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Dsertification ,causes and its management

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Desertification is land degradation in dry areas caused by climate change and human activities. It has four categories ranging from light to very severe damage to vegetation and soil. India faces high rates of desertification due to overuse of lands, overgrazing, deforestation, soil erosion, clearing land for construction, and high population growth. Consequences include environmental damage like reduced biodiversity, economic impacts like decreased crop yields and poverty, and social effects like famine. Combating desertification involves raising awareness, planting native trees, sustainable agriculture, community involvement, women's empowerment, and developing rural markets.

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DESRTIFICATION ITS CAUSES AND ITS MANAGEMENT -Kiran h p
WHAT IS DESERTIFICATION? According to the UN desertification is land degradation in arid, semi-arid and sub-humid areas are resulting from various factors including climatic variations and human activities.
CATEGORIES OF DESERTIFICATION Light Desertification:In this type of desertification, a very slight damage occurs in vegetation cover and soil. This damage does not affect the biological capacity of the environment and can be neglected . Moderate desertification:A medium degree of damage of vegetation cover occurs and formation of small sand dunes and salinization of the soil which reduces production by 10- 25%.
Severe Desertification:In this type, spreading of weeds and unwanted shrubs in the pasture at the expense of desirable and wanted species occurs as well as increasing of the erosion activity which affects the vegetation cover and reduces production up to 50%. Very severe desertification:In this type of desertification, composition of active naked great sand dunes occurs and formation of many grooves and valleys and the salinization of the soil which leads to soil degradation.It is the most serious type of desertification.
Indias Council of Scientific and Industrial Research predicted that by 2050 approximately 10 percent of Indias land would become unusable as a result of desertification. One of the leading causes for the rapid desertification of Indias lands is the overuse of lands and excessive grazing. Nearly 30 per cent of India is degraded or facing desertification. Of India's total geographical area of 328.72 million hectares (MHA), 96.4 MHA is under desertification. Rajasthan, Delhi, Goa, Maharashtra, Jharkhand, Nagaland, Tripura and Himachal Pradesharound 40 to 70 per cent of land has undergone desertification
Main causes of desertification ?? Deforestation Soil erosion and Degradation Clearing land for construction Demographic and economic pressures
DEFORESTATION Deforestation refers to the cutting, clearing, and removal of rainforest or related ecosystems into less bio-diverse ecosystems such as pasture, cropland, or plantations. This cutting of trees is derived my many reasons mainly because of agriculture. These include: Over-cultivation: This occurs when farmers/ agriculturalists disturb the soil around the crops too much
Overgrazing: This occurs when animals such as sheep and cows are continuously fed from the same spot of ground. Consequently, this does not allow the ground to recover causing loss in vegetation. Poor irrigation Systems: This poorly designed irrigation system will cause water to be irregular distributed causing some areas to be either under or over irrigated. This waste of natural resource cause areas to suffer yield or quality reductions.
SHIFTING CULTIVATION
FOREST FIRE Natural Anthropogenic
SOIL EROSION AND DEGRADATION Soil is the earths fragile skin that anchors all life on Earth. Therefore, it is one of the most significant resources to humans. In the past 150 years half the soil structure but also the nutrient degradation. of the topsoil on planet Earth has been lost which not only affected Degraded lands are also often less able to hold onto water thus making the land more prone to flooding. This soil erosion and degradation makes the land more vulnerable to desertification.
CLEARING OF LAND FOR CONSTRUCTION Due to the radical increase in world population there is a growing demand for housing, construction of roads and airports. These can diversely interfere with ground water resources and affect the existing agriculture. Apart from causing pollution because of the industry, it also increases quarrying activity which furthermore poses a threat on the land.
DEMOGRAPHIC AND ECONOMIC PRESSURES Desertification is encouraged due to the large production and consumption patterns rates which implanted a huge burden on resources such as water, fossil fuel and construction material. Logging is the cutting, on site- processing and loading of log trees on trucks. Since, over the years, there was a growing demand for products made from wood logging has increased.
