際際滷

際際滷Share a Scribd company logo
Presented by :NAILA ISRARPresented by :NAILA ISRAR
SEICMICITY OF TIBETAN PLATEAU
Can you remember
how Tibet / The
Himalayas were
formed?
Earthquake presentation
Earthquake presentation
Earthquake presentation
Earthquake presentation
COMPLEX PLATE
BOUNDARY ZONE
IN SOUTHEAST
ASIA
Northward motion of
India deforms large
region
Many small plates
(microplates) and blocks
Molnar & Tapponnier, 1977
Davidson p304
COLLISION BETWEEN INDIAN AND
EURASIAN PLATES: GPS MOTIONS.
Mountain building by
continental collision
produced boundary
zone extending 1000s of
km northward from the
nominal plate boundary
at the Himalayan
front.
Total plate convergence
taken up several ways.
About half (20 mm/yr)
occurs across locked
Himalayan frontal faults
such as the Main Central
Thrust
These faults are part of
the interface associated
with the underthrusting
Indian continental crust,
which thickens crust
under high Himalayas.
Larson et al., 1999
Larson et al., 1999
COLLISION BETWEEN INDIAN AND
EURASIAN PLATES: GPS MOTIONS.
GPS data also show
along-strike motion
behind the convergent
zone, in the Tibetan
Plateau, presumably
because the uplifted and
thickened crust spreads
under its own weight.
Extension is part of
a large-scale process of
crustal "escape" or
"extrusion" in which large
fragments of continental
crust are displaced
eastward by the collision
along major strike-slip
faults.
Larson et al., 1999
COLLISION
BETWEEN INDIA
AND EURASIA
PLATES:
EARTHQUAKES
Large destructive
thrust earthquakes
reflect convergence
on Himalayan frontal
faults such as Main
Central Thrust
Normal faulting
earthquakes occur
behind convergent
zone in the Tibetan
Plateau, due to along
strike extension from
gravitational collapse
Strike slip earthquakes
occur further north
Ni and Barazangi, 1984
 (a) Map of earthquakes with accurately constrained depths, from this study (Tables S1 and S2)
and others (see supplementary material). Depths are indicated by colour, and earthquakes deeper
than 20 km are scaled by magnitude. Black arrow indicates the IndiaAsia convergence vector.
The dashed blue line (A) outlines the area in central southern Tibet where there is no deep
seismicity
 (b) Normal (purple) and strike-slip (green) focal mechanisms across the Tibetan Plateau
 c) GPS velocities in southern Tibet, relative to India (Banerjee et al., 2008)
Earthquake presentation
Regional earthquake distributions in this study and those of the Hi Climb project [Liang et
al.
, 2008].
(a) Crosssection of seismicity across (left) the southern Tibet [Liang et al., 2008]) and (right)
the northern Tibet.(b) Statistics of the focal depths in the (first panel) Himalayan orogen [Liang et al., 2008],
(second panel) the southern Tibet [Liang et al.,2008], and (third and fourth panels) the northern
Tibet.
(c) Distributions of the events located in this study (black dots)and the events recorded by Hi
CLIMB project (cyan dots). The white lines show the profiles in Figure. The events in the
white dashed rectangles are projected to the cross profiles.
(d) Statistics of the focal depths and the crustal strength envelope.(left) For southern Tibet,
the strength envelope of the wet quartz (the green curve), the wet anorthite (the red curve),
the
southern Tibetan crust (the black curve), and the Byerlees Law (the black line) were
produced with the thermal gradient of34 属C/km. (right) For northern Tibet, the strength
envelope of the wet quartz (the green curve), the dry anorthite (the bluecurve), the northern
Tibetan crust (the black curve), and the Byerlees Law (the black line) were produced with
the thermal gradient of 32 属C/km.
India
Tibetan PlateauHimalayaIndia
Himalayan earthquakes are
caused by the slip of India
beneath Tibet.
R. Bilham
India
Tibet
critical stress
Every few hundred years part of the
Himalaya approaches failure
R. Bilham
great earthquake
TibetIndia
2-8 m
surface rupture 1.5 m co-seismic
subsidence
 and a great earthquake
ruptures the plate boundary.
R. Bilham
R. Bilham
20001900180017001600
time
India/Tibetconvergence(m)
2 m
M=7.4
6 m
M=7.8
4 m
M=7.6
8m
M=8
10 m
M=8.2
convergence rate 18
mm/yr
The longer we wait the bigger the 'quake.
R. Bilham
Bilham, R., V. K. Gaur and P. Molnar, Himalayan Seismic Hazard, Science, 293, 1442-4, 2001
FUTURE EARTHQUAKE POTENTIAL
CONCLUSION
The well located 400 regional earthquakes in northern Tibetan Plateau
were distributed not only at the boundaries of major tectonic provinces
but also within these provinces , supporting the hypothesis of continuous
deformation within the Tibetan plateau. All well located earthquakes in
northern Tibet occur within the upper crust, mostly at depths of 0 15 km,
and there is no event deeper than 30 km. Com- bining data from previous
studies, the depth distribution of regional earthquakes reported in this
study strongly supports the existence of a weak and hot lower and middle
crust in the northern Tibetan Plateau. Furthermore, the depth of the crustal
seismogenic zone in northern Tibetan Plateau is apparently thicker than
that in southern Tibet, which reflects the difference in temperature depth
profile and rheological structure of the crust between southern and
northern Tibet. Finally, there are no mantle earthquakes that would
suggest continental subduction along this part of the northern Tibet
margin
THANK YOU
Ad

