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Earthquakes revised

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Faults form when stresses in the Earth's crust cause rocks to break along fractures. There are three main types of faults: normal faults form when tension pulls rocks apart, reverse faults form when compression squeezes rocks together, and strike-slip faults form when shear forces cause rocks to slide past one another. Most earthquakes occur when built-up stresses are suddenly released as the rocks move along fault surfaces. Earthquake waves travel through the Earth, with P-waves and S-waves causing the ground to shake and damage structures. The resulting shaking can also trigger other hazardous events like tsunamis and liquefaction.

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EARTHQUAKESEARTHQUAKES http://video.nationalgeographic.com/video/environmenhttp://video.nationalgeographic.com/video/environmen
FaultsFaults FaultFault a fracture or break in the a fracture or break in the Earths lithosphereEarths lithosphere Rock along one side of a faultRock along one side of a fault can move up, down, or sidewayscan move up, down, or sideways in relation to rock along thein relation to rock along the other side of the fault.other side of the fault.
How faults formHow faults form Forces cause rocks to bend & stretchForces cause rocks to bend & stretch Stress is the force exerted when a rockStress is the force exerted when a rock presses on, pulls on, or pushes againstpresses on, pulls on, or pushes against another rockanother rock As stress increases, the rocks mayAs stress increases, the rocks may break.break. The break in the rock causes faults toThe break in the rock causes faults to form.form.
EarthquakesEarthquakes EarthquakeEarthquake the vibrations or the vibrations or sudden movements produced bysudden movements produced by the breaking of rock.the breaking of rock. Most earthquakes result fromMost earthquakes result from rocks moving over, under, orrocks moving over, under, or past each other along faultpast each other along fault surfaces.surfaces.
EarthquakesEarthquakes How do earthquakes actuallyHow do earthquakes actually occur?occur? As rocks (plates) move pastAs rocks (plates) move past each other along a fault, theireach other along a fault, their rough surfaces catch,rough surfaces catch, temporarily stoppingtemporarily stopping movement.movement.
EarthquakesEarthquakes Forces keep driving the rocks to move,Forces keep driving the rocks to move, and stress builds up.and stress builds up. The stress causes the rocks to bend andThe stress causes the rocks to bend and change shape, eventually breaking andchange shape, eventually breaking and causing an earthquake.causing an earthquake. The strength of an earthquakeThe strength of an earthquake depends on: the amount of stressdepends on: the amount of stress that builds & the distance the rocksthat builds & the distance the rocks move along the faultmove along the fault
Earthquakes revised
2005 Earthquakes2005 Earthquakes
Types of FaultsTypes of Faults Three types of forces normal,Three types of forces normal, reverse, & strike-slip faultsreverse, & strike-slip faults Normal pulls rocks apartNormal pulls rocks apart Reverse squeezes rocks togetherReverse squeezes rocks together Strike-slip causes rocks to slideStrike-slip causes rocks to slide past each otherpast each other
Normal FaultsNormal Faults A break in rock caused byA break in rock caused by tension forcestension forces.. Rock above the fault surfaceRock above the fault surface movesmoves downwarddownward in relation toin relation to rock below the fault surface.rock below the fault surface.
Earthquakes revised
Earthquakes revised
Earthquakes revised
Earthquakes revised
Normal FaultNormal Fault
Reverse FaultsReverse Faults A break in the rock caused byA break in the rock caused by compression forces.compression forces. The rock above the fault planeThe rock above the fault plane movesmoves upwardupward relative to therelative to the rock below the fault surface.rock below the fault surface.
Reverse FaultReverse Fault
Reverse FaultReverse Fault
Strike-Slip FaultsStrike-Slip Faults ShearShear forces push on rock inforces push on rock in oppositeopposite directions.directions. Rocks on either side of the faultRocks on either side of the fault movemove past each otherpast each other (without(without much upward or downwardmuch upward or downward movement).movement). Ex. San Andreas FaultEx. San Andreas Fault
Strike-Slip FaultStrike-Slip Fault
Earthquakes revised
Strike-Slip FaultStrike-Slip Fault
Energy from Earthquakes Travels through Earth Waves carryWaves carry energyenergy!!!! The energy from an earthquakeThe energy from an earthquake travels astravels as seismic wavesseismic waves, which, which cause the vibrations during ancause the vibrations during an earthquake.earthquake.
