Dom intro
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Machine design is the process of creating and improving machines. It involves selecting appropriate materials based on their physical and mechanical properties, and designing machine parts to withstand forces without failing while minimizing production costs. Key considerations include avoiding stress concentrations from abrupt changes in geometry, providing generous radii to reduce stresses, and not locating weakening features like holes in highly stressed areas.
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Fluid propertiesAshish Khudaiwala
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Fluid properties like density, viscosity, and specific gravity are important to characterize different fluids. Density is defined as mass per unit volume and determines whether a flow is compressible or incompressible. Viscosity measures a fluid's resistance to flow and internal friction. It is proportional to shear stress and inversely proportional to velocity gradient. Water has a viscosity of 1x10-3 N-s/m2 while air is less viscous at 1.8x10-5 N-s/m2. Specific gravity is the ratio of a fluid's density to that of water and is a dimensionless property.Flow through pipe
Flow through pipeAshish Khudaiwala
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The document discusses laminar and turbulent pipe flow. It states that the transition from laminar to turbulent flow depends on the dimensionless Reynolds number. It also discusses head losses due to friction in pipes and defines head loss as the equivalent height that the fluid needs to be raised to overcome frictional losses. Finally, it explains the water hammer phenomenon that can occur in pipes due to sudden changes in flow rate, describing how it generates pressure waves that travel through the pipe and can damage pipe walls.Dom intro
- 1. A.N.KHUDAIWALA (L.M.E) G.P.PORBANDAR Machine Design What is the importance of Machine Design for engineers? What is Machine Design? Creation of new and better machines AND Improving existing ones So that it is economical in the cost of production and operation.
- 8. A.N.KHUDAIWALA (L.M.E) G.P.PORBANDAR 3. Selection of MATERIALs Physical properties: Density, Melting point, Elec/thermal properties Mechanical properties: • STRENGTH – resist externally applied loads without breaking or yielding • STIFFNESS – resist deformation under stress • ELASTICITY – regain original shape once the force is removed • PLASTICITY – property which retains deformation (required for forging etc) • DUCTILITY – ability to be drawn into a wire by a tensile force • BRITTLENESS – sudden breaking with minimum distortion • TOUGHNESS – resist fracture due to high impact load • CREEP – deformation under stress and high temperature • FATIGUE – ability to withstand cyclic stresses • HARDNESS – resistance to wear, scratching, deformation, machinability etc Metal Non-metal Ferrous Non-ferrous
- 18. A.N.KHUDAIWALA (L.M.E) G.P.PORBANDAR Theoretical stress concentration factor, Kt Maximum stress at the discontinuity Nominal stress, max stress with no discontinuity Kt is used for normal stresses and Kts for shear stresses.
- 19. A.N.KHUDAIWALA (L.M.E) G.P.PORBANDAR Consider an elliptical hole in an infinitely large plate loaded in uniform tension. Using the theory of elasticity the theoretical stress concentration factor is given by the equation below. Elliptical hole 2b 2a • For a circular hole Kt = 3 • The equation can be applied to a longitudinal crack where b << a
- 20. Guidelines for design. Abrupt changes in cross-section should be avoided. Fillet radii or stress-relieving groove should be provided. Fig. 11.3(d) Slot and grooves should be provided with generous run-out radii and with fillet radii in all corners. Fig. 11.3(b) Stress relieving grooves or undercut should be provided at the end of threads and splines. Fig. 11.3(c) Sharp internal corners and external edges should be avoided Weakening features like bolt and oil holes, identification marks, and part number should not be located in highly stressed areas. Weakening features should be staggered to avoid the addition of their stress concentration effects, Fig. 11.3(d) Stress Concentration A.N.KHUDAIWALA (L.M.E) G.P.PORBANDAR