Recommended

Structural Geology and Geomorphology through Remote Sensing
Structural Geology and Geomorphology through Remote Sensing
Uzair Khan
Structural Mapping using GIS/RS
Structural Mapping using GIS/RS
Umer Khayam
E0343443
E0343443
IOSR Journals
Paleodepositional environment and sequence stratigraphy of outcropping sedime...
Paleodepositional environment and sequence stratigraphy of outcropping sedime...
Alexander Decker
GPS Slip Rates
GPS Slip Rates
Ali Osman ncel
C0274015028
C0274015028
inventionjournals
Revisit to Baronga Islands, KyiKhin & AungMoe, 2015 (Rev. 3)
Revisit to Baronga Islands, KyiKhin & AungMoe, 2015 (Rev. 3)
KYI KHIN
Impact of Structural Lineaments on Mineralized Occurrences in North Abu Rushe...
Impact of Structural Lineaments on Mineralized Occurrences in North Abu Rushe...
Dr. Ibr@him
01 chapter:Earthquake
01 chapter:Earthquake
Priodeep Chowdhury
Eq chapter
Eq chapter
UET Lahore | University of Engineering and Technology
ENDOGENOUS HAZARDS EARTHQUAKES .docx
ENDOGENOUS HAZARDS EARTHQUAKES .docx
DrVenkateswarluGogan1
Q1-L001.pptx
Q1-L001.pptx
grethelparreo1
that is associated with broad upwarping of the overlying litho.docx
that is associated with broad upwarping of the overlying litho.docx
mattinsonjanel
plate-tectonics-power-point.ppt mmmmmmm
plate-tectonics-power-point.ppt mmmmmmm
DewaPutuGedeSudiatmi
STRUCTURAL GEOLOGY AND GEOMORPHOLOGY.pptx
STRUCTURAL GEOLOGY AND GEOMORPHOLOGY.pptx
AnaswaraBS
Earth Science plate-tectonics-power-point.ppt
Earth Science plate-tectonics-power-point.ppt
evamae13
plate-tectonics-power-point.ppt
plate-tectonics-power-point.ppt
SarithaNemmani
Earth and Space Science Week 4 Eight Grade.ppt
Earth and Space Science Week 4 Eight Grade.ppt
ChrisOrya1
plate-tectonics-power-point.ppt
plate-tectonics-power-point.ppt
AmyVilla7
Discussion-plate-tectonics-power-point.ppt
Discussion-plate-tectonics-power-point.ppt
AlexAlcazarin1
plate tectonics power point presentation
plate tectonics power point presentation
SophiaDelosReyes4
plate-tectonics-power-point.ppt
plate-tectonics-power-point.ppt
mikko david
plate-tectonics-power-point.ppt
plate-tectonics-power-point.ppt
LoryDacumosGonzalo
plate-tectonics-power-point.ppt
plate-tectonics-power-point.ppt
caloyteodones
plate-tectonics-power-point-1.ppt-agham.
plate-tectonics-power-point-1.ppt-agham.
jiamahilum10
Plate Tectonics
Plate Tectonics
lynnmccartney
Introduction to earthquake
Introduction to earthquake
Arvinder Singh
鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申Presentation 1-2-3 - 4-5-6-7-8.pptx
鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申Presentation 1-2-3 - 4-5-6-7-8.pptx
Subhan634796
case ObGy - Post term pregnacy.pptx case presentation
case ObGy - Post term pregnacy.pptx case presentation
fortuneassey
Josaya - Abstract for the research of the youth development.pdf
Josaya - Abstract for the research of the youth development.pdf
Josaya Injesi

