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DRUGS USED IN TRANSPOTATION

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SUBMITTED TO : DR. AVDHESH KUMAR PROFESSOR AND HEAD, DEPARTMENT OF AQUACULTURE SUBMITTED BY : KARAN ARYA ID NO. : 56442 VARIOUS DRUGS USED IN FISH TRANSPORTATION AND BREEDING OF FINFISH AND SHELLFISH
FISH TRANSPORTATION DRUGS The drugs used in transport medium, aimed at increasing the capacity volume of the transport units and preventing physiological and health damage to the fish, constitute an integral part of the complex problem of fish transport. They include the use of anaesthetics, water hardening and oxygen-producing chemicals, bacteriostatics, buffering and antifoam chemicals.
USE OF FISH TRANQUILIZERS ? During transport, sedation of the fish is desirable, since oxygen consumption and CO2 and NH3 production are all decreased. However, deep sedation is undesirable because the fish may fall to the bottom, pile up and smother. ? If pumps are used, the fish may be pulled into the screen, the air may move the deeply sedated fish about and cause a loss of scales. ? It is best to sedate the fish in the holding facility for 30 min before loading and then to continue exposure to a lower concentration of sedative during transport.
? The use of anaesthetics should not be relied on for increased load carrying capacity. Other methods are safer and dependable. ? The use of anaesthetics on food fish that will be consumed soon after exposure is not legal. Consideration should always be given to the legal status of a chemical and possible consequences to the consumer. ? Anaesthesia usually applies only to transported brood fish. ? In practice, the fish are first tranquilized with the normal dose and put into the transport tank, where original concentration is diluted by 50 percent by adding the same amount of fresh water. The brood fish will remain tranquillized well in that diluted solution.
? MS-222 is a very mild tranquilizer and fish easily recover from its effects even after a long stupor. ? MS-222 to water at the rate of 20 mg/l for carp and grass carp, 10 mg/l for silver carp, and 35 mg/l for bighead carp or sheatfish. At these concentrations the fish can still hold their natural position but their respiration and motility are significantly decreased. ? When applying this anaesthetic, the mass of transported fish in a unit volume can be increased by 50¨C150 percent, but it is best to test it before application.
? Quinaldine (2¨C4 methylchinolin) is a toxic liquid and must, therefore, be handled with care. The fish are usually treated with it when they are held in a large volume of water, such as a large tank. ? Apart from these two tranquilizers, other drugs are to be used. Phenoxyethanol is another chemical that has recently come into use as a fish tranquilizer. It is milder and less effective than MS-222, but it is far cheaper; 30¨C40 cm3 of phenoxy-ethanol are mixed with 100 litres of water for the treatment.
APPLICATION OF SODIUM CHLORIDE AND CALCIUM CHLORIDE ? Handling stress and delayed mortality of fish can be decreased by the addition of sodium cloride (NaCl) and calcium chloride (CaCl2) to the transport water. ? The sodium ion tends to ¡°harden¡± the fish and reduce slime formation, and the calcium ion suppresses osmoregulatory and metabolic disfunction. ? Calcium chloride may not be needed in hard water already containing high concentrations of calcium. ? Recommended the addition of 0.1 to 0.3 percent salt and 50 mg/l calcium chloride.
? Some of the fishes that tolerate wide ranges of salt in the water, such as striped bass, tilapias, carp, can benefit from as much as 0.5 percent salt. ? Addition of 0.2 percent salt is recommended also by Johnson (1979).
DRUGS AS OXYGEN SOURCES ? Use of hydrogen peroxide on transported carp fry and found that one drop (1 ml = 20 drops) of hydrogen peroxide (6 percent concentration), applied to 1 litre of water, increased the oxygen content by 1.5 mg/l when the temperature was 24¡ãC. CO2 content and water pH were not influenced by the addition of hydrogen peroxide. ? Dissolved oxygen was measured by the Winkler method.
BACTERIOSTATIC CHEMICALS ? Antibacterials are also used to check the development of bacteria in transport units. ? Antibacterials may strengthen the resistance of fish, but they are probably of little value as bacterial checks in transport tanks. ? Rare exception would be in the case where a superficial infection of an antibacterial- susceptible bacterium was in progress.
BUFFERS ? Among other chemical additives, buffers such as ¡°tris- buffer¡± (tris-hydroxylmethyl-amino methane) are helpful in controlling pH at a favourable value of 7 to 8. ? The accumulation of carbon dioxide in bag transport allows for a decrease in pH, because carbon dioxide is an acid.