MINING Surface mining activity causes an immediate degradation of land which leads to desertification. Subsequently, after these mining sites are excavated they are left abandoned without any reclamation measure. The mining activity generates dust thus polluting the atmosphere. This leads to surface scaling of the site which consequently reducing the infiltration rate while the run-off increases. Because of this hydrological imbalance of the area vegetation is further decreased
CONSEQUENCES OF DESERTIFICATION Environmental effects Economic effects Social effects
SOIL EROSION Soil erosion is increased since there are no trees anchoring the soil therefore it is blown/washed away. Nutrients within the soil is also removed by wind or water. Meanwhile there is an increase in the saline content of the soil which makes it even harder for plant growth.
Biodiversity decline Desertification caused an immediate burden on diverse flora and fauna. Due to land degradation, animal spices had to migrate to other areas that sufficiently satisfied their needs while others were at risk of extinction. Their disappearance increases food insecurity therefore leading to Famine.
Famine & Poverty Desertification leads to major drought. As a result, the crop production is very low making food and water very limited. Prices are increased hence people who are economically insufficient fall into poverty which leads to famine.
Climate Change Climate change, which is partly the result of mans activity, is one of the major factors causing desertification. This is all because of the substantial pressure placed on land resources and direct human interference. Meanwhile, desertification helps to speed the process of global warming. The removal of trees uncovers the forest floor which holds moisture. Exposing the soils to the extreme temperature swings which are very harmful to the land. This the disruption of the water cycle threatens the land into permanent drought.
Flooding Without the plant life in an area, flooding is a lot more eminent. Not all deserts are dry; those that are wet could experience a lot of flooding because there is nothing to stop the water from gathering and going all over the place. Flooding can also negatively affect the water supply.
COMBATING DESERTIFICATION Raising awareness of the problem Planting indigenous trees and shrubs Developing sustainable agricultural practices Mobilizing and involving people Empowering women Developing rural markets
Raising awareness of the problem The Convention to Combat Desertification was adopted on 17 June 1994 and in commemoration of this event World Day to Combat Desertification and Drought, is observed every year on 17 June. World Day is to raise awareness of desertification and to encourage actions that would remedy some of the consequences of desertification and prevent further degradation and loss of soil and water. Desertification was singled out as a key instrument for poverty eradication in dryland rural areas. The International Film Festival entitled Desert Nights - Tales from the Desert in Rome in December 2006 is an example of one such awarenessraising initiative.
PLANTING INDIGENOUS TREES AND SHRUBS The benefit of trees is enormous when it comes to preventing desertification or restoring already degraded land. The first step in halting desertification is usually the planting of trees to: stabilise the soil protect it from excessive sunshine, strong winds and the progression of sand intercept the rainfall and protect the soil from splash erosion retain moisture and help local recycling of rainfall water trickles down through the canopy and is absorbed by the humus layer replenish soil nutrients absorb carbon dioxide.
DEVELOPING SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES Agroforestry is a practice which integrates high-value multi-purpose trees and shrubs into farming systems. Agroforestry systems include alley cropping, windbreaks, riparian buffer strips, forest farming, contour ploughing , terracing, gullies and forestry nurseries. The trees shelter land and livestock, provide wildlife habitat and control soil erosion. Leguminous species improve soil fertility, fruit trees provide nutrition. Riparian buffer zones are areas of forested land adjacent to streams, rivers, marshes or shoreline, which help to prevent erosion and sedimentation. They also keep the river cool and this helps to lessen evaporation.
Dsertification ,causes and its management
Mobilizing and involving people The Convention stresses that people who suffer the impact of desertification, and who best understand the ecosystems in which they live, must be involved in decisions about how to restore damaged land and prevent further degradation. Over the years local populations in Africa have developed techniques for managing soil and water, domesticating plants and animals, and for forecasting the weather. Technical innovations are often brought in from more humid environments without regard for the equilibrium of dryland ecosystems.
Developing Rural Markets The convention proposes the promotion of drought-resistant and saltresistant crops and the development of rural markets. Attention should be paid to local plants whether they have already been domesticated or not. It is important to grow a wide variety of plants that are suited to local conditions. Bio-diversity of crops helps to ensure both healthy soil and food- security. system reduces the damage to the land and alleviates some of the negative impacts of mono cropping.