More Related Content

Similar to Earthquake presentation (20)

01 chapter:Earthquake
01 chapter:Earthquake
Priodeep Chowdhury
Eq chapter
Eq chapter
UET Lahore | University of Engineering and Technology
ENDOGENOUS HAZARDS EARTHQUAKES .docx
ENDOGENOUS HAZARDS EARTHQUAKES .docx
DrVenkateswarluGogan1
Q1-L001.pptx
Q1-L001.pptx
grethelparreo1
that is associated with broad upwarping of the overlying litho.docx
that is associated with broad upwarping of the overlying litho.docx
mattinsonjanel
plate-tectonics-power-point.ppt mmmmmmm
plate-tectonics-power-point.ppt mmmmmmm
DewaPutuGedeSudiatmi
STRUCTURAL GEOLOGY AND GEOMORPHOLOGY.pptx
STRUCTURAL GEOLOGY AND GEOMORPHOLOGY.pptx
AnaswaraBS
Earth Science plate-tectonics-power-point.ppt
Earth Science plate-tectonics-power-point.ppt
evamae13
plate-tectonics-power-point.ppt
plate-tectonics-power-point.ppt
SarithaNemmani
Earth and Space Science Week 4 Eight Grade.ppt
Earth and Space Science Week 4 Eight Grade.ppt
ChrisOrya1
plate-tectonics-power-point.ppt
plate-tectonics-power-point.ppt
AmyVilla7
Discussion-plate-tectonics-power-point.ppt
Discussion-plate-tectonics-power-point.ppt
AlexAlcazarin1
plate tectonics power point presentation
plate tectonics power point presentation
SophiaDelosReyes4
plate-tectonics-power-point.ppt
plate-tectonics-power-point.ppt
mikko david
plate-tectonics-power-point.ppt
plate-tectonics-power-point.ppt
LoryDacumosGonzalo
plate-tectonics-power-point.ppt
plate-tectonics-power-point.ppt
caloyteodones
plate-tectonics-power-point-1.ppt-agham.
plate-tectonics-power-point-1.ppt-agham.
jiamahilum10
Plate Tectonics
Plate Tectonics
lynnmccartney
Introduction to earthquake
Introduction to earthquake
Arvinder Singh
鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申Presentation 1-2-3 - 4-5-6-7-8.pptx
鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申Presentation 1-2-3 - 4-5-6-7-8.pptx
Subhan634796
ENDOGENOUS HAZARDS EARTHQUAKES .docx
ENDOGENOUS HAZARDS EARTHQUAKES .docx
DrVenkateswarluGogan1
that is associated with broad upwarping of the overlying litho.docx
that is associated with broad upwarping of the overlying litho.docx
mattinsonjanel
plate-tectonics-power-point.ppt mmmmmmm
plate-tectonics-power-point.ppt mmmmmmm
DewaPutuGedeSudiatmi
STRUCTURAL GEOLOGY AND GEOMORPHOLOGY.pptx
STRUCTURAL GEOLOGY AND GEOMORPHOLOGY.pptx
AnaswaraBS
Earth Science plate-tectonics-power-point.ppt
Earth Science plate-tectonics-power-point.ppt
evamae13
plate-tectonics-power-point.ppt
plate-tectonics-power-point.ppt
SarithaNemmani
Earth and Space Science Week 4 Eight Grade.ppt
Earth and Space Science Week 4 Eight Grade.ppt
ChrisOrya1
plate-tectonics-power-point.ppt
plate-tectonics-power-point.ppt
AmyVilla7
Discussion-plate-tectonics-power-point.ppt
Discussion-plate-tectonics-power-point.ppt
AlexAlcazarin1
plate tectonics power point presentation
plate tectonics power point presentation
SophiaDelosReyes4
plate-tectonics-power-point.ppt
plate-tectonics-power-point.ppt
mikko david
plate-tectonics-power-point.ppt
plate-tectonics-power-point.ppt
LoryDacumosGonzalo
plate-tectonics-power-point.ppt
plate-tectonics-power-point.ppt
caloyteodones
plate-tectonics-power-point-1.ppt-agham.
plate-tectonics-power-point-1.ppt-agham.
jiamahilum10
Introduction to earthquake
Introduction to earthquake
Arvinder Singh
鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申Presentation 1-2-3 - 4-5-6-7-8.pptx
鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申Presentation 1-2-3 - 4-5-6-7-8.pptx
Subhan634796

