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Gender Concepts
Sex
? Identifies the biological differences between men
and women.
? Is natural and, for the most part Unchangeable?
? Created/born male or female.
? Determined by biological and physical condition
e.g. hormones, external and genitalia.
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Gallen P. Mlenge MUST-RUKWA

Gender Concepts
Gender
? Identifies the social relationship between men
and women.
? Relates to how we are perceived and expected to
think and act as women and men.
? Gender relations are contextually specific and
often change in response to altering
economic ,social, and political circumstances.
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Gender Concepts
? Gender is defined as socially constructed norms and
ideologies which determine the behaviour and
actions of men and women.
? indicates the socially-created differences between
men and women.
? It refers to the economic, social and cultural
attributes and opportunities associated with being
male or female.
? Societies create and assign gender attributes, roles
and relationships to girls and boys, women and men.
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Sex Vs Gender
SEX GENDER
Biological characteristics (including genetics,
anatomy and physiology) that generally
define humans as female or male.
Socially constructed set of roles and
responsibilities associated with being girl and
or boy, women and men, and in some
cultures a third or other gender.
Born with it. Not born with it.
Natural. Learned.
Universal, A-historical, No variation from
culture to culture or time to time.
Gender roles vary greatly in different
societies, cultures and historical periods as
well as they depend also on socio-economic
factors, age, education, ethnicity and
religion .
Cannot be changed, except with the medical
treatment.
Although deeply rooted, gender roles can be
changed over time, since social values and
norms are not static.
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Gender Equality
? It refers to an equal presentation, rights,
responsibility and participation of women and
men in all spheres of private and public life for
example legal system, constitutions, Political
sphere, Economic Sphere, Social Sphere etc.
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Gender Equality
Gender equality: equal opportunities for all. It involves:
? equal access to development resources, benefits or
services.
? equal opportunities to participate in development
processes.
? equal sharing and control of benefits resulting from
development processes.
? equal access to information that will enable them to
know their rights and obligations as men/women in
access, ownership and control of resources and benefits.
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Gender Equality
? In the context of the world of work, equality
between women and men includes the following
elements:
?Equality of opportunity and treatment in
employment.
?Equal remuneration for work of equal value
?Equal access to safe and healthy working
environments and to social security .
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Gender Equality
?Equality in obtaining meaningful career
development
?Equal participation in decision-making at all
levels
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Gender Equity
? Justice and fairness in the treatment of women
and men
? Denotes the equivalence in life outcomes for
women and men, recognizing their different
needs and interests, and requiring a redistribution
of power and resources.
? Refers to fair opportunity in access to Resources
for both men and women.
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Gender Equity
Gender equity: fairness between men and women
in:
? access
?participation
?control of development resources
?provision of opportunities to disadvantaged
groups to enable them ��catch up�� in order to
have a more just society
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Gender Inequality
Patterns of inequalities
? Political power and representation: Women are
often underrepresented in formal decision-
making structures, including governments,
community councils, and policy-making
institutions.
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Gender Inequality
? Economic participation and opportunities: In
most countries, women and men are distributed
differently across sectors. Women are receiving
lower wages for similar work, are more likely to be
in low-paid jobs and unsecured work (part-time,
temporary, home-based) and are likely to have
less access than men to productive assets such as
education, skills, property and credit.
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Gender Division of Labour
? Refers to classification and allocation of tasks for
women and men in the society. It usually
inflicts /poses gender stereotyping.
? Allows to see where there are gender gaps and
begin to think about remedial actions.
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Gender Analysis
? Systematic way of looking at the different impacts
of development on women and men.
? Separates data by sex.
? Done at all stages of development processes.
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Gender Gap
? Arise when there is a gender disparity in
development opportunities, rights, in the way
gender roles are organized.
? Preferential treatment is given to boys/men.
? Systematic discrimination of girls/women.
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Gender Mainstreaming
? Is the integration of the gender perspective into
every stage of policy processes �C design,
implementation, monitoring and evaluation �C
with a view to promoting equality between
women and men.
