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Basic Concepts and Ideas
of Planning
Educ.612 Educational Planning and
Institution Building
Catherine O. Certeza
Ed.D- Management

What is Planning?
Planning is the process by which an individual or
organization decides in advance on some future course of
action (Omran, 2002, p. 68).
Planning is the process of determining how the
organization can get where it wants to go (Certo, 2000,
p.126).
Planning involves selecting from among alternative future
courses of actions for the organization as a whole and for
every department or section within it. (Cook, Hunsaker,
Coffey, 199, p. 16)

What are the words related to
Planning?
• preparation(s)
• organization
• arrangement
• Forethought
• groundwork
• designing
• drafting
• working out
• setting up

According to Oxford languages…
• the process of making plans
for something.
• decide on and arrange in
advance.

Based on Collins Dictionary
Planning is the process of
deciding in detail how to
something before you
to do it.

• Planning is the foundation of all
management
• Organize
• Lead and Control
• integrate and coordinate
activities,
• verbalized or written

Nature of Planning
• The essential of planning can be highlighted by
the Four Major Aspects of Planning
Contribution to purpose and
Objectives
Primacy of Planning
Pervasiveness of planning
Efficiency of plans

A. Contribution to Purpose and
Objectives:
• The purpose of every plan
and all derivative plans is to
facilitate the accomplishment
of enterprise purpose and
objectives.

Contribution to Purpose and Objectives:
This was emphasized by Koontz when he said:
"Plans alone can not make an enterprise successful.
Action is required; the enterprise must operate. Plans can,
however, focus on purposes. They can forecast which
actions will tend toward the ultimate objective, which tend
away, which will likely offset one another, and which are
merely irrelevant.
Managerial planning seeks to achieve a consistent,
coordinated structure of operations focused on desired
ends. Without plans, action must become merely random
activity, producing nothing but chaos." (Koontz et al.,
1980, p. 157).

B. Primacy of Planning:
• Planning is the primary
management function, the one that
precedes and is the basis for the
organizing, influencing, staffing,
leading and controlling functions of
managers.

Figure 1.1; Planning precedes all other
managerial functions
Plan
objectives and
how to
achieve them
What kind of organization structure?
What kind of people we need and
when?
How most effectively to lead and
direct people?
By furnishing standards of control

Although all the functions intermesh in practice
as a system of action, planning is unique in that it
establishes the objectives necessary for all group
effort.
Besides, plans must be made to accomplish these
objectives before the manager knows what kind of
organization relationships and personal qualifications
are needed, along which course subordinates are to
be directed and led, and what kind of control is to be
applied.
And, of course, all the other managerial functions
must be planned if they are to be effectiveness.

ED612_Basic Ideas and Concepts Planning EdD

C. Pervasiveness of Planning:
Planning is a function of all manages,
although the character and breadth of
planning will vary with their authority and with
the nature of policies and plans outlined by
their superiors.
It is virtually impossible to circumscribe the
area of choice where they can exercise no
discretion, and unless they have some
planning responsibility, it is doubtful that they
are truly managers.

• Recognition of the pervasiveness of
planning goes far in clarifying the
attempt on the part of some students
of management to distinguish
between policy making (the setting of
guides for thinking in decision
making and administration), or
between the"manager" and the
administrator" or "supervisor".

D. Efficiency of Plans:
The efficiency of a plan is measured by the amount
it contributes to purpose and objectives as offset by
the costs and other unsought consequences required
to formulate and operate it.
A plan can contribute to the attainment of objectives,
but at too high or unnecessarily high costs. This
concept of efficiency implies the normal ratio of input
to output but goes beyond the usual understanding of
inputs and outputs in term of pounds, labor hours, or
units of production to include such value as individual
and group satisfactions.

• Plans may also become inefficient in the
attainment of objectives by jeopardizing
group satisfactions.

The nature of planning can be
figured out from these four major
aspects of planning:
• a. Contribution to purpose and objectives,
• b. Primacy of planning,
• c. Pervasiveness of planning, and
• d. Efficiency of plan

Types of Plan
• Plans commit the various resources in an
organization to specific outcomes for the
fulfillment of future goals. Many different
types of plans are adopted by
management to monitor and control
organizational activities. Three such most
commonly used plans are hierarchical,
frequency-of-use (repetitiveness) and
contingency plans.

STRATEGIC (WHY) PLAN - It's all
about leadership!
• Strategic plans are all about why things need to
happen. It's big picture, long-term thinking. It starts
at the highest level with defining a mission and
casting a vision.
• Who are we? Where are we?
• Who do want to be? Where do we want to go?
• How do we get there? When do we want to be
there?

OPERATIONAL (HOW) PLAN - It's
all about management!
• Operational plans are about how things need to
happen. Guidelines of how to accomplish the
mission are set.
• How (generally) we will do it.
• How (generally) we will not do it.
• How (generally) to handle exceptions.
• How (generally) to handle unexpected situations.

3. TACTICAL (WHAT) PLAN - It's all
about execution (leadership &
management)!
• Tactical plans are about what is going to happen. Basically at the tactical
level, there are many focused, specific, and short-term plans, where the
actual work is being done, that support the high-level strategic plans.
• What needs to happen at each level, each day, to support the strategic
plan
• What needs to happen in each department, each day, to support the
strategic plan
• What does each team member need to do, each day, to support the
strategic plan
• Lead Measures (tactical plan objectives) move the organization
toward the Lag Measures, the goal (strategic plan objectives). Lead
measures are both predictable and influenceable.

What is the
importance
of planning?

The planning function has four
important goals:
a) To offset uncertainty and change.
b) To focus attention on objectives,
c) To gain economical operation, and
d) To facilitate control.