Dsertification ,causes and its management

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Dsertification ,causes and its management

  • 1. DESRTIFICATION ITS CAUSES AND ITS MANAGEMENT -Kiran h p
  • 2. WHAT IS DESERTIFICATION? According to the UN desertification is land degradation in arid, semi-arid and sub-humid areas are resulting from various factors including climatic variations and human activities.
  • 3. CATEGORIES OF DESERTIFICATION Light Desertification:In this type of desertification, a very slight damage occurs in vegetation cover and soil. This damage does not affect the biological capacity of the environment and can be neglected . Moderate desertification:A medium degree of damage of vegetation cover occurs and formation of small sand dunes and salinization of the soil which reduces production by 10- 25%.
  • 4. Severe Desertification:In this type, spreading of weeds and unwanted shrubs in the pasture at the expense of desirable and wanted species occurs as well as increasing of the erosion activity which affects the vegetation cover and reduces production up to 50%. Very severe desertification:In this type of desertification, composition of active naked great sand dunes occurs and formation of many grooves and valleys and the salinization of the soil which leads to soil degradation.It is the most serious type of desertification.
  • 5. Indias Council of Scientific and Industrial Research predicted that by 2050 approximately 10 percent of Indias land would become unusable as a result of desertification. One of the leading causes for the rapid desertification of Indias lands is the overuse of lands and excessive grazing. Nearly 30 per cent of India is degraded or facing desertification. Of India's total geographical area of 328.72 million hectares (MHA), 96.4 MHA is under desertification. Rajasthan, Delhi, Goa, Maharashtra, Jharkhand, Nagaland, Tripura and Himachal Pradesharound 40 to 70 per cent of land has undergone desertification
  • 6. Main causes of desertification ?? Deforestation Soil erosion and Degradation Clearing land for construction Demographic and economic pressures
  • 7. DEFORESTATION Deforestation refers to the cutting, clearing, and removal of rainforest or related ecosystems into less bio-diverse ecosystems such as pasture, cropland, or plantations. This cutting of trees is derived my many reasons mainly because of agriculture. These include: Over-cultivation: This occurs when farmers/ agriculturalists disturb the soil around the crops too much
  • 8. Overgrazing: This occurs when animals such as sheep and cows are continuously fed from the same spot of ground. Consequently, this does not allow the ground to recover causing loss in vegetation. Poor irrigation Systems: This poorly designed irrigation system will cause water to be irregular distributed causing some areas to be either under or over irrigated. This waste of natural resource cause areas to suffer yield or quality reductions.
  • 10. FOREST FIRE Natural Anthropogenic
  • 11. SOIL EROSION AND DEGRADATION Soil is the earths fragile skin that anchors all life on Earth. Therefore, it is one of the most significant resources to humans. In the past 150 years half the soil structure but also the nutrient degradation. of the topsoil on planet Earth has been lost which not only affected Degraded lands are also often less able to hold onto water thus making the land more prone to flooding. This soil erosion and degradation makes the land more vulnerable to desertification.
  • 12. CLEARING OF LAND FOR CONSTRUCTION Due to the radical increase in world population there is a growing demand for housing, construction of roads and airports. These can diversely interfere with ground water resources and affect the existing agriculture. Apart from causing pollution because of the industry, it also increases quarrying activity which furthermore poses a threat on the land.
  • 13. DEMOGRAPHIC AND ECONOMIC PRESSURES Desertification is encouraged due to the large production and consumption patterns rates which implanted a huge burden on resources such as water, fossil fuel and construction material. Logging is the cutting, on site- processing and loading of log trees on trucks. Since, over the years, there was a growing demand for products made from wood logging has increased.
