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OBJECTIVES
At the end of the unit learners will be able to:
? Explore the societal understanding and perception of
domestic violence.
? Discuss the role of Government, NGO and media in
awareness and its prevention.
? Explain the role of health care professional in identifying
and counseling.

OBJECTIVES
?At the end of the unit learners will be able
to:
?Explore the societal understanding and
perception of domestic violence.
?Discuss the role of Government, NGO and
media in awareness and its prevention.
?Explain the role of health care professional
in identifying and counseling.

DOMESTIC VIOLENCE
Domestic violence (a proportion of the total
violence against women) may be defined
as any act committed within the family by
a family member, or behavior that results
in physical harm or psychological injury to
an intimate partner or other member of
the family. or
Domestic violence refers to acts of violence that
occur between people who have, or have had,
an intimate relationship in domestic settings.

Types of domestic violence
?When the general public thinks about domestic
violence, they usually think in terms of physical
assault that results in visible injuries to the victim.
There are several types of abusive behavior, each
of which has its own very bad results.
? Types of Abuse:
Control= checking, invading privacy,
encouraging dependency

Physical Abuse=Hitting, kicking, biting, slapping,
shaking, pushing, pulling, punching, choking,
beating, scratching, pinching, pulling hair, stabbing,
shooting, drowning, burning, hitting with an object,
threatening with a weapon, or threatening to
physically assault. Withholding of physical needs.
Physical violence occurred generally in
combination with verbal and psychological abuse
was reported by 76% of women.

?Sexual Abuse=Using force, coercion, guilt, or
manipulation. Overall 12% of women reported
some form of sexual abuse.
?Emotional Abuse & Intimidation=Insulting or
criticizing, Threatening, distorting statements,
disregarding, ignoring, or neglecting, 58%
reported psychological abuse
?Isolation= victim socially isolated, victims isolate
themselves from existing resources and support
systems because of the shame of bruises

Verbal Abuse: Coercion, Threats, & Blame,
Threatening to hurt or kill the victim or her children,
family, pets, property or reputation, Name calling
(‘ugly’, ‘bitch’, ‘whore’, or ‘stupid’)Telling victim
they’re is unattractive or undesirable, Yelling,
screaming, rampaging, terrorizing or refusing to talk.
All women (100%) reported being abused verbally

Using Male Privilege=As long as we as a culture accept the
principle and privilege of male dominance, men will continue
to be abusive.
Economic Abuse=Controlling the family income and either not
allowing the victim access to money or rigidly limiting their
access to family funds. This may also include keeping financial
secrets or hidden accounts, putting the victim on an
allowance or allowing the victim no say in how money is spent,
or making them turn their paycheck over to the perpetrator.
39% women suffered some form of economic control.

Child abuse=the intentional injury of a child.it
can include physical abuse or injuries, neglect
or failure to prevent harm, failure to provide
adequate physical or emotional care or
supervision, abandonment, sexual assault or
intrusion, and overt torture.
Elder abuse= is the maltreatment of older
adults by family members or caretakers.it may
include physical and sexual abuse,
psychological abuse, neglect, self neglect,
financial exploitation and denial of adequate
medical treatment.

Domestic violence and its effects on social norms violation

SOCIAL UNDERSTANDING AND PERCEPTION
? In a study conducted in Pakistan, domestic violence
emerged as an important public health concern, with 100%
of men respondents admitting to verbal abuse, 33% to
physical abuse and 78% to sexual abuse of their
wives/female servants.
? The social causes of domestic violence in developing
countries stem from
? Economic backwardness
? , Insufficient protection by laws
? low educational levels
? A patriarchal society and
? low social status of women

SOCIAL UNDERSTANDING AND
PERCEPTIONS… (Cont)
.
?In Pakistan, men are generally considered superior
and women seen as chattels who are expected
to be dutiful to husbands/in-laws and children.
?Apart from the physical dangers, the psychosocial
results of violence are also serious. Victims are
more likely to use marijuana and alcohol for
coping, to have depression and to attempt
suicide.

Causes of gender based violence
? Lack of gender equality
? Low educational level
? Poverty
? Lack of awareness and knowledge about rights
? Women's low position
? Polygamy
? Dowry
? Fatwa or religious misinterpretation
? Moral degradation
? Weakness of law
? Economic dependency

THEMATIC ANALYSIS
?Violence is a continuum (Sequential)
?Arranged marriages and family formation patterns
?Lack of economic resources
?Declining social support from maternal home
?Lack of legal support system
?Woman viewed as an object
?Culture of acceptance and silence

EFFECTS OF DOMESTIC VIOLENCE
? Quiet and passive
? Crying and poor eye contact
? Anxiety
? Chronic depression
? Drug and alcohol dependence
? Eating disorders

ROLE OF GOVERNMENT
? In 1976, Pakistan tried to stop dowry customs but faced challenges
due to cultural norms.
? In 1999, the Senate rejected a resolution against honor killings.
? In 2000, Pervez Musharraf condemned honor killings as murder.
? The Ministry of Women Development opened crisis centers for
domestic violence victims.
? In 2011, the Senate passed a law to prevent acid attacks.

