminum silicates. Flavoring agents improve palatability and increase feed intake and efficiency.

Bacterial infection (by shakira)Shakira Sulehri

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The document discusses the diagnosis of bacterial infections through sample collection and laboratory testing. Samples that can be examined include tissues, foods, and fluids. The diagnostic process involves streaking samples on culture plates and incubating to isolate colonies. Colonies are then analyzed based on characteristics like size, color, and hemolysis. Identification involves staining reactions, morphology, and biochemical tests. The Gram stain procedure distinguishes between Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria based on their ability to retain or lose crystal violet staining. Biochemical tests can further identify bacteria based on metabolic properties.

Introduction to immune systemShakira Sulehri

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The document provides an introduction to the immune system, including: 1) The immune system defends the body against microorganisms and pathogens through non-specific and specific responses. 2) It is composed of molecules, cells, tissues and organs that provide both innate and adaptive protection. 3) The principal function of the immune system is to protect humans from pathogenic microorganisms like bacteria, viruses, fungi and parasites.

Introduction to immune systemShakira Sulehri

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Innate immunityShakira Sulehri

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This document summarizes the components of the innate immune system. It discusses three lines of defense: mechanical barriers like skin and mucus; chemical inhibitors like enzymes and pH levels; and normal flora bacteria. The second line of defense includes natural killer cells and phagocytes like neutrophils and macrophages that ingest and destroy microbes. Soluble factors in the blood also help, like acute phase proteins, complement proteins, and interferons. Phagocytosis is described as the process of chemotaxis, attachment, ingestion, and killing of microbes inside phagocytes. Tissue damage can trigger an inflammatory response with the release of chemical mediators that cause redness, heat, and swelling to isolate and destroy invading pathogens.

Introduction to immune systemShakira Sulehri

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The document provides an introduction to the immune system. It discusses that the immune system provides protection from disease through non-specific and specific mechanisms. The major functions are listed as protection from invaders, removal of dead/damaged tissues, and recognition/removal of abnormal cells. Both innate and acquired immunity are described. Key cells involved are macrophages, B cells, and T cells. Important components of innate immunity include mechanical barriers, chemicals/biochemical inhibitors, normal flora, natural killer cells, phagocytes, interferons, complement, and inflammation.

BasicprinciplesofimmunesystemShakira Sulehri

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The document provides an overview of the principles of the immune system. It discusses the components of the innate and acquired immune systems. The innate system provides nonspecific first line defenses while the acquired system develops specific responses through adaptive immunity. Key cells involved include B and T lymphocytes that develop in primary lymphoid organs like the bone marrow and thymus and respond to antigens in secondary lymphoid organs. The major histocompatibility complex plays an important role in antigen presentation and self/non-self discrimination. Humoral immunity involves antibody-mediated responses while cellular immunity involves T cell-mediated responses.

Manipulation of rumen fermentation by use of microbial feed additivesmicrobialShakira Sulehri

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1. The seminar topic discusses manipulation of rumen microbial fermentation through the use of microbial feed additives. 2. Issues with dairy production in Pakistan include late maturity, low milk production, and low profitability. Causes include lack of microbial feed additives, imbalanced feeding schemes, and poor understanding of microbial-feed interaction. 3. The seminar presenter will discuss approaches to resolve issues of low production in Pakistan such as understanding microbial-feed interaction and using microbial feed supplements.

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