Recently uploaded (20)

case ObGy - Post term pregnacy.pptx case presentation
case ObGy - Post term pregnacy.pptx case presentation
fortuneassey
Josaya - Abstract for the research of the youth development.pdf
Josaya - Abstract for the research of the youth development.pdf
Josaya Injesi
AC_Manufacturer_Strategy_Commercial_Government.pptx
AC_Manufacturer_Strategy_Commercial_Government.pptx
ajajsain
Joint Family And Nuclear Family to .. pdf.
Joint Family And Nuclear Family to .. pdf.
shrujapanchal813
puskhar camel yauvh on the hot wheels for
puskhar camel yauvh on the hot wheels for
nandanitiwari82528
FL Studio Crack Full Version [Latest 2025]
FL Studio Crack Full Version [Latest 2025]
Jackson lithms
ENGLISh.pptxENGLISh.pptxENGLISh.pptxENGLISh.pptx
ENGLISh.pptxENGLISh.pptxENGLISh.pptxENGLISh.pptx
MervieJadeBabao
Briefing on the upcoming UNFSS +4 Stocktake
Briefing on the upcoming UNFSS +4 Stocktake
Francois Stepman
Personal letter personal letter personal letter.pptx
Personal letter personal letter personal letter.pptx
GedeJuliana2
Analysis of Tausog Language English.pptx
Analysis of Tausog Language English.pptx
MervieJadeBabao
Bob Stewart Acts 17 Study 06 11 2025.pptx
Bob Stewart Acts 17 Study 06 11 2025.pptx
FamilyWorshipCenterD
Japan's Media and Telecom Markets: Evolution, Global Competition, and NTT Law...
Japan's Media and Telecom Markets: Evolution, Global Competition, and NTT Law...
Toshiya Jitsuzumi
Types of Information Sources (Primary, Secondary, and Tertiary Sources)
Types of Information Sources (Primary, Secondary, and Tertiary Sources)
jenicahmendoza1
What say you - ethical issues in research
What say you - ethical issues in research
ssuser8aff01
Bob Stewart Acts 18 06 18 2025.pptx
Bob Stewart Acts 18 06 18 2025.pptx
FamilyWorshipCenterD
ENGLISh.pptxtausug.pptxtausug.pptxtausug.pptx
ENGLISh.pptxtausug.pptxtausug.pptxtausug.pptx
MervieJadeBabao
Google Algorithm Updates A Complete Guide for Digital Marketing Students.pdf
Google Algorithm Updates A Complete Guide for Digital Marketing Students.pdf
Nithinks37
PEN TO PODIUM powerpoint presentation.pptx
PEN TO PODIUM powerpoint presentation.pptx
Vanessa accad
Heating_Effect_of_Solar_Corona_Presentation.pptx
Heating_Effect_of_Solar_Corona_Presentation.pptx
Hanumamshukla
The Love of a Father 06 15 2025.pptx
The Love of a Father 06 15 2025.pptx
FamilyWorshipCenterD