Focus & Epicenter TheThe focusfocus of an earthquake is the pointof an earthquake is the point underground where rocks 1underground where rocks 1stst begin to move.begin to move. TheThe epicenterepicenter is the point on Earths surfaceis the point on Earths surface directly above the focus.directly above the focus.
Primary WavesPrimary Waves P wavesP waves FastestFastest seismic wavesseismic waves 11stst to reach any location after anto reach any location after an earthquakeearthquake Can travel throughCan travel through solids,solids, liquids, and gasesliquids, and gases
Secondary WavesSecondary Waves SS waveswaves 22ndnd wave to arrive at any locationwave to arrive at any location Travel atTravel at 遜 the speed of P waves遜 the speed of P waves Can travel throughCan travel through solidsolid (rocks) but(rocks) but NOT throughNOT through liquid and gasesliquid and gases
Surface WavesSurface Waves Move alongMove along Earths surfaceEarths surface, but, but NOT through itsNOT through its interiorinterior Causes the largestCauses the largest groundground movementsmovements & the most& the most damagedamage They make the groundThey make the ground roll up &roll up & downdown OROR shake from side to sideshake from side to side
Damage from EarthquakesDamage from Earthquakes TheThe Richter scaleRichter scale measures anmeasures an earthquakes magnitude based onearthquakes magnitude based on how fast the ground moves at thehow fast the ground moves at the seismic station.seismic station. SeismographSeismograph the instrument that the instrument that constantly records groundconstantly records ground movement . Used to measuremovement . Used to measure magnitude of an earthquake.magnitude of an earthquake.
TsunamiTsunami Tsunami is a water wave triggered by anTsunami is a water wave triggered by an earthquake, volcanic eruption, or landslide.earthquake, volcanic eruption, or landslide. They are sometimes called tidal wavesThey are sometimes called tidal waves May not be a single wave, but can be severalMay not be a single wave, but can be several waves with different heights and can arrivewaves with different heights and can arrive hours apart.hours apart. They move quickly and can travel thousandthsThey move quickly and can travel thousandths of kilometers without weakening. Speeds canof kilometers without weakening. Speeds can reach 430 mi/hr.reach 430 mi/hr.
http://nctr.pmel.noaa.gov/animate.html
Japan Tsunami 2011
LiquefactionLiquefaction Liquefaction the process in whichLiquefaction the process in which shaking of the ground causes soil to act likeshaking of the ground causes soil to act like a liquid.a liquid. For a short time the soil acts like thickFor a short time the soil acts like thick soupsoup It only occurs in areas where the soil isIt only occurs in areas where the soil is made up of loose sand and silt andmade up of loose sand and silt and contains a large amount of water.contains a large amount of water.

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Earthquakes revised

  • 2. FaultsFaults FaultFault a fracture or break in the a fracture or break in the Earths lithosphereEarths lithosphere Rock along one side of a faultRock along one side of a fault can move up, down, or sidewayscan move up, down, or sideways in relation to rock along thein relation to rock along the other side of the fault.other side of the fault.
  • 3. How faults formHow faults form Forces cause rocks to bend & stretchForces cause rocks to bend & stretch Stress is the force exerted when a rockStress is the force exerted when a rock presses on, pulls on, or pushes againstpresses on, pulls on, or pushes against another rockanother rock As stress increases, the rocks mayAs stress increases, the rocks may break.break. The break in the rock causes faults toThe break in the rock causes faults to form.form.
  • 4. EarthquakesEarthquakes EarthquakeEarthquake the vibrations or the vibrations or sudden movements produced bysudden movements produced by the breaking of rock.the breaking of rock. Most earthquakes result fromMost earthquakes result from rocks moving over, under, orrocks moving over, under, or past each other along faultpast each other along fault surfaces.surfaces.
  • 5. EarthquakesEarthquakes How do earthquakes actuallyHow do earthquakes actually occur?occur? As rocks (plates) move pastAs rocks (plates) move past each other along a fault, theireach other along a fault, their rough surfaces catch,rough surfaces catch, temporarily stoppingtemporarily stopping movement.movement.