? It assess how policies impact on the life and
position of both women and men �C and taking
responsibility to re-address imbalances.
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? Addressing issues of equality and empowerment
of women and men.
? Requires strategies to integrate equality concerns
into programs, outputs and activities.
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Gender Discrimination
? Expresses gender gaps, which are a result of
institutionalized differential treatment of
individuals on basis of their sex.
? Involves systematic and structural discrimination.
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Gender Stereotype
? Gender stereotypes: are the generalization and
assigning of roles, tasks and responsibilities
specifically for female or male on the bias of
predetermined prejudice. e.g secretarial is
perceived as a female role.
? Reflects people's attitudes, perceptions and
practices on gender division of labor.
? Perception on how men and women should
behave in the community.
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Female stereotypic roles & characteristics
? Caring
? Loving
? Get married & have children
? Nurturing the family
? Giving priority to family welfare than hers
? Beautification
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Gender and Development
? Gender is considered a critical element in
achieving Decent Work for All Women and Men,
in order to effect social and institutional change
that leads to sustainable development with equity
and growth.
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Evolution of Gender approaches to
development 1940s, 1950s and 1960s
? Within development policies and programmes, women
were only viewed as mothers and housewives their
economic activities and contributions were ignored
and not valued
? Development theorists and planners saw men as the
agents and actors of development.
? Men were seen to be the breadwinners of their
families.
? Women were invisible and totally left out of
development
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Women In Development (WID) 1970s
? The term WID was coined in the early 1970s by a
Washington-based network of female development
professionals
? The proponent of this approach argued that: women are
ignored and excluded from the development programmes
? They challenged the theories of development, arguing that
modernization was impacting differently on men and
women.
? Instead of improving women��s status and rights, the
development process appeared to be contributing to a
deterioration of women��s positions
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? Particular attention was paid to women��s productive labour,
rather than social welfare and reproductive concerns.
? Therefore, social welfare and reproductive concerns was the
central concern of the women��s movement under WID
approach.
? It was believed that development can not be delivered
without integrating women in the development process
? The integration was advocated in the social& economic
issues ( e.g equal rights, employment) as well as economic
aspects
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? WID advocates rejected the narrow view of women��s roles (as
mothers and wives) underlying much of development policy
concerning women.
? In general, instead of characterizing women as needy
beneficiaries, WID arguments represent women as productive
members of society.
? No longer, therefore, should women be seen as passive recipients
of welfare programmes but rather as active contributors to
economic development.
? Women can thus be seen as a missing link in development; up till
now undervalued economic resource in the development process
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Women and Development (WAD) framework
(1975-1980)
? The United Nations in 1975-1985 put the themes of
its conferences to be equality, development and
peace. It was during this time when the WAD
approach was introduced.
? Is an approach which recognize that women have
been always the heart of development process.
? It focuses on the relationship between men and
women in the development process rather than
strategies in integrating women in development
process.
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GENDER AND DEVELOPMENT (GAD)
? GAD offers an alternative and potentially more
powerful position shifting away from the WID and
WAD approaches and the marginalization of women.
? GAD starts from the premise that women have always
participated in development but from an unequal and
unacknowledged position.
? Proponents of this approach saw the limitations of
WID7WAD and argued that, ��women would never get
their equal share of development benefits unless
patriarchy and global inequality are addressed��.
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?GAD is not advocating for WID��s ��adding women��
into the development process, but about
rethinking development concepts and practice as
a whole through a gender lens.
GAD proponents believe that:
? the unequal power relations between men
women, and other disadvantaged groups prevent
these disadvantaged groups from accessing,
owning and controlling the resources.
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? Also, the GAD proponents believe that Women��s
inequality exists not because they are bypassed or
marginalized by development planners, but
because women are not part of the power
structures
? And that, Gender relations impact on how
development programmes are planned and
implemented. This inevitably leads to favoring one
gender group (men).