case ObGy - Post term pregnacy.pptx case presentation
case ObGy - Post term pregnacy.pptx case presentation
fortuneassey
Josaya - Abstract for the research of the youth development.pdf
Josaya - Abstract for the research of the youth development.pdf
Josaya Injesi
AC_Manufacturer_Strategy_Commercial_Government.pptx
AC_Manufacturer_Strategy_Commercial_Government.pptx
ajajsain
Joint Family And Nuclear Family to .. pdf.
Joint Family And Nuclear Family to .. pdf.
shrujapanchal813
puskhar camel yauvh on the hot wheels for
puskhar camel yauvh on the hot wheels for
nandanitiwari82528
FL Studio Crack Full Version [Latest 2025]
FL Studio Crack Full Version [Latest 2025]
Jackson lithms
ENGLISh.pptxENGLISh.pptxENGLISh.pptxENGLISh.pptx
ENGLISh.pptxENGLISh.pptxENGLISh.pptxENGLISh.pptx
MervieJadeBabao
Briefing on the upcoming UNFSS +4 Stocktake
Briefing on the upcoming UNFSS +4 Stocktake
Francois Stepman
Personal letter personal letter personal letter.pptx
Personal letter personal letter personal letter.pptx
GedeJuliana2
Analysis of Tausog Language English.pptx
Analysis of Tausog Language English.pptx
MervieJadeBabao
Bob Stewart Acts 17 Study 06 11 2025.pptx
Bob Stewart Acts 17 Study 06 11 2025.pptx
FamilyWorshipCenterD
Japan's Media and Telecom Markets: Evolution, Global Competition, and NTT Law...
Japan's Media and Telecom Markets: Evolution, Global Competition, and NTT Law...
Toshiya Jitsuzumi
Types of Information Sources (Primary, Secondary, and Tertiary Sources)
Types of Information Sources (Primary, Secondary, and Tertiary Sources)
jenicahmendoza1
What say you - ethical issues in research
What say you - ethical issues in research
ssuser8aff01
Bob Stewart Acts 18 06 18 2025.pptx
Bob Stewart Acts 18 06 18 2025.pptx
FamilyWorshipCenterD
ENGLISh.pptxtausug.pptxtausug.pptxtausug.pptx
ENGLISh.pptxtausug.pptxtausug.pptxtausug.pptx
MervieJadeBabao
Google Algorithm Updates A Complete Guide for Digital Marketing Students.pdf
Google Algorithm Updates A Complete Guide for Digital Marketing Students.pdf
Nithinks37
PEN TO PODIUM powerpoint presentation.pptx
PEN TO PODIUM powerpoint presentation.pptx
Vanessa accad
Heating_Effect_of_Solar_Corona_Presentation.pptx
Heating_Effect_of_Solar_Corona_Presentation.pptx
Hanumamshukla
The Love of a Father 06 15 2025.pptx
The Love of a Father 06 15 2025.pptx
FamilyWorshipCenterD
Ad