The Importance of Planning
a) To Offset Uncertainty and Change
Organizational planning has two purposes:
protective and affirmative.
The protective purpose of planning is to
minimize risk by reducing the uncertainties
surrounding business conditions and clarifying the
consequences of related management actions.
The affirmative purpose is to increase the
degree of organizational success.

• Future uncertainty and change make
planning a necessity.
• Just as the navigator cannot set a
course once and forget about it, so the
business manager cannot establish a
goal and let the matter rest. The future
is seldom very certain, and the further
in the future the results of a decision
must be considered, the less the
certainty.

b) To Focus Attention on
Objectives
Because all planning is directed toward achieving
enterprise objectives, the very act of planning
focuses attention on these objectives.
Considered overall plans unify interdepartmental
activities. Managers, being typically immersed in
immediate problems, are forced through planning
to consider the future and even consider the
periodic need to revise and extend plans in the
interest of achieving their objectives.

c) To Gain Economical Operation
• Planning minimizes costs because of
the emphasis on efficient operation and
consistency. It substitutes joint directed
effort for uncoordinated piecemeal
activity, even flow of work for uneven
flow, and deliberate decisions for snap
judgments.

Read and think about this
statement
"After I leave my office at five O'clock in
the evening, I will not care what happen
today, for I can not do anything about it; I
will only care about what will happen
tomorrow or the next day or next year,
because I can do something about it."

d) To Facilitate Control
• Managers can not check on their
subordinate accomplishments without
having planned goals against which to
measure. There is no way to measure
control without plans to use as
standards

It helps in the
establishment
of
organizational
direction
It helps as a
measurement of
the
accomplishment
It pushes
managers
to
coordinate
their
decisions
It emphasizes
on the
organizational
objectives
It enhaces
the
decision
making
process
It helps
angers to be
the future
oriented
The benefits and
importance of
planning

Principles as guideline….
1. Principle of contribution
2. Principle of Sound and
Consistent Premising
3. Principle of Coordinated
Planning
4. Principle of Commitment
5. Principle of Timing
6. Principle of Flexibility
7. Principle of Limiting
factors
8. Principle of Acceptance
9. Principle of Efficiency
10.Principle of
Navigational Change

Principle of
Contribution:
The purpose of planning is
to ensure the effective and
efficient achievement of
corporate objectives, in-
fact, the basic criteria for
the formulation of plans are
to achieve the ultimate
Objectives of the company.

Principle of Sound and
Consistent Premising:
Premises are the assumptions
regarding the environmental
forces like economic and
market conditions, social,
political, legal and cultural
aspects, competitors actions,
etc. These are prevalent during
the period of the
implementation of plans.

Principle of Coordinated
Planning: Long and short-range plans
should be coordinated with one
another to form an integrated plan,
this is possible only when latter are
derived from the former. i.e.
implementation of one plan should
contribute to all the other plans, this is
possible only when all plans are
consistent with one another and are
viewed as parts of an integrated
corporate plan.

Principle of Efficiency: Cost of
planning constitute human, physical and
financial resources for their formulation
and implementation as well.
Minimizing the cost and achieving the
efficient utilization of resources shall has
to be the aim of the employee
satisfaction and development, and social
standing of the organization are
supposed to be considered while
calculating the cost and benefits of plan.

Principle of Limiting factors : The
limiting factors are the lack of motivated
employees, shortage of trained
personnel, shortage of capital funds,
government policy of price regulation,
etc.
The company requires to monitor all
these factors and need to tackle the
same in an efficient way so as to make a
smooth way for the achievement of its
ultimate objectives.

Principle of Acceptance: Plans should be
understood and accepted by the employees,
since the successful implementation of plans
requires the willingness and cooperative
efforts from them.
Communication also plays a crucial role in
gaining the employee understanding and
acceptance of the plans by removing their
doubts and misunderstanding about the plans
also their apprehensions and anxieties about
consequences of plans for achievement of
their personal goal.

Principle of Timing:
Number of major and minor
plans of the organization
should be arranged in a
systematic manner. The
plans should be arranged in
a time hierarchy, initiation
and completion of those
plans should be clearly
determined.

Principle of Flexibility: Plans
are supposed to be flexible to
favor the organization to cope-up
with the unexpected
environments. It is always
required to keep in mind that
future will be different in actuality.
Hence companies, therefore,
require to prepare contingency
plans which may be put into
operation in response to the
situations.

Principle of
Commitment: A
commitment is required to
carry-on the business that
is established. The
planning shall has to be in
such a way that the
product diversification
should encompass the
particular period during
which entire investment on
that product is recovered.

Principle of Navigational
Change: Since the environment is
always not the same as predicted,
plans should be reviewed
periodically. This may require
changes in strategies, objectives,
policies and programmers of the
organization. The management
should take all the necessary steps
while reviewing the plans so that
they efficiently achieve the ultimate
goals of the organization.

• "Superior leadership is often a matter of
superb instinct." ~ Colin Powell

References
• chrome-
extension://efaidnbmnnnibpcajpcglclefindmkaj/http://www.pathways.cu.edu.eg/su
bpages/downloads/Planning_Chapter_1.pdf
• https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/3-major-types-plans-especially-lean-thinkers-
mack-story/
• https://www.tutorialspoint.com/management_principles/management_principles_t
ypes_plans.htm
• /vishakhashrivastava3/principle-of-planning
• https://www.google.com/search?q=teamwork
• https://www.mbaofficial.com/mba-courses/principles-of-management/briefly-
explain-the-principles-of-planning/
• https://www.google.com/search?q=Planning+is+the+foundation+of+all+managem
ent.&oq=Planning+is+the+foundation+of+all+management

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