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The GAD approach has the following
principles
? Gender equality: rights, responsibilities and
opportunities are the same for women & men
without limitations set by st��r��otypes
? Equity: justice feeling as regards rights
? Empowerment: appropriation of decision-making
power, autonomy, in view to have equity
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EMPOWERMENT APPROACH
? Empowerment approach looks at positive change
on the practice of development.
? Women / men need to be looked at as active
agents of change, not passive recipients of the
development process.
? Gender empowerment therefore, advocates for
gender recognition in every step of development
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Why gender is a development Concern?
? Understanding that men and women, boys and
girls experience poverty differently and face
different barriers in accessing services, economic
resources and political opportunities help to
target development interventions
? It is a way of looking at how social norms and
power structures impact on the lives and
opportunities available to different groups of men
and women.
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? Gender helps to understand the relationship
between men and women in development in
terms of power relations, decision making, control
of resources and income in households-This
informs strategic interventions in development.
? It allows for the deeper understanding of the
socially constructed basis of gender differences
and how this impacts on relationships between
men and women.
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? Gender allows for a more efficient use of
resources in development-
? Policy linkages Gender allows priorities of men
and women to be properly addressed and
integrated into policy documents of development
initiatives.
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? Gender enables development practitioners to
determine the behavior and actions of men and
women in a development interventions-
Understanding these gender relations and the
power dynamics behind them is a prerequisite for
understanding individuals�� access to and distribution
of resources, the ability to make decisions and the
way women and men, boys and girls are affected by
political processes and social development
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? (Mosser, 1993) notes that women need to be
considered and involved in planning and the
implementation of development projects, and that
this will benefit not only themselves but the whole
community by enabling women to become equal and
valued members of society
? Gender is an essential component to development.
Women make up half of the population, and are
therefore contributors and beneficiaries in the
development context.
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? Women have demonstrated their value at the
decision making level and continue to rise within
the government, private sector and NGO sector as
essential stakeholders in the development of
these sectors
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? Making girls and women visible in development
agendas encourages governments and donors to
take action. In:
1) Addressing girls�� completion of a quality
education
2) Women��s economic empowerment,
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3)Universal access to sexual and reproductive health
and rights
4)Ending violence against women and girls, 5)
Women��s voice, leadership and influence women��s
participation in peace and security, 6) women��s
contributions to environmental sustainability.
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GENDER AWARENESS
Gender awareness For example
? Is a necessary precursor of the ability to identify
women's needs in the development process. It is
also important to recognize that development
seeks to meet needs and to increase participation
and equality as well as to increase productivity
and welfare.
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The three essential elements in Gender
awareness
1) Recognizing that women have different and
special needs,
2) Recognizing that women are a disadvantaged
group relative to men
3) Recognizing that women's development means
working towards increased equality and
empowerment for women relative to men
(Longwe 1991
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For Example
? Mainstreaming gender in development projects
has not only widened the scope of development
but it also ensures social inclusion
? Policy objectives have moved steadily from
��women��s advancement�� to ��gender equality�� and
finally to ��women��s empowerment.�� (Jahan 1995)
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International Conventions on Gender in
Tanzania
? Tanzania ratified the Convention on the
Elimination of Discrimination against
Women(CEDAW)in 1992. By accepting the
Convention,
? Tanzania is committed to undertake a series of
measures to end discrimination against women in
all forms, including:
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International Conventions on Gender in
Tanzania
? To incorporate the principle of equality of men and
women in their legal system, abolish all
discriminatory laws and adopt appropriate ones
prohibiting discrimination against women
? To establish public institutions to ensure the effective
protection of women against discrimination
? To ensure elimination of all acts of discrimination
against women by persons, organizations or
enterprises
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Challenges facing Women
? Despite the advancement of women in the
political and professional level, there continues to
be discrimination at the cultural level that hinders
the progress of women in the villages
? Women continue to be marginalized in certain
areas of development
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Challenges facing Women
? These are seen in the areas of health, domestic
violence, and issues of women with disabilities,
economic downturns and natural disasters
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DS Gender.pptx notes on Gender Issues in development studies

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DS Gender.pptx notes on Gender Issues in development studies