Earthquake presentation

  • 1. Presented by :NAILA ISRARPresented by :NAILA ISRAR SEICMICITY OF TIBETAN PLATEAU
  • 2. Can you remember how Tibet / The Himalayas were formed?
  • 7. COMPLEX PLATE BOUNDARY ZONE IN SOUTHEAST ASIA Northward motion of India deforms large region Many small plates (microplates) and blocks Molnar & Tapponnier, 1977 Davidson p304
  • 8. COLLISION BETWEEN INDIAN AND EURASIAN PLATES: GPS MOTIONS. Mountain building by continental collision produced boundary zone extending 1000s of km northward from the nominal plate boundary at the Himalayan front. Total plate convergence taken up several ways. About half (20 mm/yr) occurs across locked Himalayan frontal faults such as the Main Central Thrust These faults are part of the interface associated with the underthrusting Indian continental crust, which thickens crust under high Himalayas. Larson et al., 1999 Larson et al., 1999
  • 9. COLLISION BETWEEN INDIAN AND EURASIAN PLATES: GPS MOTIONS. GPS data also show along-strike motion behind the convergent zone, in the Tibetan Plateau, presumably because the uplifted and thickened crust spreads under its own weight. Extension is part of a large-scale process of crustal "escape" or "extrusion" in which large fragments of continental crust are displaced eastward by the collision along major strike-slip faults. Larson et al., 1999
  • 10. COLLISION BETWEEN INDIA AND EURASIA PLATES: EARTHQUAKES Large destructive thrust earthquakes reflect convergence on Himalayan frontal faults such as Main Central Thrust Normal faulting earthquakes occur behind convergent zone in the Tibetan Plateau, due to along strike extension from gravitational collapse Strike slip earthquakes occur further north Ni and Barazangi, 1984
  • 11. (a) Map of earthquakes with accurately constrained depths, from this study (Tables S1 and S2) and others (see supplementary material). Depths are indicated by colour, and earthquakes deeper than 20 km are scaled by magnitude. Black arrow indicates the IndiaAsia convergence vector. The dashed blue line (A) outlines the area in central southern Tibet where there is no deep seismicity (b) Normal (purple) and strike-slip (green) focal mechanisms across the Tibetan Plateau c) GPS velocities in southern Tibet, relative to India (Banerjee et al., 2008)
  • 13. Regional earthquake distributions in this study and those of the Hi Climb project [Liang et al. , 2008]. (a) Crosssection of seismicity across (left) the southern Tibet [Liang et al., 2008]) and (right) the northern Tibet.(b) Statistics of the focal depths in the (first panel) Himalayan orogen [Liang et al., 2008], (second panel) the southern Tibet [Liang et al.,2008], and (third and fourth panels) the northern Tibet. (c) Distributions of the events located in this study (black dots)and the events recorded by Hi CLIMB project (cyan dots). The white lines show the profiles in Figure. The events in the white dashed rectangles are projected to the cross profiles. (d) Statistics of the focal depths and the crustal strength envelope.(left) For southern Tibet, the strength envelope of the wet quartz (the green curve), the wet anorthite (the red curve), the southern Tibetan crust (the black curve), and the Byerlees Law (the black line) were produced with the thermal gradient of34 属C/km. (right) For northern Tibet, the strength envelope of the wet quartz (the green curve), the dry anorthite (the bluecurve), the northern Tibetan crust (the black curve), and the Byerlees Law (the black line) were produced with the thermal gradient of 32 属C/km.
  • 14. India Tibetan PlateauHimalayaIndia Himalayan earthquakes are caused by the slip of India beneath Tibet. R. Bilham
  • 15. India Tibet critical stress Every few hundred years part of the Himalaya approaches failure R. Bilham
  • 16. great earthquake TibetIndia 2-8 m surface rupture 1.5 m co-seismic subsidence and a great earthquake ruptures the plate boundary. R. Bilham
  • 18. 20001900180017001600 time India/Tibetconvergence(m) 2 m M=7.4 6 m M=7.8 4 m M=7.6 8m M=8 10 m M=8.2 convergence rate 18 mm/yr The longer we wait the bigger the 'quake. R. Bilham
  • 19. Bilham, R., V. K. Gaur and P. Molnar, Himalayan Seismic Hazard, Science, 293, 1442-4, 2001 FUTURE EARTHQUAKE POTENTIAL
  • 20. CONCLUSION The well located 400 regional earthquakes in northern Tibetan Plateau were distributed not only at the boundaries of major tectonic provinces but also within these provinces , supporting the hypothesis of continuous deformation within the Tibetan plateau. All well located earthquakes in northern Tibet occur within the upper crust, mostly at depths of 0 15 km, and there is no event deeper than 30 km. Com- bining data from previous studies, the depth distribution of regional earthquakes reported in this study strongly supports the existence of a weak and hot lower and middle crust in the northern Tibetan Plateau. Furthermore, the depth of the crustal seismogenic zone in northern Tibetan Plateau is apparently thicker than that in southern Tibet, which reflects the difference in temperature depth profile and rheological structure of the crust between southern and northern Tibet. Finally, there are no mantle earthquakes that would suggest continental subduction along this part of the northern Tibet margin

Editor's Notes

  • #15: Himalayan earthquakes are caused by the slip of India beneath Tibet.
  • #16: Every few hundred years part of the Himalaya approaches failure
  • #17: --and a great earthquake ruptures the plate boundary allowing the Himalaya to slide southward over India, and India to sink a little further beneath Tibet.
  • #19: The size of the future event is determined by the convergence rate and the time since the last earthquake. Using GPS we have measured the rate of movement of India to be roughly 2 m each century. A giant earthquake destroyed Tibetan monasteries in 1505. Its recurrence may occur soon as a M=8.2 earthquake. Thermometers of earthquake potential can be constructed along the entire Himalayan arc.