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Ontology Design Pattern 
Property Specialisation 
Strategies 
Karl Hammar 
J旦nk旦ping University / Link旦ping University
ODP Specialisation 
 Typically a Content ODP contains/is packaged 
as a small reusable OWL ontology. 
 Using that general/abstract ODP in a specific 
use case requires specialisation. 
 Often done via import and mapping of original 
OWL ontology.
Research Question 
 How are Content Ontology Design Patterns 
(ODPs) used or specialised in Ontology 
Engineering projects for the Semantic web, and 
what are the effects of such usage? 
 Motivation: to develop better understanding of 
ODP usage, supporting development of 
improved (guided?) tooling for such use.
Method Overview 
1. Gather OWL ontologies that reference known 
ODP namespaces. 
2. Extract mapping axioms (e.g. subsumption or 
equivalency mappings b/w ontology and ODP). 
3. Find recurring patterns in mapping axiom 
structure.
Understanding ODP 
Specialisation 
 347 non-trivial ontologies gathered through Google Search, 
LODStats, LOV, OntologyDesignPatterns.org, IKS project 
 41 ODP-using ontologies found, with 107 mapping axioms. 
 85 % of mapping axioms are one-way subsumption of 
classes or properties. ODP classes/properties are nearly 
always superclasses/superproperties. 
 20 ODP specialisation modules that specialise object 
properties. 
 Three distinct ways of specialising properties were noted.
Property-Oriented Strategy 
 Most common way of modeling 
property specialisation. 
 New subproperties are 
created. 
 Domains and ranges of sub 
properties narrower than 
domains and ranges of 
superproperties. 
 Can be partially instantiated 
(e.g., domain or range are 
linked to more general term) 
rdfs:domain rdfs:range 
ce:Collection ce:hasMember owl:Thing 
rdfs:subClassOf rdfs:subPropertyOf rdfs:subClassOf 
cc:Content 
Collection 
cc:Content 
Item 
rdfs:domain rdfs:range 
cc:hasContentMember
Class-Oriented Strategy 
ir:Information 
Realization 
ir:Informati 
rdfs:domain rdfs:range 
ir:realizes onObject 
wf:Weather 
Forecast 
wf:Weather 
Information 
rdfs:subClassOf 
rdfs:subClassOf 
ir:realizes some 
wf:Weather 
Information 
owl:equivalentClass 
ir:realizes only 
wf:Weather 
Information 
rdfs:subClassOf 
 Reuses original property; 
constrains the use of that 
property by class restriction 
axioms. 
 Restricts which (specialised) 
classes that may be related via 
a given property, i.e. locally 
emulates domain/range. 
 Not logically equivalent to 
property-oriented strategy - 
but can be used to solve 
similar modeling problem.
Hybrid Strategy 
 Does both: new subproperties are defined with 
domains and ranges and property restrictions on 
participating classes are also put in place 
(possibly redundantly).
Specialisation Strategies 
Specialisation strategy Occurrences 
Property-oriented 9 
Class-oriented 6 
Hybrid 5
RQs Evolved 
 To what degree are the class-oriented, property-oriented, 
or hybrid property specialisation 
strategies used in published ontologies? 
 What are the reasoning performance effects of 
specialising in accordance with the class-oriented 
or property-oriented strategies?
Strategy Use 
Specialisation 
strategy 
Occurrences Distribution 
ODP specialisation 
distribution 
Property-oriented 193 78 % 45 % 
Class-oriented 33 13 % 30 % 
Hybrid 23 9 % 25 %
Strategy Effects 
 Property-Oriented strategy treats properties as first-order 
citizens that can be annotated and typed. 
 Property-Oriented strategy possibly more intuitive for non-expert 
users? 
 Class-Oriented strategy makes resulting ontologies and 
datasets interoperable to greater degree. 
 Class-Oriented strategy causes computationally unfavorable 
conditions and places ontology outside OWL2 EL.
Strategy Effects 
Reasoning task Benchmark Reasoner PO time CO time 
Consistency checking BSBM Pellet 1.274 s 1.897 s 
Consistency checking BSBM HermIT 1.984 s 27.193 s 
Consistency checking LUBM Pellet 8.230 s 42.887 s 
Consistency checking LUBM HermIT 10.097 s 46 min 
Realising individuals BSBM Pellet 2.389 s 9.482 s 
Realising individuals LUBM Pellet 1.801 s 4+ hours
Conclusion 
 Three strategies for property specialisation are 
found both amongst ODPs and ontologies in 
general. 
 Pure Property-Oriented strategy less common 
among ODP-using ontologies than among 
ontologies in general. 
 There may be tradeoffs between performance and 
interoperability that ODP users and tooling need 
be aware of.