  • 6. EarthquakesEarthquakes Forces keep driving the rocks to move,Forces keep driving the rocks to move, and stress builds up.and stress builds up. The stress causes the rocks to bend andThe stress causes the rocks to bend and change shape, eventually breaking andchange shape, eventually breaking and causing an earthquake.causing an earthquake. The strength of an earthquakeThe strength of an earthquake depends on: the amount of stressdepends on: the amount of stress that builds & the distance the rocksthat builds & the distance the rocks move along the faultmove along the fault
  • 9. Types of FaultsTypes of Faults Three types of forces normal,Three types of forces normal, reverse, & strike-slip faultsreverse, & strike-slip faults Normal pulls rocks apartNormal pulls rocks apart Reverse squeezes rocks togetherReverse squeezes rocks together Strike-slip causes rocks to slideStrike-slip causes rocks to slide past each otherpast each other
  • 10. Normal FaultsNormal Faults A break in rock caused byA break in rock caused by tension forcestension forces.. Rock above the fault surfaceRock above the fault surface movesmoves downwarddownward in relation toin relation to rock below the fault surface.rock below the fault surface.
  • 16. Reverse FaultsReverse Faults A break in the rock caused byA break in the rock caused by compression forces.compression forces. The rock above the fault planeThe rock above the fault plane movesmoves upwardupward relative to therelative to the rock below the fault surface.rock below the fault surface.
  • 19. Strike-Slip FaultsStrike-Slip Faults ShearShear forces push on rock inforces push on rock in oppositeopposite directions.directions. Rocks on either side of the faultRocks on either side of the fault movemove past each otherpast each other (without(without much upward or downwardmuch upward or downward movement).movement). Ex. San Andreas FaultEx. San Andreas Fault
  • 23. Energy from Earthquakes Travels through Earth Waves carryWaves carry energyenergy!!!! The energy from an earthquakeThe energy from an earthquake travels astravels as seismic wavesseismic waves, which, which cause the vibrations during ancause the vibrations during an earthquake.earthquake.
  • 24. Focus & Epicenter TheThe focusfocus of an earthquake is the pointof an earthquake is the point underground where rocks 1underground where rocks 1stst begin to move.begin to move. TheThe epicenterepicenter is the point on Earths surfaceis the point on Earths surface directly above the focus.directly above the focus.
  • 25. Primary WavesPrimary Waves P wavesP waves FastestFastest seismic wavesseismic waves 11stst to reach any location after anto reach any location after an earthquakeearthquake Can travel throughCan travel through solids,solids, liquids, and gasesliquids, and gases
  • 26. Secondary WavesSecondary Waves SS waveswaves 22ndnd wave to arrive at any locationwave to arrive at any location Travel atTravel at 遜 the speed of P waves遜 the speed of P waves Can travel throughCan travel through solidsolid (rocks) but(rocks) but NOT throughNOT through liquid and gasesliquid and gases
  • 27. Surface WavesSurface Waves Move alongMove along Earths surfaceEarths surface, but, but NOT through itsNOT through its interiorinterior Causes the largestCauses the largest groundground movementsmovements & the most& the most damagedamage They make the groundThey make the ground roll up &roll up & downdown OROR shake from side to sideshake from side to side
  • 28. Damage from EarthquakesDamage from Earthquakes TheThe Richter scaleRichter scale measures anmeasures an earthquakes magnitude based onearthquakes magnitude based on how fast the ground moves at thehow fast the ground moves at the seismic station.seismic station. SeismographSeismograph the instrument that the instrument that constantly records groundconstantly records ground movement . Used to measuremovement . Used to measure magnitude of an earthquake.magnitude of an earthquake.
  • 29. TsunamiTsunami Tsunami is a water wave triggered by anTsunami is a water wave triggered by an earthquake, volcanic eruption, or landslide.earthquake, volcanic eruption, or landslide. They are sometimes called tidal wavesThey are sometimes called tidal waves May not be a single wave, but can be severalMay not be a single wave, but can be several waves with different heights and can arrivewaves with different heights and can arrive hours apart.hours apart. They move quickly and can travel thousandthsThey move quickly and can travel thousandths of kilometers without weakening. Speeds canof kilometers without weakening. Speeds can reach 430 mi/hr.reach 430 mi/hr.
  • 32. LiquefactionLiquefaction Liquefaction the process in whichLiquefaction the process in which shaking of the ground causes soil to act likeshaking of the ground causes soil to act like a liquid.a liquid. For a short time the soil acts like thickFor a short time the soil acts like thick soupsoup It only occurs in areas where the soil isIt only occurs in areas where the soil is made up of loose sand and silt andmade up of loose sand and silt and contains a large amount of water.contains a large amount of water.