ROLE OF GOVERNMENT
Protection of Women Act (Criminal Laws Amendment) Act, 2006:
?Purpose: Provide relief and protection to women against misuse and
abuse of laws and prevent their exploitation.
?Rape Prosecution: Shifted rape cases from sharia law to criminal law.
Domestic Violence (Prevention and Protection) Bill, 2009:
?Purpose: Prevent violence against women and children.
?Measures: Established protection committees and officers for quick
response.
?Timeliness: Mandated court dates within three days of complaints,
with proceedings occurring within 30 days.

ROLE OF NGO’s
? Foundation of All Pakistan Women Association (APWA), 1949:
? Founded by Begum Ra’ana Liaquat Ali Khan, the wife of the first Prime Minister.
? Aims to address women's issues and promote their rights.
? Charter of Women's Rights Effort, 1956:
? All Pakistan Women Association, (APWA) attempt to include a Charter of Women's Rights in
the 1956 constitution.
? Unfortunately, this effort did not succeed.
? Muslim Family Laws Ordinance (MFLO), 1961:
? APWA's initiative to introduce the Muslim Family Laws Ordinance in 1961.
? Provided guidelines for marriage and divorce in accordance with Islamic principles.

? Gaps in Women's Rights Despite Religious Independence:
? Despite Pakistan's foundation in the name of Islam, equal rights for women
were not ensured.
? Conservative societal norms hindered the realization of women's rights.
? Growth of Women-Related NGOs:
? Women-related NGOs remained relatively inactive for about two decades.
? A surge in their growth occurred in the 1960s, 1970s, and 1990s, indicating
increased efforts to address women's issues and rights

Role of NGOs in Women's Rights Awareness:
?NGOs played a significant role in raising awareness among women about their social,
economic, and political rights..
Initial Objectives of Women NGOs:
?Early women NGOs aimed to provide education, health services, economic support, and
awareness to address socio-economic challenges.
Challenges Faced by Some Organizations:
?Some NGOs faded over time due to limited scope and short-term planning.
Emergence of New NGOs in the 1970s:
?In the 1970s, new organizations like Shirkat Gah and Aurat Foundation were formed to
emphasize women's rights.
Limitation of Impact due to Urban Focus:
?Some women NGOs focused exclusively on urban women, limiting their impact and
reach.

Role of Government, NGO and media
in awareness and its prevention
? Government:
1. Develops policies and laws.
2. Allocates resources and enforces
regulations.
3. Conducts research and provides
public services.
? NGOs (Non-Governmental
Organizations):
1. Advocate for policies.
2. Offer direct support and services.
3. Educate communities.
4. Collect data and research.
Media:
1. Disseminate information.
2. Share personal stories.
3. Shape public opinion.
4. Hold entities accountable.
5. Amplify awareness campaigns

Guidance for health workers dealing with domestic violence in
a clinical setting ……..discussion with class

? Role of Health Workers in Addressing Violence Against Women and
Children:
? Health workers, including those in communities, health centers, and clinics, play
a critical role in identifying and helping victims of violence.
? They may come across signs or hear rumors of violence when women and
children seek medical attention for various reasons.
? Health workers in hospital emergency departments are often the first to assess
and treat women who have suffered injuries from rape or domestic violence.
? Their vigilance and response are essential in providing immediate care and
support to victims of violence.

Role of Health Workers in Institutional Settings:
?Health workers visiting institutions like prisons, mental hospitals, and
retirement homes can serve as a source of external assistance for abuse victims
within these settings.
?While most health workers may lack the time and training to fully address the
needs of abused women, they can still play a vital role.
?Their role includes identifying abuse cases, referring victims to appropriate
services, and, when possible, providing initial care and support.
?Collaboration and referral networks are crucial for ensuring victims receive the
necessary help and care.

At a minimum, health workers can:
?First, "do no harm" by avoiding unsympathetic or victim-
blaming attitudes.
?Pay attention to signs of abuse and follow up on them.
?Routinely ask clients about their experiences of abuse.
?Offer appropriate medical care and document abuse
instances in client records.
?Refer patients to community resources.
?Ensure privacy and confidentiality of client information.

Things Kids Can Do To Stop Violence
? Resolve conflicts with words, not violence.
? Stay aware of your surroundings and trust your instincts for safety.
? Report crimes and suspicious activity to authorities.
? Don't open the door or go with strangers.
? Say no and seek help if someone threatens you.
? Avoid drugs, alcohol, and risky places.
? Stick with friends who oppose violence and drugs.
? Get involved in school safety efforts.
? Teach younger kids to stay safe and help prevent crime.

Recommendations
To improve the status of woman within society
? Changing perceptions
? Education
? Easy access to law and order
? Stigma related to violence
? Moral support of the victim
? Emergency management

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