INTERESTED IN ONTOLOGY 
ENGINEERING? 
Participate in our survey, contribute to 
science, and win Amazon gift cards! 
http://goo.gl/P1w9gG 
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Ontology Design Pattern Property Specialisation Strategies

  • 1. Ontology Design Pattern Property Specialisation Strategies Karl Hammar J旦nk旦ping University / Link旦ping University
  • 2. ODP Specialisation Typically a Content ODP contains/is packaged as a small reusable OWL ontology. Using that general/abstract ODP in a specific use case requires specialisation. Often done via import and mapping of original OWL ontology.
  • 3. Research Question How are Content Ontology Design Patterns (ODPs) used or specialised in Ontology Engineering projects for the Semantic web, and what are the effects of such usage? Motivation: to develop better understanding of ODP usage, supporting development of improved (guided?) tooling for such use.
  • 4. Method Overview 1. Gather OWL ontologies that reference known ODP namespaces. 2. Extract mapping axioms (e.g. subsumption or equivalency mappings b/w ontology and ODP). 3. Find recurring patterns in mapping axiom structure.
  • 5. Understanding ODP Specialisation 347 non-trivial ontologies gathered through Google Search, LODStats, LOV, OntologyDesignPatterns.org, IKS project 41 ODP-using ontologies found, with 107 mapping axioms. 85 % of mapping axioms are one-way subsumption of classes or properties. ODP classes/properties are nearly always superclasses/superproperties. 20 ODP specialisation modules that specialise object properties. Three distinct ways of specialising properties were noted.
  • 6. Property-Oriented Strategy Most common way of modeling property specialisation. New subproperties are created. Domains and ranges of sub properties narrower than domains and ranges of superproperties. Can be partially instantiated (e.g., domain or range are linked to more general term) rdfs:domain rdfs:range ce:Collection ce:hasMember owl:Thing rdfs:subClassOf rdfs:subPropertyOf rdfs:subClassOf cc:Content Collection cc:Content Item rdfs:domain rdfs:range cc:hasContentMember
  • 7. Class-Oriented Strategy ir:Information Realization ir:Informati rdfs:domain rdfs:range ir:realizes onObject wf:Weather Forecast wf:Weather Information rdfs:subClassOf rdfs:subClassOf ir:realizes some wf:Weather Information owl:equivalentClass ir:realizes only wf:Weather Information rdfs:subClassOf Reuses original property; constrains the use of that property by class restriction axioms. Restricts which (specialised) classes that may be related via a given property, i.e. locally emulates domain/range. Not logically equivalent to property-oriented strategy - but can be used to solve similar modeling problem.
  • 8. Hybrid Strategy Does both: new subproperties are defined with domains and ranges and property restrictions on participating classes are also put in place (possibly redundantly).
  • 9. Specialisation Strategies Specialisation strategy Occurrences Property-oriented 9 Class-oriented 6 Hybrid 5
  • 10. RQs Evolved To what degree are the class-oriented, property-oriented, or hybrid property specialisation strategies used in published ontologies? What are the reasoning performance effects of specialising in accordance with the class-oriented or property-oriented strategies?
  • 11. Strategy Use Specialisation strategy Occurrences Distribution ODP specialisation distribution Property-oriented 193 78 % 45 % Class-oriented 33 13 % 30 % Hybrid 23 9 % 25 %
  • 12. Strategy Effects Property-Oriented strategy treats properties as first-order citizens that can be annotated and typed. Property-Oriented strategy possibly more intuitive for non-expert users? Class-Oriented strategy makes resulting ontologies and datasets interoperable to greater degree. Class-Oriented strategy causes computationally unfavorable conditions and places ontology outside OWL2 EL.
  • 13. Strategy Effects Reasoning task Benchmark Reasoner PO time CO time Consistency checking BSBM Pellet 1.274 s 1.897 s Consistency checking BSBM HermIT 1.984 s 27.193 s Consistency checking LUBM Pellet 8.230 s 42.887 s Consistency checking LUBM HermIT 10.097 s 46 min Realising individuals BSBM Pellet 2.389 s 9.482 s Realising individuals LUBM Pellet 1.801 s 4+ hours
  • 14. Conclusion Three strategies for property specialisation are found both amongst ODPs and ontologies in general. Pure Property-Oriented strategy less common among ODP-using ontologies than among ontologies in general. There may be tradeoffs between performance and interoperability that ODP users and tooling need be aware of.
  • 15. INTERESTED IN ONTOLOGY ENGINEERING? Participate in our survey, contribute to science, and win Amazon gift cards! http://goo.gl/P1w9gG $$ Marketing