AMMONIA CONTROL ? To control ammonia concentration in the transport bags when the transport is expected to be long, it is recommended to use clinoptilolite, a zeolite mineral. ? The doses of 10¨C40 g/l ; the concentration of non- ionized ammonia nitrogen never exceeded 0.017 mg/l in bags containing even the lowest dose of clinoptilolite, whereas concentrations as high as 0.074 mg/l were recorded in the control bags left without clinoptilolite.
Drug Name Dose MS-222 20 mg/l for carp, grass carp<br>10 mg/l for silver carp<br>35 mg/l for bighead carp or sheatfish Phenoxyethanol 30¨C40 cm? of phenoxyethanol mixed with 100 liters of water for treatment Sodium Chloride and Calcium Chloride 0.1 to 0.3 percent salt<br>50 mg/l calcium chloride Hydrogen Peroxide 1.5 mg/l Ammonia 10¨C40 g/l
VARIOUS DRUGS USED IN TRANSPORTATIO Fish Drug Common Name Typical Dose Tranquilizers Tricaine methanesulfonate (MS-222) 50-100 mg/L Antibiotics Erythromycin 10-50 mg/L Tetracycline 5-10 mg/L Enrofloxacin 2-5 mg/L Antiparasitics Formalin 10-100 mg/L Praziquantel 2-5 mg/L Copper sulfate 0.1-1 mg/L Potassium permanganate 1-2 mg/L Anesthetics Benzocaine 10-20 mg/L Lidocaine 5-10 mg/L Propoxur 5-10 mg/L
DRUGS USED IN BREEDING FINFISH & SHELLFISH
FISH BREEDING To control In fish breeding, drugs are sometimes used to induce spawning and enhance reproductive success. The use of drugs to enhance spawning and reproductive success in fish breeding should be done under the guidance of experts and in accordance with applicable regulations. Here is a general overview of how drugs can be used to enhance spawning and reproductive success:
In fish breeding, drugs are sometimes used to induce spawning and enhance reproductive success. Here are a few drugs commonly used in fish breeding: Hormones Hormones are often used to induce spawning in fish species that do not naturally reproduce in captivity or to synchronize the reproductive cycle of fish. Common hormone preparations include synthetic versions of the naturally occurring hormones such as gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogs (GnRHa), luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone analogs (LHRHa), and human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)
Antibiotics Antibiotics are used in fish farming to prevent and treat bacterial infections. They are administered to fish through medicated feed or by adding them to the water. Examples of commonly used antibiotics include oxytetracycline, florfenicol, and erythromycin. Parasiticides Parasiticides are drugs used to control and treat parasitic infections in fish. They can be added to the water or applied topically. Common parasiticides include formalin, malachite
Anesthetics: Anesthetics are used during fish handling and surgery to minimize stress and pain. They are used to sedate or immobilize fish temporarily. Commonly used fish anesthetics include tricaine methanesulfonate (MS-222) and benzocaine. It's important to note that the use of drugs in fish breeding should be carried out under the guidance of a veterinarian or fisheries professional to ensure proper dosages and minimize any potential negative impacts on the fish and the environment.
DRUGS_USED_IN_TRANSPOTATION_AND_BREEDING_56442_KARAN_ARYA.pptx
VARIOUS DRUGS USED IN BREEDING Fish Drug Purpose Recommended Dose Formalin Parasite control 25-50 mg/L for 1-2 hours Malachite Green Fungal and external parasite control 0.2-0.5 mg/L for 1-2 hours Methylene Blue Fungal infections, egg fungus 1-3 mg/L for 1-2 hours Praziquantel Flukes and tapeworms 2 mg/L for 24 hours Copper Sulfate Parasite control 0.2-0.5 mg/L for 24 hours Acriflavine Bacterial and fungal infections 2-5 mg/L for 1-2 hours Oxytetracycline Bacterial infections 10-50 mg/L for 5-7 days Metronidazole Protozoan and anaerobic bacterial infections 100-200 mg/L for 5-7 days Kanamycin Bacterial infections 50-100 mg/L for 5-7 days Erythromycin Bacterial infections 50-100 mg/L for 5-7 days Levamisole Internal parasite control 2 mg/L for 24 hours Dimilin Gill flukes and anchor worms 2 mg/L for 24 hours Salt External parasite control 1-3 grams/L (depending on species) Hydrogen Peroxide External parasite control 10-100 mg/L for 5-30 minutes Formaldehyde/Malachite Green Combination Parasite control 10 mg/L formaldehyde + 2 mg/L malachite green for 1-2 hours
DRUGS_USED_IN_TRANSPOTATION_AND_BREEDING_56442_KARAN_ARYA.pptx
DRUGS_USED_IN_TRANSPOTATION_AND_BREEDING_56442_KARAN_ARYA.pptx

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DRUGS_USED_IN_TRANSPOTATION_AND_BREEDING_56442_KARAN_ARYA.pptx

  • 1. SUBMITTED TO : DR. AVDHESH KUMAR PROFESSOR AND HEAD, DEPARTMENT OF AQUACULTURE SUBMITTED BY : KARAN ARYA ID NO. : 56442 VARIOUS DRUGS USED IN FISH TRANSPORTATION AND BREEDING OF FINFISH AND SHELLFISH
  • 2. FISH TRANSPORTATION DRUGS The drugs used in transport medium, aimed at increasing the capacity volume of the transport units and preventing physiological and health damage to the fish, constitute an integral part of the complex problem of fish transport. They include the use of anaesthetics, water hardening and oxygen-producing chemicals, bacteriostatics, buffering and antifoam chemicals.