  • 14. MINING Surface mining activity causes an immediate degradation of land which leads to desertification. Subsequently, after these mining sites are excavated they are left abandoned without any reclamation measure. The mining activity generates dust thus polluting the atmosphere. This leads to surface scaling of the site which consequently reducing the infiltration rate while the run-off increases. Because of this hydrological imbalance of the area vegetation is further decreased
  • 15. CONSEQUENCES OF DESERTIFICATION Environmental effects Economic effects Social effects
  • 16. SOIL EROSION Soil erosion is increased since there are no trees anchoring the soil therefore it is blown/washed away. Nutrients within the soil is also removed by wind or water. Meanwhile there is an increase in the saline content of the soil which makes it even harder for plant growth.
  • 17. Biodiversity decline Desertification caused an immediate burden on diverse flora and fauna. Due to land degradation, animal spices had to migrate to other areas that sufficiently satisfied their needs while others were at risk of extinction. Their disappearance increases food insecurity therefore leading to Famine.
  • 18. Famine & Poverty Desertification leads to major drought. As a result, the crop production is very low making food and water very limited. Prices are increased hence people who are economically insufficient fall into poverty which leads to famine.
  • 19. Climate Change Climate change, which is partly the result of mans activity, is one of the major factors causing desertification. This is all because of the substantial pressure placed on land resources and direct human interference. Meanwhile, desertification helps to speed the process of global warming. The removal of trees uncovers the forest floor which holds moisture. Exposing the soils to the extreme temperature swings which are very harmful to the land. This the disruption of the water cycle threatens the land into permanent drought.
  • 20. Flooding Without the plant life in an area, flooding is a lot more eminent. Not all deserts are dry; those that are wet could experience a lot of flooding because there is nothing to stop the water from gathering and going all over the place. Flooding can also negatively affect the water supply.
  • 21. COMBATING DESERTIFICATION Raising awareness of the problem Planting indigenous trees and shrubs Developing sustainable agricultural practices Mobilizing and involving people Empowering women Developing rural markets
  • 22. Raising awareness of the problem The Convention to Combat Desertification was adopted on 17 June 1994 and in commemoration of this event World Day to Combat Desertification and Drought, is observed every year on 17 June. World Day is to raise awareness of desertification and to encourage actions that would remedy some of the consequences of desertification and prevent further degradation and loss of soil and water. Desertification was singled out as a key instrument for poverty eradication in dryland rural areas. The International Film Festival entitled Desert Nights - Tales from the Desert in Rome in December 2006 is an example of one such awarenessraising initiative.
  • 23. PLANTING INDIGENOUS TREES AND SHRUBS The benefit of trees is enormous when it comes to preventing desertification or restoring already degraded land. The first step in halting desertification is usually the planting of trees to: stabilise the soil protect it from excessive sunshine, strong winds and the progression of sand intercept the rainfall and protect the soil from splash erosion retain moisture and help local recycling of rainfall water trickles down through the canopy and is absorbed by the humus layer replenish soil nutrients absorb carbon dioxide.
  • 24. DEVELOPING SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES Agroforestry is a practice which integrates high-value multi-purpose trees and shrubs into farming systems. Agroforestry systems include alley cropping, windbreaks, riparian buffer strips, forest farming, contour ploughing , terracing, gullies and forestry nurseries. The trees shelter land and livestock, provide wildlife habitat and control soil erosion. Leguminous species improve soil fertility, fruit trees provide nutrition. Riparian buffer zones are areas of forested land adjacent to streams, rivers, marshes or shoreline, which help to prevent erosion and sedimentation. They also keep the river cool and this helps to lessen evaporation.
  • 26. Mobilizing and involving people The Convention stresses that people who suffer the impact of desertification, and who best understand the ecosystems in which they live, must be involved in decisions about how to restore damaged land and prevent further degradation. Over the years local populations in Africa have developed techniques for managing soil and water, domesticating plants and animals, and for forecasting the weather. Technical innovations are often brought in from more humid environments without regard for the equilibrium of dryland ecosystems.
  • 27. Developing Rural Markets The convention proposes the promotion of drought-resistant and saltresistant crops and the development of rural markets. Attention should be paid to local plants whether they have already been domesticated or not. It is important to grow a wide variety of plants that are suited to local conditions. Bio-diversity of crops helps to ensure both healthy soil and food- security. system reduces the damage to the land and alleviates some of the negative impacts of mono cropping.