  • 3. USE OF FISH TRANQUILIZERS ? During transport, sedation of the fish is desirable, since oxygen consumption and CO2 and NH3 production are all decreased. However, deep sedation is undesirable because the fish may fall to the bottom, pile up and smother. ? If pumps are used, the fish may be pulled into the screen, the air may move the deeply sedated fish about and cause a loss of scales. ? It is best to sedate the fish in the holding facility for 30 min before loading and then to continue exposure to a lower concentration of sedative during transport.
  • 4. ? The use of anaesthetics should not be relied on for increased load carrying capacity. Other methods are safer and dependable. ? The use of anaesthetics on food fish that will be consumed soon after exposure is not legal. Consideration should always be given to the legal status of a chemical and possible consequences to the consumer. ? Anaesthesia usually applies only to transported brood fish. ? In practice, the fish are first tranquilized with the normal dose and put into the transport tank, where original concentration is diluted by 50 percent by adding the same amount of fresh water. The brood fish will remain tranquillized well in that diluted solution.
  • 5. ? MS-222 is a very mild tranquilizer and fish easily recover from its effects even after a long stupor. ? MS-222 to water at the rate of 20 mg/l for carp and grass carp, 10 mg/l for silver carp, and 35 mg/l for bighead carp or sheatfish. At these concentrations the fish can still hold their natural position but their respiration and motility are significantly decreased. ? When applying this anaesthetic, the mass of transported fish in a unit volume can be increased by 50¨C150 percent, but it is best to test it before application.
  • 6. ? Quinaldine (2¨C4 methylchinolin) is a toxic liquid and must, therefore, be handled with care. The fish are usually treated with it when they are held in a large volume of water, such as a large tank. ? Apart from these two tranquilizers, other drugs are to be used. Phenoxyethanol is another chemical that has recently come into use as a fish tranquilizer. It is milder and less effective than MS-222, but it is far cheaper; 30¨C40 cm3 of phenoxy-ethanol are mixed with 100 litres of water for the treatment.
  • 7. APPLICATION OF SODIUM CHLORIDE AND CALCIUM CHLORIDE ? Handling stress and delayed mortality of fish can be decreased by the addition of sodium cloride (NaCl) and calcium chloride (CaCl2) to the transport water. ? The sodium ion tends to ¡°harden¡± the fish and reduce slime formation, and the calcium ion suppresses osmoregulatory and metabolic disfunction. ? Calcium chloride may not be needed in hard water already containing high concentrations of calcium. ? Recommended the addition of 0.1 to 0.3 percent salt and 50 mg/l calcium chloride.
  • 8. ? Some of the fishes that tolerate wide ranges of salt in the water, such as striped bass, tilapias, carp, can benefit from as much as 0.5 percent salt. ? Addition of 0.2 percent salt is recommended also by Johnson (1979).
  • 9. DRUGS AS OXYGEN SOURCES ? Use of hydrogen peroxide on transported carp fry and found that one drop (1 ml = 20 drops) of hydrogen peroxide (6 percent concentration), applied to 1 litre of water, increased the oxygen content by 1.5 mg/l when the temperature was 24¡ãC. CO2 content and water pH were not influenced by the addition of hydrogen peroxide. ? Dissolved oxygen was measured by the Winkler method.
  • 10. BACTERIOSTATIC CHEMICALS ? Antibacterials are also used to check the development of bacteria in transport units. ? Antibacterials may strengthen the resistance of fish, but they are probably of little value as bacterial checks in transport tanks. ? Rare exception would be in the case where a superficial infection of an antibacterial- susceptible bacterium was in progress.
  • 11. BUFFERS ? Among other chemical additives, buffers such as ¡°tris- buffer¡± (tris-hydroxylmethyl-amino methane) are helpful in controlling pH at a favourable value of 7 to 8. ? The accumulation of carbon dioxide in bag transport allows for a decrease in pH, because carbon dioxide is an acid.
  • 12. AMMONIA CONTROL ? To control ammonia concentration in the transport bags when the transport is expected to be long, it is recommended to use clinoptilolite, a zeolite mineral. ? The doses of 10¨C40 g/l ; the concentration of non- ionized ammonia nitrogen never exceeded 0.017 mg/l in bags containing even the lowest dose of clinoptilolite, whereas concentrations as high as 0.074 mg/l were recorded in the control bags left without clinoptilolite.
  • 13. Drug Name Dose MS-222 20 mg/l for carp, grass carp<br>10 mg/l for silver carp<br>35 mg/l for bighead carp or sheatfish Phenoxyethanol 30¨C40 cm? of phenoxyethanol mixed with 100 liters of water for treatment Sodium Chloride and Calcium Chloride 0.1 to 0.3 percent salt<br>50 mg/l calcium chloride Hydrogen Peroxide 1.5 mg/l Ammonia 10¨C40 g/l
  • 14. VARIOUS DRUGS USED IN TRANSPORTATIO Fish Drug Common Name Typical Dose Tranquilizers Tricaine methanesulfonate (MS-222) 50-100 mg/L Antibiotics Erythromycin 10-50 mg/L Tetracycline 5-10 mg/L Enrofloxacin 2-5 mg/L Antiparasitics Formalin 10-100 mg/L Praziquantel 2-5 mg/L Copper sulfate 0.1-1 mg/L Potassium permanganate 1-2 mg/L Anesthetics Benzocaine 10-20 mg/L Lidocaine 5-10 mg/L Propoxur 5-10 mg/L
  • 15. DRUGS USED IN BREEDING FINFISH & SHELLFISH
  • 16. FISH BREEDING To control In fish breeding, drugs are sometimes used to induce spawning and enhance reproductive success. The use of drugs to enhance spawning and reproductive success in fish breeding should be done under the guidance of experts and in accordance with applicable regulations. Here is a general overview of how drugs can be used to enhance spawning and reproductive success:
  • 17. In fish breeding, drugs are sometimes used to induce spawning and enhance reproductive success. Here are a few drugs commonly used in fish breeding: Hormones Hormones are often used to induce spawning in fish species that do not naturally reproduce in captivity or to synchronize the reproductive cycle of fish. Common hormone preparations include synthetic versions of the naturally occurring hormones such as gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogs (GnRHa), luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone analogs (LHRHa), and human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)
  • 18. Antibiotics Antibiotics are used in fish farming to prevent and treat bacterial infections. They are administered to fish through medicated feed or by adding them to the water. Examples of commonly used antibiotics include oxytetracycline, florfenicol, and erythromycin. Parasiticides Parasiticides are drugs used to control and treat parasitic infections in fish. They can be added to the water or applied topically. Common parasiticides include formalin, malachite
  • 19. Anesthetics: Anesthetics are used during fish handling and surgery to minimize stress and pain. They are used to sedate or immobilize fish temporarily. Commonly used fish anesthetics include tricaine methanesulfonate (MS-222) and benzocaine. It's important to note that the use of drugs in fish breeding should be carried out under the guidance of a veterinarian or fisheries professional to ensure proper dosages and minimize any potential negative impacts on the fish and the environment.
  • 21. VARIOUS DRUGS USED IN BREEDING Fish Drug Purpose Recommended Dose Formalin Parasite control 25-50 mg/L for 1-2 hours Malachite Green Fungal and external parasite control 0.2-0.5 mg/L for 1-2 hours Methylene Blue Fungal infections, egg fungus 1-3 mg/L for 1-2 hours Praziquantel Flukes and tapeworms 2 mg/L for 24 hours Copper Sulfate Parasite control 0.2-0.5 mg/L for 24 hours Acriflavine Bacterial and fungal infections 2-5 mg/L for 1-2 hours Oxytetracycline Bacterial infections 10-50 mg/L for 5-7 days Metronidazole Protozoan and anaerobic bacterial infections 100-200 mg/L for 5-7 days Kanamycin Bacterial infections 50-100 mg/L for 5-7 days Erythromycin Bacterial infections 50-100 mg/L for 5-7 days Levamisole Internal parasite control 2 mg/L for 24 hours Dimilin Gill flukes and anchor worms 2 mg/L for 24 hours Salt External parasite control 1-3 grams/L (depending on species) Hydrogen Peroxide External parasite control 10-100 mg/L for 5-30 minutes Formaldehyde/Malachite Green Combination Parasite control 10 mg/L formaldehyde + 2 mg/L malachite green for 1-2 hours